Development of High-Performance Air Purier using Human Hair and Vetiver (Chrysopogan Zizanioides) as Filter Media

11 Purpose -The global crisis of extreme air pollution is encountered nowadays due to the burning of fossil fuel, vehicular emission, 12 modern sophistication and industrialization. These result infusions of high levels of Smoke, Particulate Matter (PM), Total 13 volatile organic compounds (VOC), Hydrocarbons (HCHO), Nitrogen Oxides (NO X ), Sulfur Oxides (SO X ), Carbon Monoxide 14 (CO) and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. 16 Findings - Therefore, the development of a cost-saving air purifier is extremely essential with naturally occurring resources that 17 are readily available throughout all the places at some point in time.A compact, flexible, modular and low-cost air purifier has 18 designed employing a combination of porous plug and two filter media developed from natural resources. 19 20 Methodology- The air purification unit is horizontal shaped and made with a simple PVC pipe. The first filter media was 21 developed by mixing human hair with low-cost vegetable Mahua oil and the second one by wetting Vetiver (Chrysopogan 22 zizanioides) with water. A mixture of human hair with Mahua oil can absorb the suspended particulate matter of size above 2.5 23 µ m, and wet Vetiver shows the enormous capability of absorption of gases like NOx, SOx and Hydrocarbons and adsorption of 24 particle size even less than 2.5 µ m like PM1. Moreover, due to the pleasant smell, wet Vetiver can produce fresh air. 25 Value- The cleaning and disposals of such naturally derived products are easy because of complete biodegradability and no 27 negative impact on the environment. To restrict the filter media movement, porous plugs are coupled at the inlets and outlets of 28 pipeline and filters. Due to the Joule-Thomson effect, the air coming out of the porous plug becomes 50 o C cooler than the input 29 air. The pollutant removal efficiency of indoor was found to be more than 60% were in the outdoor residential areas, it was more 30 than 75%, and in the heavily crowded regions, it evaluated to be more than 65%. Amidst the alarming air pollution scenario 31 throughout the world, such an invented device should be welcome due to the excellent performance as reflected in the production of pollutant-free fresh air at reduced temperature.

The various conventional and effective methods to filter PM 2.5 by using Activated carbon,Transparent PAN filter,s Photocatalytic materials and Soy proteins and silk nanofibrils.
The various general and modern methods of air purification were studied and reviewed. And also noted that from future scope combination will be a enconomical solutions.

2.
Akarsh Verma el al.(2016) The humar hairs mechanical properties,chemical experiment of human hair fiber,thermal analysis anf ecological importance are reviewed.
The study of different characteristics of human hair and its application employed and also hair regains its original position after removal of the deformed load. 3.
Negisa Darajeh el al.(2014) To demonstrate the potential of Vetiver grass in reducing the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and investigate biomass production.
The detailed study of vetiver wastewater treatment system and different characteristics of vetiver grass.

4.
Emily Cheek el al. (2020) To observe the effect of portable air purifiers (PAPs) on indoor air quality (PM2.5) of between 22.6 and 92.0% with the use of PAPs when compared to the control.
A detailed study on how the PAP results in short-term reductions in PM2.5 in the indoor environment.

Julie F. Hart el al. (2011)
To evaluate the value of a portable air purifier in decreasing particle concentrations accompanying with wood combustion. the effectiveness of an electrostatic filter portable air purifier was studied.

C Pedroletti et al. (2009)
To examine the Exposure to breathe in allergens is a pathogenetic feature in allergic asthma. But, most studies that earlier looked at air cleaning devices have shown little or no effect on patients with perennial allergic asthma.
The detailed study of the clean air during sleep with the influenced factor 7. V. P. Singh(2017) To overcome these toxic waste atmosphere situations the concept of using plants for remediation of water, soil and air pollution.
A detailed study on Phytoremediation as acleaning tool for pollutants.
This journal discussesing the effect of air pollutants with special focus on indoor air pollutants and the benefits of air filters in improving indoor air quality.
The detailed study on indoor and outdoor air pollutant with its contamination.

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The opportunity of the contemporary effort is to develop an air purifier in research laboratory measure by 53 introducing a model can reduce the air pollution as per the world health organisation permited level by using a 54 naturally accuring human hair and vetiver as a filter media. To reduce the air pollution causing due to the emission 55 from various vehicles and burning of fossil fuel. In order to protect our environment to provide a clean air .

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The invented air purifier model was developed based on PVC Pipes and fittings, including the 3 stage filtration 64 process using a porous plate, hair media and Vetiver media(P.Thilagaraj,. el al.,2014). To keep the Vetiver wet, channels for water inlet and outlet were also incorporated(V.P.Singh and Pawan Kumar 2017). The inlet air forced 66 to enter the purifier unit using a blower at the inlet section with an air discharge rate of 0.5345 m 3 ⁄s(Rojas-Sandoval 67 J, 2020). At the interior, air comes first in contact with a porous plug which separates the large-sized impurities, dust

OVERALL WORKING PROCEDURE OF AIR PURIFIER 116
Step. 1. Before running the air purifier, it is laid horizontally, and joints of both the filter media are required to be 117 verified. Vetiver is wetted with water by inlet water pipes, and excess water is recycled.
Step. 5. Subsequently, the air is passed through the secondary membrane (Vetiver wetted with water). It absorbs and 124 adsorbs the SPM of size less than 2.5 µm. It also captures NOx, SOx, HC and other organic compounds.

