Filipino Nurses in Cebu City Reveal High Level of Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Willingness in Providing Care to COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Background: COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading illness and has resulted in a global pandemic. In the Philippines, active cases of COVID-19 are rising and have threatened both local health and healthcare workers given the limited information on this new disease. Despite several studies conducted to assess the awareness, knowledge, attitude, practices, and willingness of nurses to provide care during this pandemic, there are scarce reports regarding Filipino nurses. Thus, our study assessed such criteria in staff nurses across different Cebu hospitals. Methods: This study utilized a descriptive research design using the cross-sectional survey method. A web-based survey and convenience sampling method was adopted to collect the data from Filipino nurses from any hospital in Cebu, of which, 137 participated in the study. A 43-item questionnaire was developed, which was spread out into 5 parts that comprised of the demographic prole, knowledge (15 items), attitude (10 items), practices (9 items), and willingness to care for patients with COVID-19 (9 items). The data was processed and analyzed using inferential statistical tools. Results: Majority of the nurses were females (70.80%), whose ages were 20-25 years old (54.01%), single (89.78%), mostly college degree holder (90.51%), and employed in hospitals for 1-3 years (64.96%). They also rely on the internet (99.27%) as a source of information related to COVID-19. They also displayed an overall knowledge of 65% especially about the COVID-19 causative agent, its transmission, and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the respondents were generally knowledgeable of the various information regarding COVID-19 at a rate of 79.56%. The mean values for attitude, practices, and willingness to provide care were 4.45 (very favorable), 4.65 (always), and 4.52 (very willing) respectively. Conclusions: Generally, the results of our study were favorable across the 5 parts of the survey. Overall knowledge and extent of practice was high, which can be attributed to government efforts of educating healthcare workers and observance of the mandated protocols. In addition, attitude signicantly affected the willingness of the nurses to provide care. However, knowledge and practice did not affect the nurses’ willingness as


Background
Coronavirus is known to many as the etiology of the common cold. They are a large family of viruses that can infect a wide range of hosts. But in January 2020, a novel strain of the coronavirus was discovered in China. 1 This new strain causes a disease currently known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 . This ensued an outbreak in Wuhan, China and in turn resulted in a global pandemic. As of June 2021, there have been over 172 million cases worldwide. From this statistic, approximately 1.2 million cases have been recorded by the Department of Health in the Philippines. In Cebu City, there are a total of 15,759 cases. 2 Being a developing country, the Philippines' healthcare system is not well-equipped to handle the cases brought about by this pandemic. Although there have been improvements in our healthcare system, there are still many disparities that need to be addressed especially in the regional and socioeconomic aspects. The availability and accessibility of the healthcare system is a major problem especially for our current situation. 3 Various plans of actions have been made and implemented to contain and decrease the impact of the disease, such as expanding of licensed testing laboratories, nancing the need for services and the management of a surge of cases needing isolation, quarantine and hospitalization, and addressing the social and economic impact to the community through social amelioration for low income families. But, there is still a misdistribution of resources between urban and rural communities. 4 Even with the aid from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Philippines is still lacking in various aspects of its healthcare system to control the uctuating cases of COVID-19. More importantly, the healthcare worker to patient ratio is a signi cant constraint in our country. According to a WHO 2017 review on the Philippine healthcare system, there are 10.4 nurses per 10,000 people in Region VII with Visayas having the highest number of nurses at 2.3 per rural health unit. 3 COVID-19 has threatened global health and front liners have been doing their part to control it despite the lack of resources and knowledge regarding this new disease. As the surge of infected patients that seek help increases, healthcare workers are faced with the challenge of greater workload and risk of contracting the virus. 5 Furthermore, the unpredictable course of COVID-19 overwhelms many front liners. In the Philippines, front liners are even more burdened due to the lack of personal protective equipment and other resources that limit their efforts. In addition, Filipino healthcare workers do not get paid enough for the services they offer. 6 All of this puts a strain in their mental health as they "try to navigate the unprecedented challenges at their workplace" and make di cult decisions under pressure. 5,7 In this study, nurses were the subject because they make up the largest professional healthcare group, "working to identify, isolate, and manage those with COVID-19 and supporting those who have non-COVID-19 related health needs". 8 Therefore, they receive much of the problems during this pandemic since they are one of the rst front liners that an individual approaches in the primary healthcare setting. Given this, it is no surprise that nurses are quickly overwhelmed during these times. And to alleviate this problem, other countries have implemented psychotherapy. However, the Philippines struggles to provide the same intervention to its own health workers, who only seek relief from the stress of the pandemic. 6 While nurses are overburdened, they continue to provide care regardless of the COVID-19 surge and limited knowledge regarding this outbreak.

