Input data is shown in an online supplementary csv file. Supplementary Table 1 provides comparative congenital anomaly data between QLD and NSW by both numbers and rates including defect relationship to cannabis [6]. Denominator data was calculated from the numbers and rates supplied in that file. It was verified from the annual QLD Health Mothers and Babies reports 2008–2015 which show 509,095 births in this period [8]. The “Interstate and Overseas” designation in the CALF file includes offshore islands such as Christmas, Norfolk, Cocos and Lord Howe Islands which together have a population of 4,518. The prime catchment area of the NRS is Northern NSW which has a population of 296,531 [10]. Hence only 1.5% of the population in this designation is likely to come from outside NNSW. The view that the “Interstate and Overseas” designation refers primarily to NNSW is confirmed by QLD Health Ministerial correspondence (Minister Steven Miles, 05/04/2018). The denominator figure calculated for NNSW in this manner is 4,800 births.
It should be noted that NNSW birth defect data also appears in NSW Health records [7]. One notes that the rates of congenital anomalies reported for this region in the NSW Mothers and Babies reports are about half those of the rest of the state. This is presumably related to the relocation of many cases into Queensland through the NRS. Queensland congenital anomaly rates are much higher than those reported elsewhere so it is not possible simply to combine NSW and QLD Health reports. Therefore this report is limited to consideration of the QLD Health CALF file only.
Drug use data is shown in Supplementary Table 2. It is noteworthy that the Richmond-Tweed NNSW area has a middle ranking for tobacco and alcohol use, but a first ranking for cannabis use.
Maternal age is a major factor bearing on congenital anomaly rates and it is known to be strongly linked with chromosomal anomaly rates. For years 2008–2015 4,265/22,084 (19.31%) births in NNSW were to mothers > 35 years compared to 96,493/490,514 (19.67%; 18,581 missing maternal age data) in Queensland (Chi.Sq.=1.687, df = 1, P = 0.194). This compares to 22,133/92,242 (23.9%) of 2012 births in the rest of NSW (Chi.Sq.=98.954, df = 1, P = 4.33 × 10− 10) indicating that NNSW mothers are younger in than elsewhere in NSW.
Interestingly CALF Table 1 shows rises in the rates of several defects (Supplementary Fig. 1) including CVS defects, atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) which are highly significant (Supplementary Table 3). Intriguingly the mean incidence of daily smoking tobacco and high risk alcohol use dropped across this period and annual cannabis use rose from 10.5–11.3%. The principal component of the combination of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory anomalies also rose significantly across this period. These data suggest that cannabis may be a more potent and more important teratogen than tobacco and alcohol.
Table 1
Results of Geospatial Regression by Selected Congenital Anomalies
Parameters | Model |
Parameter | Estimate (C.I.) | P-Value | Parameters | Value | P-Value |
ADDITIVE MODELS | | | | | |
spreml(log(Atrial_Septal_Defects) ~ DlyCigs11 + log(RiskAlc11) + mrjyr) |
Atrial Septal Defect | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.0305 | phi | 1.01E-02 | NA |
| | | psi | -3.13E-06 | 0.9999 |
| | | rho | -7.64E-01 | 0.9400 |
CHROMOSOMAL Defects | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.0212 | phi | 1.05E-02 | NA |
| | | psi | 2.99E-06 | 1 |
| | | rho | -4.66E-01 | 0.2291 |
Downs Syndrome | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.09 (0.05, 0.13) | 2.9E-05 | phi | 5.57E-02 | NA |
Binge_Alcohol | -2.02 (-3.35, -0.69) | 0.0029 | psi | 3.57E-05 | 0.9999 |
| | | rho | -6.85E-01 | 0.0883 |
Gastroschisis | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.0030 | phi | 1.44E-02 | NA |
| | | psi | 1.78E-05 | 0.9999 |
| | | rho | -2.50E-01 | 0.552 |
Hypospadias | | | | | |
Cannabis | -0.07 (-0.13, -0.01) | 0.0166 | phi | 0.0419 | 0.9972 |
