[1]C. Gessler, I. Pertot, M. Perazzolli, Plasmopara viticola: a review of knowledge on downy mildew of grapevine and effective disease management, (2011).
[2]T. Boller, Chemoperception of microbial signals in plant cells, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 46 (1995) 189–214.
[3]A. G. Darvill, P. Albersheim, Phytoalexins and their elicitors-a defense against microbial infection in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35 (1984) 243–275.
[4]G. B. Martin, A. J. Bogdanove, G. Sessa, Understanding the functions of plant disease resistance proteins, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (2003) 23–61.
[5]Z. Nimchuk, T. Eulgem, B. F. Holt Iii, J. L. Dangl, Recognition and response in the plant immune system, Annu. Rev. Genet. 37 (2003) 579–609.
[6]G. Loake, M. Grant, Salicylic acid in plant defence—the players and protagonists, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 10 (2007) 466–472.
[7]N. Aarts, M. Metz, E. Holub, B. J. Staskawicz, M. J. Daniels, J. E. Parker, Different requirements for EDS1 and NDR1 by disease resistance genes define at least two R gene-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95 (1998) 10306–10311.
[8]K. Heidrich, L. Wirthmueller, C. Tasset, C. Pouzet, L. Deslandes, J. E. Parker, Arabidopsis EDS1 connects pathogen effector recognition to cell compartment–specific immune responses, Science (80-.). 334 (2011) 1401–1404.
[9]D. Selote, M. B. Shine, G. P. Robin, A. Kachroo, Soybean NDR 1‐like proteins bind pathogen effectors and regulate resistance signaling, New Phytol. 202 (2014) 485–498.
[10]J. Wang, M. B. Shine, Q.-M. Gao, D. Navarre, W. Jiang, C. Liu, Q. Chen, G. Hu, A. Kachroo, Enhanced disease susceptibility1 mediates pathogen resistance and virulence function of a bacterial effector in soybean, Plant Physiol. 165 (2014) 1269–1284.
[11]S. Bhattacharjee, M. K. Halane, S. H. Kim, W. Gassmann, Pathogen effectors target Arabidopsis EDS1 and alter its interactions with immune regulators, Science (80-.). 334 (2011) 1405–1408.
[12]W. E. Durrant, X. Dong, Systemic acquired resistance, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42 (2004) 185–209.
[13]Z. Mou, W. Fan, X. Dong, Inducers of plant systemic acquired resistance regulate NPR1 function through redox changes, Cell. 113 (2003) 935–944.
[14]T. Eulgem, I. E. Somssich, Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 10 (2007) 366–371.
[15]L. C. Van Loon, E. A. Van Strien, The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and comparative analysis of PR–1 type proteins, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 55 (1999) 85–97.
[16]X. Dong, NPR1, all things considered, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7 (2004) 547–552.
[17]N. Goyal, G. Bhatia, S. Sharma, N. Garewal, A. Upadhyay, S. K. Upadhyay, K. Singh, Genome-wide characterization revealed role of NBS-LRR genes during powdery mildew infection in Vitis vinifera, Genomics. (2019).
[18]A. Marchler-Bauer, M. K. Derbyshire, N. R. Gonzales, S. Lu, F. Chitsaz, L. Y. Geer, R. C. Geer, J. He, M. Gwadz, D. I. Hurwitz, CDD: NCBI’s conserved domain database, Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (2014) D222–D226.
[19]P. Jones, D. Binns, H.-Y. Chang, M. Fraser, W. Li, C. McAnulla, H. McWilliam, J. Maslen, A. Mitchell, G. Nuka, InterProScan 5: genome-scale protein function classification, Bioinformatics. 30 (2014) 1236–1240.
[20]I. Letunic, T. Doerks, P. Bork, SMART: recent updates, new developments and status in 2015, Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (2015) D257–D260.