Research Methodology Study Design and Setting
This study utilized a descriptive research design using the cross-sectional survey method to identify the level of knowledge, attitude, practices (KAP), and willingness to care for COVID-19 patients of selected Filipino nurses in hospitals in Cebu. A researcher-made validated tool was developed to evaluate KAP of staff nurses on COVID-19 infection and their willingness to care for such patients. Participants were from different tertiary hospitals in Cebu, City Philippines both public and private. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics.

Study Population
The study involved registered Filipino nurses employed in any of the hospitals in Cebu, City Philippines regardless of their employment status. A total of 137 nurses participated in the study. This has a 7% margin of error with 95% con dence level to estimate the 545 nurses total population. This study employed a convenience sampling technique as only those staff nurses available and on duty during the data collection period were included.

Research Instrument
The level of KAP on COVID-19 were assessed using a questionnaire developed by the proponents. A 5-part survey instrument comprised of 43 item questions was developed using the WHO course materials on emerging respiratory viruses including COVID-19 and IATF-DOH Philippine guidelines.
A pilot study to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was done before its use. Initially, four experts in the eld of infectious disease, pulmonology, research and epidemiology from Cebu Institute of Medicine evaluated the questionnaire to assess the degree to which items in the questionnaires were relevant and can correctly measure the KAP and willingness to care of nurses on the subject of COVID-19. The questionnaire was reviewed thereafter and corrections were carried out as per suggestion of the experts. A total of 28 participants participated in the pilot study. The instrument, on the overall, obtained a Cronbach alpha value of 0.83 internal consistency from the items of four domains. The instrument is considered good for implementation.
The rst part of the instrument encompassed questions related to the demographic pro le of the respondents including gender, age, marital status, educational attainment, and years of service as a hospital nurse.
The knowledge section of the questionnaire consisted of 15 questions: regarding the characteristics of the disease, causative agent, population affected and risk factors, transmission and route of infection, symptoms and clinical manifestations, laboratory detection, possible clinical management, and prevention and control of the disease. Responses to these questions were in the form of a yes, no, or I don't know response. A correct answer was scored 1 point while incorrect answer (including an I don't know response) was scored 0 point. The maximum number of points is 15 and the lowest is 0. A higher score indicated a better understanding of COVID-19 its mechanisms, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation and management. In this paper, scores 13-15 were considered Very Knowledgeable, 9-12 as Knowledgeable, 5-8 as Less Knowledgeable, and 0-4 as Not Knowledgeable At All.
The attitude domain comprised of 10 questions. The score of the attitude-based questions was a 5-point Likert scale, in which the score of 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) was used. The weighted mean was computed to signify the attitude of the respondents where the weighted mean of 1.00-1.79 was considered Very Negative Attitude, 1.80-2.59 as Negative Attitude, 2.60-3.39 as Moderate, 3.40-4.19 as Positive Attitude, and 4.20-5.00 as Very Positive Attitude.
The fourth part evaluated the practices to control and prevent COVID-19 transmission. This section wass comprised of 9 questions. The score of the practice was based on a 5-point Likert scale, in which the score of 1 (Never) to 5 (Always) was used. The weighted mean was computed to signify the attitude of the respondents where the weighted mean of 1.00-1.79 was considered Never, 1.80-2.59 as Seldom, 2.60-3.39 as Sometimes, 3.40-4.19 as Often, and 4.20-5.00 as Always.
The fth part assessed the willingness to care for patients infected with COVID-19. There were 9 questions in this section. The score was based on a 5-point Likert scale, in which the score of 1 to 5 was given from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The weighted mean was computed to signify the willingness of the respondents where the weighted mean of 1. Finally, the sources of the individuals' information about COVID-19 were recorded. It included social media and the internet, news media (TV/video, magazines, newspapers, and radio), family and friends, scienti c journals and articles, as well as health-care providers such as physicians and nurses.

Data Collection Methods
Data collection was conducted in a 3-week period. Due to stringent lockdown protocols in the country, a web-based survey was used to collect the data. Potential participants were approached via emails and social media groups (Facebook, messenger, etc.). They were requested to ll out the questionnaire via google forms sent through email. A Consent Form and contact number of the researchers were indicated in the rst page of the google form. At any point of the process, respondents will be free to ask any questions to the researchers, who at the entire time of data collection, were available via video/phone call. Participation of the respondents was voluntary. Respondents were assured that the information gathered from the survey will be used for research purposes only and that their identities will remain anonymous. A control number was assigned to each respondent to ensure con dentiality. Information obtained in this study including personal information of our respondents were kept con dential.