| | | psi | 3.0E-05 | 0.9999 |
| | | rho | -0.6292 | 0.1224 |
Patent Ductus Arteriosus | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.0453 | phi | 1.01E-02 | NA |
| | | psi | -9.20E-06 | 1.0000 |
| | | rho | -1.0E + 00 | 0.0025 |
Small Intestinal Stenosis / Atresia | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.0001 | phi | 1.09E-02 | NA |
| | | psi | 6.74E-05 | 0.9998 |
| | | rho | -1.15E-02 | 0.9776 |
Tetralogy Fallot | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.09 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.0007 | phi | 1.10E-01 | 0.9963 |
| | | psi | 5.67E-05 | 0.9998 |
| | | rho | 3.07E-01 | 0.3382 |
INTERACTIVE MODELS | | | | | |
spreml(Atrial_Septal_Defects ~ Tobacco * Binge_Alcohol * Cannabis) |
Atrial_Septal_Defect | | | | | |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.58 (-1.12, -0.04) | 0.0376 | phi | 0.0101 | NA |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.03 (0, 0.06) | 0.0417 | psi | 9.1E-08 | 1.0000 |
Tobacco: Cannabis | -0.09 (-0.18, 0) | 0.0423 | rho | -0.9960 | 0.0037 |
CHROMOSOMAL_Defects | | | | | |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.01 (-0.01, -0.01) | 0.0007 | phi | 0.0890 | NA |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | 0.0021 | psi | 2.2E-05 | 0.9999 |
Tobacco: Cannabis | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.0047 | rho | -0.9805 | 0.0058 |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol | 0.02 (0, 0.04) | 0.0184 | | | |
Diaphragmatic_Hernia | | | | | |
Cannabis | 7.26 (3.21, 11.31) | 0.0004 | phi | 0.0095 | 0.9964 |
Binge_Alcohol | 7.33 (3.15, 11.51) | 0.0006 | psi | -1.7E-07 | 1.0000 |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | -2.07 (-3.26, -0.88) | 0.0006 | rho | 0.9660 | < 2e-16 |
Tobacco: Cannabis | -0.22 (-0.37, -0.07) | 0.0041 | | | |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.06 (0.02, 0.1) | 0.0051 | | | |
Tobacco | 0.17 (0.04, 0.3) | 0.0091 | | | |
Downs Syndrome | | | | | |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 3.4E-05 | phi | 0.0571 | NA |
Binge_Alcohol | -2.33 (-3.7, -0.96) | 0.0008 | psi | 3.6E-05 | 0.9998 |
| | | rho | -0.6662 | 0.0626 |
Gastroschisis | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.0030 | phi | 0.0144 | NA |
| | | psi | 1.8E-05 | 0.9999 |
| | | rho | -0.2503 | 0.5520 |
Hypospadias | | | | | |
Tobacco: Cannabis | -0.13 (-0.22, -0.04) | 0.0062 | phi | 0.0027 | NA |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.0084 | psi | 4.3E-05 | 0.9999 |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol | -0.35 (-0.66, -0.04) | 0.0266 | rho | -0.2080 | 0.6705 |
Tobacco | 1.13 (0.11, 2.15) | 0.0304 | | | |
Patent_Ductus_Arteriosus | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.24 (0.01, 0.47) | 0.0358 | phi | 0.0109 | NA |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.06 (-0.12, 0) | 0.0526 | psi | 1.8E-06 | 1.0000 |
| | | rho | -0.9998 | 0.0022 |
Small Intestinal Stenosis / Atresia | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.0003 | phi | 0.0100 | NA |
| | | psi | 1.3E-07 | 1.0000 |
| | | rho | -0.0089 | 0.9825 |
Tetralogy_Fallot | | | | | |
Cannabis | 0.09 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.0007 | phi | 0.1102 | 0.9963 |
| | | psi | 5.7E-05 | 0.9998 |
| | | rho | 0.3074 | 0.3382 |
Ventricular_Septal_Defect | | | | | |
Tobacco: Cannabis | -0.11 (-0.21, -0.01) | 0.0328 | phi | 0.4947 | NA |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.03 (0, 0.06) | 0.0372 | psi | 1.2E-04 | 0.9997 |
Cannabis | 2.93 (-0.23, 6.09) | 0.0692 | rho | -1.0000 | 0.0306 |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.85 (-1.79, 0.09) | 0.0750 | | | |
Technical Abbreviations: |
phi: idiosyncratic component of the spatial error term |
psi: individual time-invariant component of the spatial error term |
rho: spatial autoregressive parameter |
lambda: spatial autocorrelation coefficient |
Figure 1 shows a qualitative choropleth map-graph for the major CA classes. The yellow zones reflect high incidence and dark blue low incidence.