[21]B. Hu, J. Jin, A.-Y. Guo, H. Zhang, J. Luo, G. Gao, GSDS 2.0: an upgraded gene feature visualization server, Bioinformatics. 31 (2014) 1296–1297.
[22]T. L. Bailey, C. Elkan, Fitting a mixture model by expectation maximization to discover motifs in bipolymers, (1994).
[23]R. D. Finn, A. Bateman, J. Clements, P. Coggill, R. Y. Eberhardt, S. R. Eddy, A. Heger, K. Hetherington, L. Holm, J. Mistry, Pfam: the protein families database, Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (2013) D222–D230.
[24]E. Gasteiger, C. Hoogland, A. Gattiker, M. R. Wilkins, R. D. Appel, A. Bairoch, Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server, in: Proteomics Protoc. Handb., Springer, 2005: pp. 571–607.
[25]J. Jin, F. Tian, D.-C. Yang, Y.-Q. Meng, L. Kong, J. Luo, G. Gao, PlantTFDB 4.0: toward a central hub for transcription factors and regulatory interactions in plants, Nucleic Acids Res. (2016) gkw982.
[26]S. L. Toffolatti, G. De Lorenzis, A. Costa, G. Maddalena, A. Passera, M. C. Bonza, M. Pindo, E. Stefani, A. Cestaro, P. Casati, Unique resistance traits against downy mildew from the center of origin of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 12523.
[27]B. J. Haas, A. Papanicolaou, M. Yassour, M. Grabherr, P. D. Blood, J. Bowden, M. B. Couger, D. Eccles, B. Li, M. Lieber, De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis, Nat. Protoc. 8 (2013) 1494.
[28]J. Seo, H. Gordish-Dressman, E. P. Hoffman, An interactive power analysis tool for microarray hypothesis testing and generation, Bioinformatics. 22 (2006) 808–814.
[29]S. Ghawana, A. Paul, H. Kumar, A. Kumar, H. Singh, P. K. Bhardwaj, A. Rani, R. S. Singh, J. Raizada, K. Singh, An RNA isolation system for plant tissues rich in secondary metabolites, BMC Res. Notes. 4 (2011) 85.
[30]K. J. Livak, T. D. Schmittgen, Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method, Methods. 25 (2001) 402–408.
[31]M. W. Pfaffl, G. W. Horgan, L. Dempfle, Relative expression software tool (REST©) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR, Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (2002) e36–e36.
[32]A. Conesa, S. Götz, Blast2GO: A comprehensive suite for functional analysis in plant genomics, Int. J. Plant Genomics. 2008 (2008).
[33]M. Lescot, P. Déhais, G. Thijs, K. Marchal, Y. Moreau, Y. Van de Peer, P. Rouzé, S. Rombauts, PlantCARE, a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements and a portal to tools for in silico analysis of promoter sequences, Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (2002) 325–327.
[34]A. Takahashi, C. Casais, K. Ichimura, K. Shirasu, HSP90 interacts with RAR1 and SGT1 and is essential for RPS2-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (2003) 11777–11782.
[35]D. A. Hubert, P. Tornero, Y. Belkhadir, P. Krishna, A. Takahashi, K. Shirasu, J. L. Dangl, Cytosolic HSP90 associates with and modulates the Arabidopsis RPM1 disease resistance protein, EMBO J. 22 (2003) 5679–5689.
[36]R. Lu, I. Malcuit, P. Moffett, M. T. Ruiz, J. Peart, A. Wu, J. P. Rathjen, A. Bendahmane, L. Day, D.C. Baulcombe, High throughput virus‐induced gene silencing implicates heat shock protein 90 in plant disease resistance, EMBO J. 22 (2003) 5690–5699.
[37]S. Bieri, S. Mauch, Q.-H. Shen, J. Peart, A. Devoto, C. Casais, F. Ceron, S. Schulze, H.-H. Steinbiß, K. Shirasu, RAR1 positively controls steady state levels of barley MLA resistance proteins and enables sufficient MLA6 accumulation for effective resistance, Plant Cell. 16 (2004) 3480–3495.
