Meteorological Pursuit in University of Gujrat, Pakistan (Part 1)

Being an important phenomenon “Weather Observation” or “Meteorology” is not only interesting for Meteorologists but also for environmentalists and geologists as well. So for this an internship program was held at University of Gujrat Hafiz Hayat Campus, in a newly maintained Met Office, where appointed Official Weather Observers supervised this work. So in this way this is a wonderful chance to become a part of Starting Weather observation at UOG, being the students of Environmental Sciences. A group of students worked as internees. Observation under certain parameters, by taking scheduled readings of outdoor installed instruments, then accordingly filling of Pocket Register, by consulting Hydrometric table, Aeronautical Code book 1995, & Surface Weather code book 1995 of Pakistan Meteorological Department 2008. Making Metar (after 1 hour reporting) and Synaptic (after 3 hours reporting), then reporting it to the Regional Meteorological headquarter Lahore through cell phone message sending or directly uploading it to their website. Discussion sections on different weather changes as shown by readings, along with instruments working accordingly, are the different steps of Starting of Weather Observation at UOG. Chapter one and two are included in this part 1 of this Meteorological pursuit.

In this regard weather radar and satellites have developed. In 1960, "TIROS-I" the first meteorological satellite was send to space. Not only National and international weather observation is in demand also local level information is a matter of interest. But this information can only provide forecast of that specific location. In this regard Manual work where observer directly observes and takes readings from instruments to consider Meteorological elements is a common practice from long ago, the data collected in this way is urgently send to the headquarter where it is uploaded to the website so it become a part of main stream to predict weather conditions of that area. And is helping in scientific and research purposes to update, forecast, developing strategies, trade, irrigation, shipping, seismic warnings, construction of dams and buildings, flying, Tourism, Sports defense, and disaster management cells, according its demand in that area. Once a data of some area is uploaded it is now available to everyone on the internet that can be utilized.

1.2-Worldover Weather Observations
However now, Local level Automated Observation Systems are also introduced, on all levels. Because people all over the world not only consider reliable, updates of mobile companies, television channels, and internet rather they are interested in taking direct weather observation even in their home stations, to enjoy knowing the variation of weather patterns and be alert to the drastic effects of weather. These observations are either part of official working or just for once own interest.
Anything that has a sensor and can give readout regarding weather is a part of Weather

1.3-Weather Observation in Pakistan
Pakistan is situated in a highly sensitive area of Asia with respect to weather conditions. In Organizational rank of PMD, Islamabad is National Agro met Centre (NAMC), Islamabad.
Where it is serves to coordinate National authorities of agriculture and water. Monthly "Agro met Bulletin of Pakistan", in both Urdu and English is issued. Research and technological developments in the field of agriculture are published by computer data processing. continuously from its water/moisture bottle evaporates with a rate comparatively very high than the previous less dry weather/wind condition. Recovery of it could be simple as reduce the distance of moisture bottle from the thermometer bulb so it experiences less exposure to the dry winds, drop some water on thread every time you come to take reading, so that it remains full of moisture, make sure don't take reading at once, after you dropped water on the thread, take at least 5 minutes time to remain close Stevenson Screen's door/opening side, then take reading, and in the long run to face and handle effects of these winds increase thread's amount so that its thick layer can maintains it to remain wet by retaining the amount of moisture it sucks, or to increase its moisture holding capacity, although rate of evaporation is a changing factor of weather that can be observed but can't be altered by will.
Filling of pocket Register: is actually based on general observation of some of the parameters and intake of Instrumental readings and making its note by using

2.1-Tools in the Form of Documents
Necessary Documents used in manual Surface Observation are: A) -Hydrometeric Table   B) -Surface Weather Code Book C) -Aeronautical Code Book -Hydrometeric This tool is in the form of a document that have a record of codes in it, these codes are actually the real requirement of an observer as Meteorological observation is reported in form of specific codes, these codes are highly specific for their relative considerations.
Along with codes some symbols are also considered and used in weather reporting. Metar Reporting is rather simple and is with lesser use of codes; however it is also very specific for its application so codes given in book are carefully consulted. The more and more experience or even practice for Reporting Metar makes the observer so efficient that there is no need to consult this code book in each Reporting.
Aeronautical is for air navigation or related to aerial, as Metar Reporting is of much more importance in flight, so its codes possessing book is named Aeronautical Code Book.

2.2-Meteorological Elements
Weather Observation is carried out with the help of certain parameters that are measured  f) -Wind Speed: is also an important parameter that plays a specific role in weather alteration like: winds move clouds that if retain can result shower at one place and where these clouds move they can result a rain spell over there, and so on…Wind Speed in manual observation can be measured by Wind Anemometer. g) -Atmospheric Pressure: is essential to measure for an observer, because pressure difference can be caused due to heat variations on the earth surface. So the term, high pressure (more atmospheric mass above that very location), or low pressure (less atmospheric mass over that very location) is a relative term. Warmer air can hold more moisture than cooler air, and warm air is less dense than cold air. In Stormy weather barometric pressure will tends to be lower, as moist air is less dense than dry air.  Clouds are measured in Octas, the vale ranges from 0-8 Octas, in Meteorological Observation, Sky fully covered with clouds is noted as 8 Octas, half sky covered 4 Octas, less than 2 parts Sky covered with clouds 6 Octas, only 1 part of sky naked/empty from clouds 7 Octas. Height of base of cloud not known or base of clouds at 9 at a level lower and tops at a level higher than that of Station. Distance considered here is taken in meters other than kilometers, like 5000m except 5km.
AT 96 that is 10,000meters/10km if (Cloud + Visibility) is ok then it is called as CaVoK. l) -Rain: Rain, precipitation, or shower is a major factor regarding weather observation at some place. Rain is measured with Rain Gauge. Rain is calculated for last 3hours, 6hours, 12hours, and 18hours. > Every time when reading is taken check water level in the wet thermometer bottle, pour water in it so sucking of thread don't disturb, and wet bulb refrains from drying.

Table2.5: Amount of Rain in mm & its codes used in Meteorological Observation
> Reading of dry Thermometer should always be greater than wet Thermometer's reading.
II) -Barometer: is used for measuring atmospheric pressure, sometimes Stevenson Screen also holds a Barometer/ is present alone, still not available at Meteorological Observatory University of Gujrat.

III) -Wind Vane:
is fitted at the highest point of building, as its tail end is of large area so it allows the front end or arrow head to move in the direction of wind, taking a careful notice of its arrow head's rotation & stability once, twice or thrice to make sure your notice/observation. The wind is blowing in the direction, which the arrow head point outs. VI) -Evaporation Tank: is a circular pane to determine the day-to-day amount of evaporation, at a certain location, where it is placed. This corrosion resistant pan with 47.5inches diameter & 10inches depth rests on a leveled wooden-frame. In the Start of measurement pan is filled 2inch from the top, after 24 hours the water amount required to refill it to 2inch is measured. In case of precipitation, anytime during the 24 evaporation measuring hours and if the rate of precipitation was more than evaporation, the increase in water from pan should exclude.
Precaution: Keep safe from animal drinking, splashing, and freezing of tank's water, for the accurate measurement.

Declarations
Funding University Meteorological Lab

Availability of data and material
Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Pakistan.

Authors' contributions Review and planning study description
Ethics approval 'Not applicable'

Consent to participate 'Not applicable'
Consent for publication 'Not applicable'