Socio-demographic characteristics of the study populationA total of 145 pregnant women attending the antenatal Bafia Health District were enrolled in our study. The average age of the participants was 25 ± 5.96 years (min-max: 15-41 years, [IQR: 20-29 years]). According to socio-demographic characteristics, the majority of participants were: 15-23 years old with 46.21% (67 cases), a life in couple with 68.96% (100 cases), a secondary level with 77.24% (112 cases), housewives occupations with 54.49% (79 cases), multiparous with 46.21% (67 cases) and the first trimester of pregnancy with 49.66% (72 cases). Seroprevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV in the study populationOf the 145 pregnant woman enrolled, 6.90% (95%CI: 3.36%-12.32%; 10/145) were HIV-positive and 33.79% (95%CI: 26.15%-42.11%; 49/145) were anti-HCV antibodies positive (anti-HCVAb). For HBV markers, HBsAg was present in 10.34% (95%CI: 5.91%-16.49%; 15/145) and HBeAg was detected in 2.76% (95%CI: 0.76%-6.91%; 4/145). Figure 1 Figure 1: Seroprevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV in the study populationCarrier rate of HIV antibodies according to socio-demographic characteristicsOn the 145 pregnant women tested for HIV, 6.90% (10/145) were carriers of HIV antibody and among them, 9.84% (6/61) were aged 24-32 years, 8.00% (8/100) were living in couples or married, 8.04% (9/112) were secondary school, 6.33% (5/79) were housewives, 8.96% (6/67) for multiparous and 13.33% (4/30) in the third trimester, OR: 2.79 (95%CI: 0.73 – 10.62), p=0.24. Table 1Table 1: Carrier rate of HIV antibodies according to socio-demographic characteristics
Variables
|
Total
N=145 (%)
|
Anti-HIV antibody
|
OR (95%CI)
|
p-value
|
Positive (%)
|
Negative(%)
|
10 (6.90)
|
135 (93.10)
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-23
|
67 (46.21)
|
2 (2.99)
|
65 (97.01)
|
0.26 (0.05 – 1.31)
|
0.16
|
24-32
|
61 (42.07)
|
6 (9.84)
|
55 (90.16)
|
2.18 (0.58 – 8.09)
|
0.39
|
33-41
|
17 (11.72)
|
2 (11.76)
|
15 (88.24)
|
2.00 (0.38 – 10.30)
|
0.73
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
|
Life in couple |
100 (68.96)
|
8 (8.00)
|
92 (92.00)
|
1.86 (0.38 – 9.17)
|
0.66
|
Single
|
45 (31.34)
|
2 (4.45)
|
43 (95.55)
|
|
|
Level of education
|
Primary
|
28 (19.31)
|
0 (0.00)
|
28 (100.0)
|
NA
|
0.23
|
Secondary
|
112 (77.24)
|
9 (8.04)
|
103 (91.96)
|
2.79 (0.34 – 22.91)
|
0.54
|
University
|
05 (3.45)
|
1 (20.00)
|
04 (80.00)
|
3.63 (0.36 – 36.04)
|
0.78
|
Profession
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pupils |
27 (18.62)
|
0 (0.00)
|
27 (100.0)
|
NA
|
0.25
|
Student |
03 (2.07)
|
0 (0.00)
|
03 (100.0)
|
NA
|
1.00
|
housewives |
79 (54.48)
|
5 (6.33)
|
74 (93.67)
|
0.82 (0.22 – 2.98)
|
0.76
|
Dressing |
04 (2.76)
|
0 (0.00)
|
04 (100.0)
|
NA
|
1.00
|
Heamstresses |
23 (15.86)
|
2 (8.69)
|
21 (91.30
|
1.35 (0.26 – 6.84)
|
1.00
|
Nurses |
02 (1.38)
|
1 (50.00)
|
01 (50.00)
|