[38]B. F. Holt, Y. Belkhadir, J. L. Dangl, Antagonistic control of disease resistance protein stability in the plant immune system, Science (80-.). 309 (2005) 929–932.
[39]C. Azevedo, S. Betsuyaku, J. Peart, A. Takahashi, L. Noel, A. Sadanandom, C. Casais, J. Parker, K. Shirasu, Role of SGT1 in resistance protein accumulation in plant immunity, EMBO J. 25 (2006) 2007–2016.
[40]M. Kinkema, W. Fan, X. Dong, Nuclear localization of NPR1 is required for activation of PR gene expression, Plant Cell. 12 (2000) 2339–2350.
[41]K. S. Century, E. B. Holub, B. J. Staskawicz, NDR1, a locus of Arabidopsis thaliana that is required for disease resistance to both a bacterial and a fungal pathogen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 6597–6601.
[42]J. E. Parker, E. B. Holub, L. N. Frost, A. Falk, N. D. Gunn, M. J. Daniels, Characterization of eds1, a mutation in Arabidopsis suppressing resistance to Peronospora parasitica specified by several different RPP genes., Plant Cell. 8 (1996) 2033–2046.
[43]S. Uknes, B. Mauch-Mani, M. Moyer, S. Potter, S. Williams, S. Dincher, D. Chandler, A. Slusarenko, E. Ward, J. Ryals, Acquired resistance in Arabidopsis., Plant Cell. 4 (1992) 645–656.
[44]E. R. Ward, S. J. Uknes, S. C. Williams, S. S. Dincher, D. L. Wiederhold, D.C. Alexander, P. Ahl-Goy, J.-P. Métraux, J. A. Ryals, Coordinate gene activity in response to agents that induce systemic acquired resistance., Plant Cell. 3 (1991) 1085–1094.
[45]T. Gaffney, L. Friedrich, B. Vernooij, D. Negrotto, G. Nye, S. Uknes, E. Ward, H. Kessmann, J. Ryals, Requirement of salicylic acid for the induction of systemic acquired resistance, Science (80-.). 261 (1993) 754–756.
[46]J. Malamy, J. P. Carr, D. F. Klessig, I. Raskin, Salicylic acid: a likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection, Science (80-.). 250 (1990) 1002–1004.
[47]J. P. Métraux, H. Signer, J. Ryals, E. Ward, M. Wyss-Benz, J. Gaudin, K. Raschdorf, E. Schmid, W. Blum, B. Inverardi, Increase in salicylic acid at the onset of systemic acquired resistance in cucumber, Science (80-.). 250 (1990) 1004–1006.
[48]T. P. Delaney, S. Uknes, B. Vernooij, L. Friedrich, K. Weymann, D. Negrotto, T. Gaffney, M. Gut-Rella, H. Kessmann, E. Ward, A central role of salicylic acid in plant disease resistance, Science (80-.). 266 (1994) 1247–1250.
[49]M. C. Wildermuth, J. Dewdney, G. Wu, F. M. Ausubel, Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defence, Nature. 414 (2001) 562.
[50]K. Lawton, K. Weymann, L. Friedrich, B. Vernooij, S. Uknes, J. Ryals, Systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis requires salicylic acid but not ethylene, MPMI-Molecular Plant Microbe Interact. 8 (1995) 863–870.
[51]J. Dewdney, T. L. Reuber, M. C. Wildermuth, A. Devoto, J. Cui, L. M. Stutius, E. P. Drummond, F. M. Ausubel, Three unique mutants of Arabidopsis identify eds loci required for limiting growth of a biotrophic fungal pathogen, Plant J. 24 (2000) 205–218.
