Can the Olive Genome Be a Miracle for Human DNA?

In this project, it is aimed to compare the olive genome, one of the fruits of the Mediterranean region, to the human genome. We started plant-human genomic studies with olive on the hypothesis that whether we could consume the benefits of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, as well as genomic bioavailability. Many studies from past to present have shown positive effects of olives on cardiovascular diseases and some cancer pathways. In terms of both scientific and religious resources, olive is an important plant in many areas. In our project, we compared the olive genome with the human genome in Pubmed database. We detected pathological or non-pathological variations of the matching regions in the human genome. We investigated whether these variations were found in the olive genome as wild type and whether there were regions suitable for cutting in terms of restriction enzymes. In the data obtained, the presence of cardiovascular and cancer-related genes of the matching regions suggests a possible bioavailability. In the ongoing projects, it is aimed to compare the genomes of plants other than olive with the human genome.


INTRODUCTION
Olive, which is one of the fruits of the Mediterranean region, has managed to become an indispensable part of the tables from past to present. Both the mention of its name in religious books and its examination in terms of cardiovascular diseases in many scientific articles emphasize the importance of olive many times. It is reported that olive and olive oil consumption is associated with a decrease in the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis. [1] Olive oil diet has antioxidant properties [2], anti-inflammatory [3] and anti-carcinogenic properties [4]. Based on the verse of the Qur'an, figs and olives mentioned in Surah Tin, it is aimed to examine the possible effects of olives sworn on in the Qur'an from a genetic perspective. Is there any genomic bioavailability of plants besides carbohydrate, fat, protein? We know that our microbiata has restriction enzymes that can cut the genome of the digested food from many different regions. So, could the genome of a food be cut into our enteric flora and presented to us? Starting from here, we compared the human genome with the olive genome in our project.
We detected pathological or non-pathological variations of the matching regions in the human genome. We investigated whether these variations were found in the olive genome.

METRIALS AND METDHODS
• The olive genome sequence in the Pubmed genome database was mapped to the human genome on the NucleotidBlast site.
• Variations of the matching regions were searched in databases such as Pubmed, PolyPhen-2, Exac.browser to find deletion sites and SNPs causing pathogenicity.
• In addition, the restriction enzymes found in the olive genome matching regions were determined using the NEB site.

RESULTS
• When the olive genome is examined from Pubmed Genome, it is known to have 23 chromosomes. [8] • In the comparison of olive and human genomes, we detected 73-100 percent matches in 67 genes. (Table 2, 3) • Matching genes are found in cancer (BRAF, BRMS1L, SDHA) and calmodulin (CALM1, CALM3) related genes.

CALM1 GENE FINDINGS
• The CALM1 gene encodes a member of the EF-hand calcium binding protein family. [9] • 84% (125/149) matches were found between the olive genome and 149 bp in the third exon of the CALM1 gene ( Figure 1).   • The non-pathological wild type form of the region found in rs267607276 SNP is found in the olive genome. (Figure 3)

BRAF GENE FINDINGS
• BRAF plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase / ERK signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation and secretion.
• 31/32 (97%) matches were found between olive genome and 32 bp of BRAF gene. ( Figure 6) • There are 9 SNPs and 9 deletions in the pubmed database in our region that matches the BRAF gene.  • Wild type form of all SNP and deletions except rs267607276 SNP is found in olive genome.
• In Figure 7, there are many candidate regions for restriction enzymes in the 32b region where we found a match with the BRAF gene. (Figure 8.)

SDHA GENE FINDINGS
• 84% (77/92) matches were found between the olive genome and 92 bp in the 5th exon of the SDHA gene ( Figure 9)  • There are many candidate regions for restriction enzymes in the 92bc region where we found a match.
( Figure 11) Figure 11. Restriction enzymes in the NEB database of the region matching the SDHA gene candidate regions.

BRMS1L GENE FINDINGS
• 92% (36/39) matches were found between the olive genome and 39 bp in the 5 'UTR region of the BRMS1L gene. (Figure 12) • The wild type of most of the SNP-containing regions is found in the olive genome.
• There are many candidate regions for restriction enzymes in the 39 bp region where we found a match.
( Figure 14) • There are 62 SNPs and 1 deletion in the pubmed database in our region that matches CALM3 gene. (Figures 16, 17, 18, 19)    • Three of the matching SNLs were pathologically demonstrated on Pubmed. (rs1060502608 [14], rs1064796271 [15], rs1555814427 [7] ) • The wild type form of most of the regions with SNP is found in the olive genome.
• There are many candidate regions for restriction enzymes in the 369 bp region where we found a match.

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
As a result of our comparison between olive genome and human genome, we found matches in 67 genes. (Genes summary table). We focus our attention on cancer (BRAF, BRMS1L, SDHA) and cardiovascular system (CALM1, CALM3…) related genes We carried out a summary study on Pubmed about the functions of these genes and then compiled the reported mutation analyzes of these genes on the site 'Exac.browser' and searched for the presence of matching regions in the matching genes in olive. As can be expected, hundreds of mutations have been reported for each gene, but some of them have also led to very serious pathologies (Pathogenic Variants table). Human deletions or snps in the matching regions on the CALM3, SDHA, BRAF, BRMS1L and CALM1 gene are reported to cause pathological conditions. The wild type of these regions is found in the olive genome and there are many restriction enzymes capable of cutting these matching regions from the appropriate regions. We have seen that many restriction enzymes available today allow us to cut off our matching gene region from appropriate sites. Based on this, we concluded that the use of non-pathological sequencing from the genome of the olives that we consume can benefit individuals with mutations. Considering all this, we have come to the conclusion that GMO products may perhaps deprive living beings of this natural therapy by causing the genome that is treating us to be pathological, leading to even worse outcomes. In particular, can the olive genome be used for the repair of mutagenized genes as a guide DNA chain used in the cell repair mechanism? From another point of view, can genetic bioavailability also have an impact on explaining the idiopathic concept underlying many diseases that are still unclear? According to this hypothesis, can specific diets having common regions and genes involved in pathogenesis be included in our future treatment plans? With these matches, can we approach the relationship between diet and disease from a different perspective?