Supplementary Figs. 2–4 present choropleth maps of CA incidence by area. Supplementary Fig. 5 shows chromosomal anomaly incidence for which data is available.
Figure 2 was drawn in Excel and shows the confidence intervals from CALF for common, intermediate frequency and rare defects for cannabis-related (CRD) and cannabis not related (CNRD) defects. For most of the cannabis-unrelated defects the confidence intervals overlap. For most of the cannabis-related defects the confidence intervals either do not overlap, or are near the lower end of the QLD C.I.’s. Supplementary Fig. 6 expands this list for rare defects and continues this trend.
Supplementary Fig. 7 compares the QLD and NNSW CA rates.
Supplementary Fig. 8 compares all the rate ratios of defects using the quoted rates in the CALF file. Supplementary Fig. 9 makes a similar comparison with log rates and shows that most of the cannabis-related defects are more common in NNSW.
CNRD were more common in QLD (23,737/509,095, 4.66% v 185/4,800, 3.85%, Chi Sq.=7.002, df = 1, P = 0.0081). CRD were more common in NNSW (394/4,800 8.21% v 16,346/509,095, Chi Squ.=376.86, df = 1, P = 6.01 × 10− 84). CRD were more common in NNSW than CNRD (394/4,800 v 185/4,800, Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 2.13 (95%C.I. 1.80–2.52), Chi Sq.=80.284, P = 3.24 × 10− 19).
Supplementary Table 4 lists the PR’s, attributable fraction in the exposed (AFE) and attributable fraction in the population (AFP) along with their C.I.’s and applicable P-values for all defects and defect classes. They decline from exomphalos (PR = 6.29 (2.94–13.48), AFE = 84.11% (65.95–92.58%) and AFP = 4.71% (0.55–8.69%)) and gastroschisis (PR = 5.85 (3.54–9.67), AFE = 82.91% (71.75–89.66%) and AFP = 4.34% (1.79–6.82%)).
Supplementary Fig. 10 illustrates the PR’s and C.I.’s for CRD and CNRD. Figure 3 shows the AFE’s and C.I.’s for CRD and CNRD. Supplementary Fig. 11 shows the AFP’s and C.I.’s for CRD and CNRD. P-values are illustrated in Supplementary Fig. 12.
Supplementary Fig. 13 shows five main defect classes charted against the use of tobacco, binge alcohol and cannabis. Rising trends with cannabis seem to apply to CNS, cardiovascular and chromosomal anomalies.
Supplementary Fig. 14 charts all 55 anomalies and anomaly classes against tobacco use. Supplementary Fig. 15 performs a similar function for binge alcohol.
When a similar exercise is undertaken for cannabis exposure rising trends appear in several defects in the top two rows especially in cardiovasculature, chromosomal anomalies and body wall defects (Fig. 4).
Supplementary Table 5 lists the regression coefficients and their significance levels in ascending order of P-values for cannabis exposure. Supplementary Tables 6 and 7 show this table listed in order of ascending P-values for tobacco and alcohol respectively.
Supplementary Table 8 lists the significant output of a linear regression where the defect rate was related to additive terms of tobacco, binge alcohol use and cannabis use. Six of the ten significant terms feature cannabis exposure.
Supplementary Table 9 expands this table and includes all P < 0.3. This procedure selects 18 defects for further study. For biological and epidemiological reasons Trisomies 13 and 18 were also included.
Spatial analysis algorithms do not tolerate missing data. Hence linear regression was used to investigate 8 defects where spatial data was incomplete. Supplementary Table 10 shows the results of a model interactive in substances. Cannabis use was identified as being linked with several defects in this table including Turners syndrome.