14.88 (0.85-258.15)
|
0.30
|
Teachers |
07 (4.83)
|
2 (28.57)
|
05 (71.43)
|
6.5 (1.08 – 38.87)
|
0.11
|
Parity
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primiparous |
28 (19.31)
|
1 (3.57)
|
27 (96.43)
|
0.44 (0.05 – 3.66)
|
0.72
|
Pauciparous |
50 (34.48)
|
3 (6.00)
|
47 (94.00)
|
0.80 (0.19 – 3.24)
|
1.00
|
Multiparous |
67 (46.21)
|
6 (8.96)
|
61 (91.04)
|
1.81 (0.49 – 6.74)
|
0.56
|
Age of pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
1st trimester
|
72 (49.65)
|
4 (5.56)
|
68 (94.44)
|
0.65 (0.17 – 2.43)
|
0.76
|
2nd trimester
|
43 (29.65)
|
2 (4.65)
|
41 (95.35)
|
0.57 (0.11 – 2.81)
|
0.73
|
3rd trimester
|
30 (20.70)
|
4 (13.33)
|
26 (86.67)
|
2.79 (0.73 – 10.62)
|
0.24
|
N: total number; %: percentage; OR: Odds Ratio; NA: Not Applicable; CI: Confidence Interval
Carrier rate of anti-HCV antibodies according to socio-demographic characteristics
Table 2 shows that 33.79% (49/145) pregnant women were positive for antibodies to HCV and this carriage rate was higher in: pregnant women aged of 24-32 years with 45.90% (28/61; OR: 2.54 [95%CI: 1.25 - 5.15], p= 0.008), pregnant women living in couples or married with 36.00% (36/100), secondary school (31.25% [35/112]), housewives (36.71% [29/79]), multiparous (34.33% [23/67]) and those in the third trimester of pregnancy (40.00% [12/30]). Table 2 Table 2: Carrier rate of anti-HCV antibodies according to socio-demographic characteristics
Variables
|
Total
N= 145 (%)
|
Anti-HCV antibody
|
OR (95%CI)
|
p-value
|
Positive (%)
|
Negative (%)
|
49 (33.79)
|
96 (66.21)
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-23
|
67 (46.21)
|
15 (22.39)
|
52 (77.61)
|
0.37 (0.18 – 0.77)
|
0.007
|
24-32
|
61 (42.07)
|
28 (45.90)
|
33 (54.10)
|
2.54 (1.25 – 5.15)
|
0.008
|
33-41
|
17 (11.72)
|
06 (35.29)
|
11 (64.71)
|
1.07 (0.37 – 3.11)
|
0.88
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
|
Life in couple |
100 (68.96)
|
36 (36.00)
|
64 (64.00)
|
0.22 (0.10 – 0.49)
|
0.40
|
Single
|
45 (31.34)
|
13 (28.89)
|
32 (71.11)
|
|
|
Level of education
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary
|
28 (19.31)
|
14 (50.00)
|
14 (50.00)
|
2.34 (1.01 – 5.42)
|
0.04
|
Secondary
|
112 (77.24)
|
35 (31.25)
|
77 (68.75)
|
0.61 (0.27 – 1.36)
|
0.23
|
University
|
05 (3.45)
|
0(0.00)
|
05(100.0)
|
NA
|
0.25
|
Profession
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pupils |
27 (18.62)
|
8 (29.63)
|
19 (70.37)
|
0.79 (0.31 – 1.96)
|
0.61
|
Student |
03 (2.07)
|
0 (0.00)
|
03 (100.0)
|
NA
|
0.52
|
Housewives |
79 (54.48)
|
29 (36.71)
|
50 (63.29)
|
1.33 (0.66 – 2.67)
|
0.41
|
Dressing |
04 (2.76)
|
01 (25.00)
|
03 (75.00)
|
0.64 (0.06 – 6.37)
|
0.70
|
Heamstresses |
23 (15.86)
|
09 (39.13)
|
14 (60.87)
|
1.31 (0.52 – 3.30)
|
0.55
|
Nurses |
02 (1.38)
|
01 (50.00)
|
01 (50.00)
|
1.97 (0.12 -32.33)
|
1.00
|
Teachers |
07 (4.83)
|
01 (14.28)
|
06 (85.72)
|
0.31 (0.03 – 2.67)
|
0.47
|
Parity
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primiparous |
