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Byung Kil Choo
Chonbuk National University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-4399
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Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are the causes of many diseases. Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a common gastroesophageal reflux disease with a continuous upward trend in incidence worldwide. Camellia japonica (C. japonica) has long been used as a traditional herbal hemostatic medicine in China and Korea. The purpose of this study was to explore the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of C. japonica and its protective effect against RE.
Materials and methods: Buds from C. japonica plants were collected in a mountainous area of Jeju, South Korea. Dried C. japonica buds were extracted with 75% ethanol. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were performed. The ROS production and anti-inflammatory effects of C. japonica bud ethanol extract (CJE) on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation were evaluated. The protective effects of CJE on RE were investigated in a RE rat model.
Results: CJE eliminated over 50% of DPPH and ABTS radicals at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. CJE alleviated changes in cell morphology, reduced production of ROS, NO and IL-1β and down-regulated expression levels of iNOS, TNF-α, phosphorylated NF-κB, IκBα, and JNK/p38/MAPK. CJE reduced the esophageal tissue damage ratio (40.3%) and attenuation of histological changes. In addition, CJE down-regulated expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and IκBα in esophageal tissue.
Conclusions: CJE possesses good anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory activity, and can reduce RE damage in rats caused by gastric acid reflux. Therefore, CJE is a natural material that may be a candidate phytomedicine for the treatment of RE.
Keywords
Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammation, Cytokines, Camellia japonica, Reflux esophagitis, NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Chinese Medicine.
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Editorial decision: Accept
On 07 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 05 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 05 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 05 Dec, 2020
Version 2
Posted 22 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 09 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 19 Oct, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 18 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 18 Oct, 2020
Editor assigned
On 15 Oct, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 14 Oct, 2020
Editor invited
On 14 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 12 Sep, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 11 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Aug, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 20 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 14 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 11 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 08 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 07 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 07 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 04 Aug, 2020
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PDF Downloads: ...
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Subject Areas
Internal Medicine
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at Chinese Medicine.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Byung Kil Choo
Chonbuk National University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-4399
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Chinese Medicine.
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 07 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 05 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 05 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 05 Dec, 2020
Version 2
Posted 22 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 09 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 19 Oct, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 18 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 18 Oct, 2020
Editor assigned
On 15 Oct, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 14 Oct, 2020
Editor invited
On 14 Oct, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 12 Sep, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 11 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Aug, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 20 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 14 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 11 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 08 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 07 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 07 Aug, 2020
First submitted
On 04 Aug, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Internal Medicine
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Chinese Medicine.
Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are the causes of many diseases. Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a common gastroesophageal reflux disease with a continuous upward trend in incidence worldwide. Camellia japonica (C. japonica) has long been used as a traditional herbal hemostatic medicine in China and Korea. The purpose of this study was to explore the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of C. japonica and its protective effect against RE.
Materials and methods: Buds from C. japonica plants were collected in a mountainous area of Jeju, South Korea. Dried C. japonica buds were extracted with 75% ethanol. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were performed. The ROS production and anti-inflammatory effects of C. japonica bud ethanol extract (CJE) on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation were evaluated. The protective effects of CJE on RE were investigated in a RE rat model.
Results: CJE eliminated over 50% of DPPH and ABTS radicals at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. CJE alleviated changes in cell morphology, reduced production of ROS, NO and IL-1β and down-regulated expression levels of iNOS, TNF-α, phosphorylated NF-κB, IκBα, and JNK/p38/MAPK. CJE reduced the esophageal tissue damage ratio (40.3%) and attenuation of histological changes. In addition, CJE down-regulated expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and IκBα in esophageal tissue.
Conclusions: CJE possesses good anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory activity, and can reduce RE damage in rats caused by gastric acid reflux. Therefore, CJE is a natural material that may be a candidate phytomedicine for the treatment of RE.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
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