Supplementary Fig. 16 shows the geospatial relationships which were derived from spdep::poly2nb and then edited to include all geospatial links.
Table 1 gives the results of geospatial regression firstly for a model with additive terms in drug exposure and then a fully interactive model in drug exposure. These are spatial error models and are not spatially lagged. In the additive model series cannabis is independently linked with all eight anomalies particularly cardiovascular (ASD, PDA and tetralogy of Fallot, ToF) and chromosomal (ACD and Downs syndrome), gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia.
In the interactive series of models cannabis is more strongly linked with these same defects. VSD is now positively associated as is diaphragmatic hernia which have both been previously noted to be cannabis-associated [16, 17].
A similar exercise is executed for spatially lagged additive (Supplementary Table 11) and interactive (Supplementary Table 12) models with very similar results. In each case spatial error models were superior to combined spatial error and spatial lag (SARAR) models, as judged by the log maximum likelihood values and spatial Hausman tests.
One notes also that in a number of models spatial factors are noted to be highly significant. This therefore justifies the use of spatial models and also suggests that spatial factors are significant in considering clinical teratological patterns.
Having demonstrated a strong associational relationship between drug exposure and several congenital anomalies the next issue of importance relates to the issue of whether the relationship was causal or not. Inverse probability weights were generated and used to derive a dataset pseudorandomized for cannabis exposure. Data was processed by robust interactive generalized linear modelling functions. As shown in Table 2 cannabis was significantly related to 18 anomalies either alone or in interaction with tobacco and alcohol.
Table 2
Robust Generalized Linear Regression Models
Parameter | Estimate (95%C.I.) | P-Value |
PC1 | | |
Cannabis | 3.46 (0.58, 6.34) | 0.0382 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | 0.45 (0.04, 0.85) | 0.0521 |
Cigarettes | -1.52 (-2.89, -0.16) | 0.0510 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -1 (-1.82, -0.17) | 0.0369 |
PC1 as asinh | | |
Cannabis | 2.89 (0.87, 4.92) | 0.0172 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | 0.39 (0.11, 0.67) | 0.0212 |
Cigarettes | -1.31 (-2.26, -0.36) | 0.0204 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.85 (-1.43, -0.26) | 0.0162 |
Central Nervous System | | |
Anencephalus | | |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | 0.1 (0.04, 0.16) | 0.0065 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | 0.55 (0.1, 1) | 0.0384 |
Cigarettes | -1.81 (-3.32, -0.31) | 0.0399 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.03 (-0.05, -0.01) | 0.0068 |
CNO | | |
Alcohol | 2.8 (0.84, 4.76) | 0.0189 |
Cannabis | 2.6 (1.06, 4.14) | 0.0078 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.0156 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.08 (-0.14, -0.02) | 0.0194 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.79 (-1.25, -0.34) | 0.0067 |
Cardiovascular System | | |
ASD | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.12 (0.06, 0.18) | 0.0051 |
Cannabis | 8.4 (3.93, 12.88) | 0.0062 |
Alcohol | 21.3 (8.16, 34.43) | 0.0130 |
Cigarettes | 3.48 (1.07, 5.89) | 0.0223 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | -1.05 (-1.78, -0.32) | 0.0227 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -2.5 (-3.8, -1.19) | 0.0056 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.4 (-0.61, -0.19) | 0.0055 |
VSD | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.0242 |
Cannabis | 3.38 (0.63, 6.13) | 0.0366 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.98 (-1.79, -0.18) | 0.0381 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.13 (-0.23, -0.03) | 0.0239 |
PDA | | |
Cannabis | 6.68 (1.28, 12.07) | 0.0416 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.09 (0.01, 0.16) | 0.0504 |