28 (19.31)
|
8 (28.57)
|
20 (71.43)
|
0.74 (0.30 – 1.83)
|
0.51
|
Pauciparous |
50 (34.48)
|
18 (36.00)
|
32 (64.00)
|
1.16 (0.56 – 2.38)
|
0.68
|
Multiparous |
67 (46.21)
|
23 (34.33)
|
44 (65.67)
|
1.04 (0.52 – 2.08)
|
0.89
|
Age of pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
1st trimester
|
72 (49.65)
|
23 (31.94)
|
49 (68.06)
|
0.84 (0.42 – 1.69)
|
0.64
|
2nd trimester
|
43 (29.65)
|
14 (32.56)
|
29 (67.44)
|
0.92 (0.43 – 1.97)
|
0.83
|
3rd trimester
|
30 (20.70)
|
12 (40.00)
|
18 (60.00)
|
1.40 (0.61 – 3.21)
|
0.41
|
N: total number; %: percentage; OR: Odds Ratio; NA: Not Applicable; CI: Confidence Interval
HBV markers according to socio-demographic characteristicsThe HBsAg was more represented in pregnant women aged 33-41 years with 35.29% (6/17), p= 0.001. However, HBeAg was only represented in those aged 15-23 years with 2.76 (4/67), p= 0.30 (Table 3). For marital status, HBsAg and HBeAg were more represented in couples or married with 10.00% (10/100), p= 0.92 and 3.00% (3/100), p= 0.77 respectively (Table 3). According to the level of education, we found HBsAg and HBeAg in 10.71% (12/112), p= 0.96 and 3.57% (4/112), p= 0.56 respectively in pregnant women with a level secondary. For the age of pregnancy, it appears that 8.33% (6/72) and 16.67% (5/30) of pregnant women respectively in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy were carriers of HBsAg (p= 0.65). However, the carriage rate of HBeAg was more represented in pregnant women in the first trimester. Table 3 Table 3: HBV markers according to socio-demographic characteristics
Variables
|
Total
N=145(%)
|
HBsAg
|
HBeAg
|
Positive (%)
|
Negative (%)
|
Positive (%)
|
Negative (%)
|
15 (10.34)
|
130 (89.66)
|
04 (2.76)
|
141 (97.24)
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
|
|
15-23
|
67 (46.21)
|
05(7.46)
|
62 (92.54)
|
4(5.97)
|
63 (94.03)
|
24-32
|
61 (42.07)
|
4(6.56)
|
57 (93.44)
|
0(0.00)
|
61 (100.0)
|
33-41
|
17 (11.72)
|
6(35.29)
|
11 (64.71)
|
0(0.00)
|
17 (100.0)
|
p-value
|
|
0.001
|
0.30
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
|
Life in couple |
100 (68.96)
|
10(10.00)
|
90 (90.00)
|
3(3.00)
|
97 (97.00)
|
Single
|
45 (31.34)
|
05(11.11)
|
40 (88.89)
|
1(2.22)
|
44 (97.78)
|
p-value
|
|
0.92
|
0.77
|
Level of education
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primary
|
28 (19.31)
|
03(10.71)
|
25 (89.29)
|
0(0.00)
|
28 (100.0)
|
Secondary
|
112 (77.24)
|
12(10.71)
|
100 (89.29)
|
04(3.57)
|
108 (96.43)
|
University
|
05 (3.45)
|
0(0.00)
|
05 (100.0)
|
0(0.00)
|
05 (100.0)
|
p-value
|
|
0.96
|
0.56
|
Profession
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pupils |
27 (18.62)
|
2(7.41)
|
25 (92.59)
|
1(3.70)
|
26 (96.30)
|
Student |
03 (2.07)
|
0(0.00)
|
03 (100.0)
|
0(0.00)
|
03 (100.0)
|
Housewives |
79 (54.48)
|
09(11.39)
|
70 (88.61)
|
2 (2.53)
|
77 (97.47)
|
Dressing |
04 (2.76)
|
0(0.00)
|
04 (100.0)
|
