Ethnobotanical Survey of Local Wisdom Knowledge on Medicinal Plants Used by the Traditional Phouthai Ethnic Group in NaKeu Village, Hinboun District, Khammouan Province, Lao

Background: Plants have been a part of rural area’s people life since prehistoric time, plants is important in the traditional cultures in the worldwide where human used it from birth to end of life. Idigen This study was carried out to explore and recorded the plants and part used of plants for treating numerous people illness and disease by the traditional healers of the Phouthai ethnic group in Nakeu village, Hinboun district, Khammouan province, middle part Lao PDR for medicinal plants purposes. The current study was conducted, rst, to identify plant species used as a remedy for human illness, diseases and health improve, and secondly to determine plant parts used, the technique of preparation and religious belief on the preferred source of healthcare an around Hinboun district, Khammouane province, Lao PDR. Methods: Ethnobotanical data for this paper were gathering from 03 traditional healers, and 69 households, therefore including the household of both gender (husband or wife), and across different level of education, age group, as well as the level of experience and knowledge of medicinal plants use. Plant specimens were collected during eld survey which had been collected from natural wild plant and home gardens, information on each medicinal plant was recorded by using the data capture form. Results: We found 79 medicinal plants species, 51 families, and can’t identies 2 species. Among the tree 44 species, 55.70 %; shrub 20 species, 25.32 %; liana 12 species, 15.19 %; and gasses 3 species, 3.8 %, were used to treat 34 sicknesses. A designation of all recorded species including the plant family names, dialect names, part used, and process to preparation of treatment. The roots are the plant part most commonly used (36.70%), followed by the stem (25.31%), leaves (10.12%), liana (10.12%), whole plant (6.32%), fruits (6.32%), and bark (3.79%). The medicinal plants are prepared using dried plant parts while some other species are using in fresh form. Boiling, soaking with cold water or alcohol, crushing, and burning are main methods of preparation. Conclusion: In this study, 79 medicinal plant species were documented as use in the of different common sickness including stomach problem (gastrointestinal, atulence, diarrhea, detox), kidney infections, fever, dysmenorrheal postpartum tonic, nervous system, skin disease, health tonic, lever infections, heart disease, dressing wounds, and others.

2015). The current study was conducted, rst, to identify plant species used as a remedy for human illness, diseases and health improve, and secondly to determine plant parts used, the technique of preparation and religious belief on the preferred source of healthcare an around Hinboun district, Khammouane province, Lao PDR.

Study area
The Khammouane province, one of a province in middle part of Lao PDR as presented in Fig. 1. The land area of 16,315 km 2 , and is almost of forest mountain terrain. The province share bordered with Savannakhet province to the south, Bolikhamxay province to the north and northwest, Thailand to the west, and Vietnam to the east. The forest area encloses of three store areas. These are the PhouHinPhoun National Biodiversity Conservation Area with an area is 150,000 ha, Nakai-Nam Thern National Biodiversity Conservation Area has cover areas is 352,200 ha, and Hin Nam No National Biodiversity Conservation Area with an areas 86,229 ha.
The study was conducted in Nakeu village, Hinboundistrict. In this part of Khammouane province traditionally inhabited by the Phouthai people.
It is located 33 km far away from the town, the geographically situated between 17°64' − 86°78' N and 140°78'-48°57' E, the total land area of 35,863 ha (Fig. 1). The mean monthly temperature is 32 °C, ranging from 15 °C to 38 °C,and total rainfall is 1200 mm, ranging from 600 to 1600 mm (Statistical Authority, 2017). The population of the study site is amounted to 960 people, female is 465 people all most of them is Phouthai people.

Ethnobotanical data collection
Looking at the traditional healer in the Hinboun district area was conducted with the rst agreement of citation by community leaders of each household. Our research team started an interaction with each expected respondent by explaining the aim of the study in order to solicit their consent and co-operation before any ethnobotanical data gathering. While this group discussion the research team was emphasized the extensive value which each traditional healer's contribution can make the compilation a recorded of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Hinboun district area.
Whit the helping of a commenter, all interviews and discussions were conduction in Nakeu village. Ethnobotanical data for this paper were gathering from 03 traditional healers, and 69 households, therefore including the household of both gender (husband or wife), and across different level of education, age group, as well as the level of experience and knowledge of medicinal plants use. In every part of the eld survey, semi-structured interviews and group discussions were conducted in order to collect the local wisdom information about medicinal plants. The question was designed to focus on the local names of plants, their multitudinous medicine application, the part of used, the methods of preparation, and handle treatment to patients.