Alcohol | 16.71 (0.91, 32.5) | 0.0719 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.29 (-0.53, -0.04) | 0.0536 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -1.98 (-3.55, -0.4) | 0.0392 |
Tetralogy Fallot | | |
Cannabis | 0.08 (0.01, 0.15) | 0.0410 |
Gastrointestinal System | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.0031 |
Cigarettes | 0.7 (0.27, 1.13) | 0.0090 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | -0.22 (-0.35, -0.09) | 0.0081 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.07 (-0.11, -0.04) | 0.0029 |
Small Intestinal Stenosis or Atresia - Additive | | |
Cannabis | 0.043 (0.004, 0.081) | 0.0463 |
Small Intestinal Stenosis or Atresia - IR | | |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | 0.002 (0, 0.005) | 0.0692 |
Genitourinary System | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.01 (0, 0.01) | 0.0113 |
Cigarettes | 0.28 (0.08, 0.48) | 0.0199 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | -0.09 (-0.15, -0.02) | 0.0195 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.03 (-0.04, -0.01) | 0.0103 |
Renal Pelvis Obstruction | | |
Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.65 (0.1, 1.21) | 0.0425 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | 0.08 (0, 0.15) | 0.0656 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.02 (-0.04, 0) | 0.0614 |
Cannabis | -2.17 (-4.03, -0.31) | 0.0450 |
Chromosomal Anomalies | | |
Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.02 (0, 0.05) | 0.0678 |
Alcohol | -0.82 (-1.62, -0.02) | 0.0684 |
GIT | | |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) | 0.0380 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | 0.34 (-0.01, 0.68) | 0.0878 |
Cigarettes | -1.07 (-2.17, 0.02) | 0.0862 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.01 (-0.03, 0) | 0.0357 |
Respiratory | | |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | 0.01 (0, 0.02) | 0.0927 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0 (-0.01, 0) | 0.0497 |
Downs - Additive | | |
Cannabis | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.0186 |
Alcohol | -1.29 (-2.43, -0.15) | 0.0464 |
Downs - Interactive | | |
Cigarettes | 0.21 (0.01, 0.41) | 0.0599 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | -0.07 (-0.13, -0.01) | 0.0441 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.0007 (0.0002, 0.0013) | 0.0198 |
Body Wall | | |
Musculoskeletal | | |
Cannabis | 2.71 (0.93, 4.49) | 0.0123 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.13 (-0.22, -0.05) | 0.0113 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.8 (-1.32, -0.27) | 0.0130 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.0118 |
Gastroschisis | | |
Cigarettes | 0.11 (0, 0.21) | 0.0684 |
Cannabis | 0.27 (0, 0.53) | 0.0705 |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | -0.01 (-0.02, 0) | 0.0920 |
Exomphalos | | |
Cigarettes: Cannabis | 0.1 (0.04, 0.16) | 0.0118 |
Cannabis | 0.56 (0.14, 0.98) | 0.0289 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | 1.03 (0.21, 1.85) | 0.0357 |
Alcohol | -12.72 (-24.65, -0.8) | 0.0661 |
Cigarettes | -3.2 (-5.78, -0.61) | 0.0386 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.04 (-0.06, -0.02) | 0.0093 |
Face | | |
Cleft Palate / Lip | | |
Cannabis | 0.57 (0.22, 0.92) | 0.0092 |
Cigarettes: Alcohol | 0.04 (0, 0.07) | 0.0467 |
Alcohol: Cannabis | -0.12 (-0.2, -0.04) | 0.0128 |
This exercise was repeated with (non-robust) mixed effects modelling as such models in R have standard deviations associated with them, which is required in the E-values algorithm which follows. As shown in Supplementary Table 13 similar results were obtained for 11 congenital anomalies.
It is conceivable that the described relationships were related to some factor other than the measured covariates. E-Values quantitate the degree of association required of some unmeasured confounder with both cannabis exposure and the dependent variables to explain away the described effect. As shown in Table 3 the E-Values were mostly larger than 1.3 and ranged up to 3.8 × 1030 for geospatial models and up to infinity for mixed effects models, making uncontrolled confounding unlikely.