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Step. 7. When needed, both the media could be replaced based on the temperature conditions and pollution levels.

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The level of pollution increases with an increase in the temperature. Thus, from morning to noon, the pollution level In fact, the pollutant removal efficiency exhibited by the air purifier unit for indoor observed to be more than 60% 135 for PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 (Pedroletti C et al. 2009).Particulate matter removal efficiency in the outdoor residential 136 area found to be more than 75%, and for a heavily crowded region like bus-stand was found to be more than The proto-model of the Purifier developed is of the following specifications in Table 1 The screens of pore size 3µm (Doublelayered screen), used as the porous plate. The porous plates are used in 5 places • Inlet Pipe Pore size is 3µm because of (Double-layer to increase efficiency) • Entry and exit of both membranes (Pore size of 10 -15 µm) 3

Hair media chamber
The thick hair in the nostrils can prevent the entry of PM10, in the same way, Hair media made viscous using Mahua oil.
It can trap the PM of size above 2.5 µm. These media are provided with screen membranes on both sides to prevent the movement of media.
Hair media chamber dimensions: 150 mm diameter and length 300 mm Hair size 50 -100 µm and upto the length of 2 cm and mixed them with the mahua oil.

Vetiver Media
Vetiver is used in many fields to reduce the pollution from water and soil. In this innovative work, the Vetiver is used to reduce pollution from the air.
The Vetiver having the property of absorbing essential (nutrients) and non-essential (even pollutants) particles when they are wet because water is the primary requirement for Vetiver. Wetted Vetiver having the property of absorbing gaseous pollutants like NOx, SOx, and HC. It will also absorb and adsorb the particles of size, even less than 2.5 µm (example, PM1). It has a very pleasant smell that makes the environment better many times than synthetic Vetiver media chamber dimensions: 150 mm diameter and length 300 mm A bunch of Vetiver of size 0.6 -1.5 mm dia and 120 -150 mm in length are used as the secondary filter media. filters.

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Water Inlet and outlet Continuous wetting of Vetiver could done through the water inlet. Hence, the inlet and outlet pipes provided for the entry and exit of water.Three holes of 1cm diameter are made for the water inlet on the top of the Vetiver media chamber.
Length-1000 mm Diameter -10 mm 6 Water Outlet It was used to remove the excess water and also used to wash the Vetiver media.

IMPACT ANALYSIS
168 Ø The measured values are clearly showing that the pollution will increase based on the increase in the 169 temperature.
Ø During noon even though the temperature is higher due to the less movement of vehicles, the pollution 172 level is primarily moderate.

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Ø After 5 PM, the temperature starts to fall, and the effect of high temperature remains increasing gradually 174 till night. Simultaneously the traffic density is also increasing because of the peak hour, the pollution level 175 is increasing as well.

TESTING OF AIR PURIFIER IN CLASSROOM (INDOOR)
196 The classroom of the VSB Engineering College located on the first floor of Main Building II and 600m from NH 67.

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The temperature during testing is slightly pleasant and may in the range of 30ºC to 33ºC. The pollution level in this

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temperature is low and may in the range of 29ºC to 32ºC. However, the effect of temperature was not reduced and 206 may impact the pollution level. As we expected the pollution is high in this place.

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The test conducted from 7:30 PM to 9:00 PM in the range of 15 minutes.

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The test results are analysed and discussed with the following three graphs and the calculated removal efficiencies.

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v The air purifier is operated for 90 minutes continuously.

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v In which the PM10removal is high as more than 61%. 248 v It shows the overall removal efficiency of more than 75% after continuous running for 90 minutes.

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v It removed the PM2.5 as high as more than 79%.

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The pollution level and the temperature variations also having a vital role in the removal efficiency.

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• World Health Organisation provided the standards for the PM2.5 and PM10 as below:

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• But this purifier with hair and Vetiver as filter media reduces almost 60% of the pollution causing SPM 277 from the air within 90 minutes.Air temperature also can reduce about 40 to 50c.

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• It observed that whenever pollution levels are high-performance also high,which is nearly 90%. Hence this 279 purifier is much suitable for highly polluted areas.

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• If large membranes provided, then the efficiency will be increased up to 90%.

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• It is possible to provide large membranes since both filter media are bio-degradable. So, it does not create 282 any impacts on the environment in the name of environmental development.

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• It will reduce the air pollution and also reduce the severe diseases like cancer and asthma.

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As iteffectively reducesthe air pollution in an manner without having any side effects to the environment as well as 286 humanely, it can be implemented in public places and residential places.

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By using quiet motors, we can adopt this purifier in any kind of environment.

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Air pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels will become higher due to the increase in the rate of vehicles sale in 289 India. It will lead to an increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

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Hence, this is the one way to reduce the SPM released from the burning of fossil fuels and many sources.

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Now, India has lost many cities which, aretheir living suitability due to the increase in air pollution.

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Example: Delhi, Mumbai and some cities of Chennai.

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We recommend this purifier in an enlarged manner to reduce the air pollution and bring back the cities to their 294 previous status without air pollution.