Plant collection and plant identi cation
The eld survey was undertaken with randomly selection household on a descriptive statistics was employed to analyze and summarize the data on report medicinal plants, part of used, mode of preparation, ministry, the postulate of used, habitats of medicinal plant, and in uence of realization, religious beliefs and culture on the extra source of healthcare. Plant specimens were collected during eld survey which had been collected from natural wild plant and home gardens, information on each medicinal plant was recorded by using the data capture form. Certain medicine plants were identi ed in the eld and remaining ones identi ed through published oras and another reference. After identifying medicinal plants, a photograph and herbarium specimen of each medicinal plant was taken in the herbarium at Faculty of Forestry Science, the National University of Laos for comparison and veri cation of each plant's scienti c name.

Medicinal plants species
From this research it was found that among the 33 respondents who were interviewed, the majority was falling within the villagers (30 people) and healers (3 people). The total of 79 species, and 51families, and can't identi es 2 species. Among the tree 44 species, 55.70 percentage; shrub 20 species, 25.32 percentage; liana 12 species, 15.19 percentage; and grasses 3 species, 3.8 percentage (Table 1) wereusedto treat 34 sicknesses. A designation of all recorded species including the plant family names, dialect names, part used, and process to preparation of treatment show in Table 1.
Plants are most frequently used for the treatment of the sickness such as stomach problems, nervous system, kidney infection, liver tonic, menstrual cycle, and postpartum tonic (55.69%) which shown in Fig. 3 and Table 1. These results are followed by the pattern found in medicinal plant studies around the world, such as in Brazil (Bolson et al., 2015), India (Kichuet al., 2015), Italy (Fortini., 2016). The roots are the plant part most commonly used in this community (36.70%), followed by the stem (25.31%), leaves (10.12%). leaves are commonly used like medicine in many parts in developing countries (Yemeleet al., 2015;Mukunguet al.,2016;Fortiniet al., 2016), and using leaves for medicine is a sustainable way of using plants (Mukunguet al., 2016). From this research it is concluded that the liana (10.12%),whole plant (6.32%), fruits (6.32%), and bark (3.79%) were used for treatments which shown in Fig. 4, the most used part of the plant are roots(35%), because of their availability throughout the year, traditionally considered to be strong medicine, have a good smell and easy to drink. the roots are being used in different medicine manufacturing more frequently, because sometime it's di cult to use other plant parts due to presence of phytochemecal compounds (Singh et al., 2016) The medicinal plants listed in Table 1 are used for the treatment of 34 sicknesses. Most of the villagers and traditional healers make medicine by boiling and distilling medicinal plants, that methods were also used by (Gadisaet al., 2018, Metheeet al., 2018, Mahwasaneet al., 2013. Medicine preparation methods of dominate treatments vary from drying and burning the plants for treating warts with the smoke and crushing. (Alemayehuet al., 2015, Chekoleet al., 2017, Girmay and Teshome 2017 in their study also mention the mode of remedy preparation to the charred remains are used as a dressing on wounds. The villagers and traditional healers usually collected the medicinal plants from different elds, plans parts were dry and crushed before storing in bag or bottles. This method is also similar with (Gadisaet al., 2018). It is very di cult for patients to recognize plants species that are used for their treatment, which sometimes seem ordinary plants that growing in gardens or in eld. Some villagers prefer to store plants material in dry or powdered form inside bottles or plastic bags to reduce the eld collection trips and make sure the availability of plants part possible throughout the year. This research found that, the medicinal plant most usually used for the treatment of stomach problem (55.88%), followed by kidney infection (23.53%), fever (20.59%), Dysmenorrheal/Postpartum tonic (17.65), skin disease and nervous system (14.71%) each, health tonic and sexual performance (11.76%) each, Liver disease and Jaundice (8.82%), a weary and dressing wounds (5.88%), and while the following complains, namely pain, cough and bruises, purgative, tonic blood, malaria, dizzy, emaciation, heart disease and sore throat (2.94%) each (Fig. 5).
The main objective of this research was to keep the medicinal Plant knowledge in document form that used for treating different sickness since from ancient time and transfer orally from generation to the next generation. And the recording and maintaining of that knowledge in written form is also very useful for pharmaceutical purpose to developing advance medicine to treating these illnesses. Method of preparation: Take dried raw material and decoct in 2 liters of water, and drank as need.

Traditional Medicine Formulae
Use as postpartum tonic Number of plant species that knew by healers and villagers in Hinboun district, Khammouane province.

Figure 3
Plant form representation of medicinal plant in Hinboun district, Khammouane province. Figure 4