0(0.00)
|
04 (100.0)
|
Heamstresses |
23 (15.86)
|
03(13.04)
|
20 (86.96)
|
1(4.35)
|
22 (95.65)
|
Nurses |
02 (1.38)
|
0(0.00)
|
02 (100.0)
|
0(0.00)
|
02 (100.0)
|
Teachers |
07 (4.83)
|
01(14.29)
|
06 (85.71)
|
0(0.00)
|
07 (100.0)
|
p-value
|
|
0.99
|
0.24
|
Parity
|
|
|
|
|
|
Primiparous |
28 (19.31)
|
4(14.29)
|
24 (85.71)
|
2(7.14)
|
26 (92.86)
|
Pauciparous |
50 (34.48)
|
5(10.00)
|
45 (90.00)
|
2(4.00)
|
48 (96.00)
|
Multiparous |
67 (46.21)
|
6(8.96)
|
61 (91.04)
|
0(0.00)
|
67 (100.0)
|
p-value
|
|
0.73
|
0.4
|
Age of pregnancy
|
|
|
|
|
|
1st trimester
|
72 (49.65)
|
6 (8.33)
|
66 (91.67)
|
2 (2.78)
|
70 (97.22)
|
2nd trimester
|
43 (29.65)
|
4 (9.30)
|
39 (90.70)
|
1 (2.33)
|
42 (97.67)
|
3rd trimester
|
30 (20.70)
|
5 (16.67)
|
25 (83.33)
|
1 (3.33)
|
29 (96.67)
|
p-value
|
|
0.65
|
0.84
|
N: Total number; %: percentageCo-infection of HBV, HCV and HIV markersNo cases of co-infection were observed between HBsAg carrier rates (p= 0.3), HBeAg (p= 0.74) and HIV. Meanwhile, 10.20% (5/49) of pregnant women were co-infected with HCV/HIV, OR: 2.06 [95%CI: 0.56-7.51], p= 0.21. Moreover, this co-infection was observed among those aged 24-32 years with 8.20% (5/61), p= 0.02, among those living in couples or married (5.00% [5/100], p= 0.12), those in the third trimester of pregnancy (10.00% [3/30], p = 0.09).Table 4 Tableau 4: Co-infection of HCV and HIV markers
Variables
|
Total
N=145(%)
|
HIV/HCV co-infected
|
p-value
|
Positive (%)
|
Negative (%)
|
05 (3.45)
|
140 (96.55)
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
|
15-23
|
67 (46.21)
|
0 (0.00)
|
67 (100.0)
|
0.09
|
24-32
|
61 (42.07)
|
05 (8.20)
|
56 (91.80)
|
0.02
|
33-41
|
17 (11.72)
|
0 (0.00)
|
17 (100.0)
|
0.90
|
Marital status
|
|
|
|
|
Life in couple |
100 (68.96)
|
05 (5.00)
|
95 (95.00)
|
0.12
|
Single
|
45 (31.34)
|
0 (0.00)
|
45 (100.00)
|
|
Level of education
|
|
|
|
|
Primary
|
28 (19.31)
|
0 (0.00)
|
28 (100.00)
|
0.59
|
Secondary
|
112 (77.24)
|
05 (4.46)
|
107 (95.54)
|
0.48
|
University
|
05 (3.45)
|
0 (0.00)
|
05 (100.00)
|
1.00
|
Profession
|
|
|
|
|
Pupils |
27 (18.62)
|
0 (0.00)
|
27 (100.00)
|
0.61
|
Student |
03 (2.07)
|
0 (0.00)
|
03 (100.00)
|
1.00
|
Housewives |
79 (54.48)
|
03 (4.84)
|
76 (96.20)
|
1.00
|
Dressing |
04 (2.76)
|
0 (0.00)
|
04 (100.00)
|
1.00
|
Heamstresses |
23 (15.86)
|
01 (4.35)
|
22 (95.65)
|
1.00
|
Nurses |
02 (1.38)
|
01 (50.00)
|
01 (50.00)
|
0.09
|
Teachers |
07 (4.83)
|
0 (0.00)
|
07 (100.00)
|
1.00
|
Parity
|
|
|
|
|
Primiparous |
28 (19.31)
|
0 (0.00)
|
28 (100.00)
|
0.59
|
Pauciparous |
50 (34.48)
|
01 (2.00)
|
49 (98.00)
|
0.83
|
Multiparous |
67 (46.21)
|
04 (5.97)
|
63 (94.03)
|
0.27
|
Age of pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
1st trimester
|
72 (49.65)
|
01 (1.39)
|
71 (98.61)
|
0.37
|
2nd trimester
|
43 (29.65)
|
01 (2.33)
|
42 (97.67)
|
1.00
|
3rd trimester
|
30 (20.70)
|
03 (10.00)
|
27 (90.00)
|
0.09
|
N: total number; %: percentage