Table 3
E-Values for Key Regression Parameters
Parameter | Table | Estimate (95%C.I.) | RR | E-Values |
Mixed Effects Models | | | | |
lme(Congenital_Anomaly ~ Tobacco * Binge_Alcohol * Cannabis) |
Cardiovascular Anomalies | | | | |
Atrial_Septal_Defect | | | | |
Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.053 (0.011, 0.096) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) | 1.57, 1.20 |
Tetralogy of Fallot | | | | |
Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.079 (0.024, 0.133) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.32) | 1.63, 1.29 |
Gastrointestinal Tract Anomalies | | | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.022 (0.004, 0.041) | 1.3E + 160 (3.5E + 30, 5.1E + 289) | Inf, 6.9E + 30 |
Small_Intestinal_Stenosis_Atresia | | | | |
Alcohol: Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.02 (0.008, 0.032) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) | 1.29, 1.16 |
Genitourinary Tract Anomalies | | | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.008 (0.002, 0.014) | Inf (6.9E + 169, Inf) | Inf, Inf |
Chromosomal Anomalies | | | | |
Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.084 (0.019, 0.149) | 1.32 (1.06, 1.64) | 1.97, 1.33 |
Downs_Syndrome | | | | |
Cigarettes: Alcohol: Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.001 (0, 0.001) | 1.002 (1.000, 1.004) | 1.048, 1.009 |
Body Wall Anomalies | | | | |
Musculoskeletal | | | | |
Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 2.686 (0.671, 4.701) | Inf (Inf, Inf) | Inf, Inf |
Gastroschisis | | | | |
Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.065 (0.016, 0.115) | 1.16 (1.04, 1.30) | 1.59, 1.24 |
Exomphalos | | | | |
Alcohol: Cannabis | Supplementary Table 13 | 0.042 (0.002, 0.082) | 1.07 (1.0045, 1.15) | 1.36, 1.07 |
Geospatial Models | | | | |
spreml(Congenital_Anomaly ~ Tobacco * Binge_Alcohol * Cannabis) |
Atrial_Septal_Defect | | | | |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | -0.58 (-1.12,-0.03) | 9.04E-05 (1.13E-08, 0.57) | 2.48E + 04, 2.89 |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.03 (0,0.05) | 1.53 (1.02, 2.32) | 2.44, 1.15 |
Tobacco: Cannabis | Table 1 | -0.09 (-0.18,0) | 0.23 (0.56, 0.95) | 8.11, 1.30 |
Tetralogy_Fallot | | | | |
Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.09 (0.04,0.14) | 1.64 (1.23, 2.19) | 2.66, 1.76 |
Ventricular_Septal_Defect | | | | |
Tobacco: Cannabis | Table 1 | -0.11 (-0.21,-0.01) | 0.044 (0.002, 0.770) | 45.26, 1.92 |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.03 (0,0.06) | 2.47 (1.06, 5.77) | 4.38, 1.30 |
Patent_Ductus_Arteriosus | | | | |
Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.24 (0.02,0.47) | 71.89 (1.34, 3.8E + 04) | 143.26, 2.01 |
Chromosomal_Defects | | | | |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | -0.01 (-0.01,0) | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) | 1.62, 1.34 |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.05 (0.02,0.09) | 3.50 (1.57, 7.60) | 6.37, 2.52 |
Tobacco: Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.02 (0,0.03) | 1.41 (1.11, 1.79) | 2.17, 1.46 |
Downs Syndrome | | | | |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.03 (0.01,0.04) | 1.17 (1.09, 1.27) | 1.63, 1.40 |
Small Intestinal Stenosis / Atresia | | | | |
Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.02 (0.01,0.03) | 1.20 (1.09,1.33) | 1.69, 1.39 |
Diaphragmatic_Hernia | | | | |
Cannabis | Table 1 | 7.26 (3.21,11.31) | 1.91E + 30 (2.6E + 13, 1.4E + 47) | 3.8E + 30, 5.2E + 13 |
Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | -2.07 (-3.25,-0.88) | 2.4E-09 (2.7E-14, 2.1E-04) | 9.4E + 08, 9.5E + 03 |
Tobacco: Cannabis | Table 1 | -0.22 (-0.38,-0.07) | 0.116 (0.026, 0.505) | 16.66, 3.37 |
Tobacco: Binge_Alcohol: Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.06 (0.02,0.11) | 1.82 (1.19, 2.77) | 3.05, 1.69 |
Gastroschisis | | | | |
Cannabis | Table 1 | 0.07 (0.02,0.11) | 1.55 (1.16, 2.08) | 2.48, 1.60 |
Abbreviations: |
Inf - Infinity |