[52]C. Nawrath, S. Heck, N. Parinthawong, J.-P. Métraux, EDS5, an essential component of salicylic acid–dependent signaling for disease resistance in Arabidopsis, is a member of the MATE transporter family, Plant Cell. 14 (2002) 275–286.
[53]A. Falk, B. J. Feys, L. N. Frost, J. D. G. Jones, M. J. Daniels, J. E. Parker, EDS1, an essential component of R gene-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis has homology to eukaryotic lipases, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96 (1999) 3292–3297.
[54]D. Jirage, T. L. Tootle, T. L. Reuber, L. N. Frost, B. J. Feys, J. E. Parker, F. M. Ausubel, J. Glazebrook, Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is important for salicylic acid signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96 (1999) 13583–13588.
[55]H. A. Fitzgerald, M.-S. Chern, R. Navarre, P. C. Ronald, Overexpression of (At) NPR1 in rice leads to a BTH-and environment-induced lesion-mimic/cell death phenotype, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 17 (2004) 140–151.
[56]R. Makandar, J. S. Essig, M. A. Schapaugh, H. N. Trick, J. Shah, Genetically engineered resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat by expression of Arabidopsis NPR1, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 19 (2006) 123–129.
[57]W.-C. Lin, C.-F. Lu, J.-W. Wu, M.-L. Cheng, Y.-M. Lin, N.-S. Yang, L. Black, S. K. Green, J.-F. Wang, C.-P. Cheng, Transgenic tomato plants expressing the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene display enhanced resistance to a spectrum of fungal and bacterial diseases, Transgenic Res. 13 (2004) 567–581.
[58]M. Malnoy, Q. Jin, E. E. Borejsza-Wysocka, S. Y. He, H. S. Aldwinckle, Overexpression of the apple MpNPR1 gene confers increased disease resistance in Malus× domestica, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 20 (2007) 1568–1580.
[59]X.-K. Chen, J.-Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X.-L. Du, B.-B. Du, S.-C. Qu, Overexpressing MhNPR1 in transgenic Fuji apples enhances resistance to apple powdery mildew, Mol. Biol. Rep. 39 (2012) 8083–8089.
[60]F. Dunemann, A. Peil, A. Urbanietz, T. Garcia‐Libreros, Mapping of the apple powdery mildew resistance gene Pl1 and its genetic association with an NBS‐LRR candidate resistance gene, Plant Breed. 126 (2007) 476–481.
[61]S. Xiao, S. Ellwood, O. Calis, E. Patrick, T. Li, M. Coleman, J. G. Turner, Broad-spectrum mildew resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana mediated by RPW8, Science (80-.). 291 (2001) 118–120.
[62]P. D. Bittner‐Eddy, I. R. Crute, E. B. Holub, J. L. Beynon, RPP13 is a simple locus in Arabidopsis thaliana for alleles that specify downy mildew resistance to different avirulence determinants in Peronospora parasitica, Plant J. 21 (2000) 177–188.
[63]H. Zhang, H. Guan, J. Li, J. Zhu, C. Xie, Y. Zhou, X. Duan, T. Yang, Q. Sun, Z. Liu, Genetic and comparative genomics mapping reveals that a powdery mildew resistance gene Ml3D232 originating from wild emmer co-segregates with an NBS-LRR analog in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Theor. Appl. Genet. 121 (2010) 1613–1621.
[64]C. Coleman, D. Copetti, G. Cipriani, S. Hoffmann, P. Kozma, L. Kovács, M. Morgante, R. Testolin, G. Di Gaspero, The powdery mildew resistance gene REN1 co-segregates with an NBS-LRR gene cluster in two Central Asian grapevines, BMC Genet. 10 (2009) 89.
[65]G. Di Gaspero, G. Cipriani, Resistance gene analogs are candidate markers for disease-resistance genes in grape (Vitis spp.), Theor. Appl. Genet. 106 (2002) 163–172.
[66]H. Wan, Z. Zhao, A. A. Malik, C. Qian, J. Chen, Identification and characterization of potential NBS-encoding resistance genes and induction kinetics of a putative candidate gene associated with downy mildew resistance in Cucumis, BMC Plant Biol. 10 (2010) 186.
[67]B. J. Feys, L. J. Moisan, M. Newman, J. E. Parker, Direct interaction between the Arabidopsis disease resistance signaling proteins, EDS1 and PAD4, EMBO J. 20 (2001) 5400–5411.
[68]J.-M. Zhou, Y. Trifa, H. Silva, D. Pontier, E. Lam, J. Shah, D. F. Klessig, NPR1 differentially interacts with members of the TGA/OBF family of transcription factors that bind an element of the PR–1 gene required for induction by salicylic acid, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 13 (2000) 191–202.
[69]S. Puranik, P. P. Sahu, P. S. Srivastava, M. Prasad, NAC proteins: regulation and role in stress tolerance, Trends Plant Sci. 17 (2012) 369–381.
[70]K. B. Singh, R. C. Foley, L. Oñate-Sánchez, Transcription factors in plant defense and stress responses, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5 (2002) 430–436.
[71]L. C. Van Loon, W. S. Pierpoint, T. H. Boller, V. Conejero, Recommendations for naming plant pathogenesis-related proteins, Plant Mol. Biol. Report. 12 (1994) 245–264.
[72]B. Walter, D. Joly, C. Bertsch, Sequence of a putative Vitis vinifera PR–1, Vitis J. Grapevine Res. 42 (2003) 103–104.
[73]A. K. Jacobs, I. B. Dry, S. P. Robinson, Induction of different pathogenesis-related cDNAs in grapevine infected with powdery mildew and treated with ethephon., Plant Pathol. 48 (1999) 325–336.
[74]W. K. Roberts, C. P. Selitrennikoff, Zeamatin, an antifungal protein from maize with membrane-permeabilizing activity, Microbiology. 136 (1990) 1771–1778.
[75]J.-J. Liu, A. K. M. Ekramoddoullah, The family 10 of plant pathogenesis-related proteins: their structure, regulation, and function in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 68 (2006) 3–13.
[76]M. He, Y. Xu, J. Cao, Z. Zhu, Y. Jiao, Y. Wang, X. Guan, Y. Yang, W. Xu, Z. Fu, Subcellular localization and functional analyses of a PR10 protein gene from Vitis pseudoreticulata in response to Plasmopara viticola infection, Protoplasma. 250 (2013) 129–140.
[77]S. W. Roy, W. Gilbert, Rates of intron loss and gain: implications for early eukaryotic evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 (2005) 5773–5778.
[78]M. Long, N. W. VanKuren, S. Chen, M. D. Vibranovski, New gene evolution: little did we know, Annu. Rev. Genet. 47 (2013) 307–333.
[79]G. Xu, C. Guo, H. Shan, H. Kong, Divergence of duplicate genes in exon–intron structure, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109 (2012) 1187–1192.
[80]P. A. Sharp, Speculations on RNA splicing, Cell. 23 (1981) 643–646.
[81]S. A. Gebrie, Promoter Analysis of a Powdery Mildew Induced Vitis vinifera NAC Transcription Factor Gene, Adv Crop Sci Tech. 5 (2017) 2.
[82]H. S. Kim, T. P. Delaney, Over‐expression of TGA5, which encodes a bZIP transcription factor that interacts with NIM1/NPR1, confers SAR‐independent resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to Peronospora parasitica, Plant J. 32 (2002) 151–163.
[83]M. Wang, A. Vannozzi, G. Wang, Y.-H. Liang, G. B. Tornielli, S. Zenoni, E. Cavallini, M. Pezzotti, Z.-M. M. Cheng, Genome and transcriptome analysis of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) WRKY gene family, Hortic. Res. 1 (2014) 14016.