Data Processing and Analysis
Absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%) will presented for qualitative variables and mean (±SD) wll be used for continuous variables. Normal distribution will be assessed by the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Comparison between groups were performed with the use of Pearson-rho moment correlation to test the relationship between the variables of interest.
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16 statistical package (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical signi cance was de ned as p value < 0.05

Results
Pro le of the Respondents Table 1 shows the demographic and work pro le of the participating nurses of the administered online survey. Most of these nurses were females (70.80%), aged 20-25 years old (54.01%), single (89.78%) and mostly college degree holders (90.51%). In terms of the length of working experience, most of the respondents (64.96%) had served in hospitals for 1-3 years while a small proportion (2.92%) had served for at least a decade.

Sources of Information Related to COVD-19
In terms of the common sources of information related to COVID-19, Table 2 shows that the internet ranked the top most go to platform (99.27%). This is followed by social media (83.21%), the government/health websites such as DOH and WHO (83.21%) and from the television news (66.42%).

Level of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding COVID-19
Knowledge In terms of the know-how of the respondents on COVID-19, Table 3.1 depicts that the overall level of knowledge of the nurses was recorded at 65%. All of the respondents answered correctly on the item "Di culty breathing, shortness of breath and chest pain are serious symptoms which warrant immediate medical attention". Most were also able to correctly answer "Physical distancing and wearing a mask are effective precautions to prevent spread of the virus" (99.27%) and "Susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and its severity varies according to the hosts; immune response and comorbid conditions" (97.81%). Table 3.2 shows the distribution of respondents in terms of knowledge. As a result, the respondents were generally knowledgeable regarding different COVID-19 related information at a rate of 79.56%. However, approximately 20% of the respondents who were considered less knowledgeable overall.
Attitude Table 4 illustrates the type of attitude the nurses had in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic and related activities. The general attitude of the respondents was very favorable (4.45) to the different events that will help minimize the spread and contamination of the virus. In fact, the items "I am very careful in observing health protocols because I am concerned that I and/or any member of my family might get infected with COVID-19" and "I am willing to comply with all the health protocols mandated by the IATF-DOH" were both rated the highest form of behavior both with a weighted mean of 4.78. On the other hand, the items "I believe that the severity of the COVID-19 situation in the Philippines will smoothen ", "I am con dent to work in the frontlines during this pandemic", "I am con dent that I will get full support from my family as a front liner during this pandemic", got the lowest rating in this domain of attitude.
Practice Table 5 reveals the extent of practice of the respondents regarding the COVID-19 measures. In general, they perceived their practice on these items to be Always (4.65). The item "I perform proper hand hygiene after handling patients and/or any contaminated objects" was the most frequent form of practice (4.91). In comparison, the item on "I have been trained on how to handle COVID-19 patients" was only rated with 3.96.
Level of Willingness to Provide Care to Patients with COVID-19 As shown in Table 6, generally, the respondents were very willing (4.52) to provide services for the COVID-19in icted patients. In terms of providing medical care to COVID-19 patients, the willingness to "Prevent spread of infection by adhering strictly to hospital policies of infection control" was rated the highest with 4.87. Likewise, in terms of providing advice and emotional care to COVID-19 patients, the item "Help doctors in educating patients about their condition" and "Become more sensitive to the patients' needs" were also rated highest.
On the other hand, there was a lower score in regards to the extent of willingness when respondents were asked about undertaking the drawbacks as a nurse during the pandemic. In fact, "Work longer hours or extend shift in the hospital if necessary" and "Continue working despite the increased workload and have not considered resignation or other occupation" rated the least in this domain of willingness.
Test of Relationship Between Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Willingness of the Respondents Table 7 provides the extent (coe cient) and the signi cance (p-value) of the bivariate relationship of interest. Knowledge recorded a p-value of 0.23, attitude with p-value of 0.00, and practice with p-value of 0.35.

Discussion
Demographics in research is an independent variable that describes the characteristics of a population being studied. 9,10 In this case, staff nurses in Cebu Hospitals were the sample population and the demographics taken into account were age, sex, marital status, level of education, and length of working experience, which were relevant to our study. It is no surprise that nurses who spent a longer time serving were only the minority (2.92%). This is due to nursing migration that started in the late 1940s to address the shortage of the nursing workforce in the USA. 11,12 Nursing migration is when nurses in the Philippines are being recruited by developed countries "to maintain acceptable sta ng levels". 12 It was also mentioned that younger Filipino nurses were more likely to have greater intentions of migration than nurses who were 45 years old and above. 13 Furthermore, a similar study also found out that more than half of Filipino nurses planned to leave the country in 6 months to 2 years. 14 Workplace stress, low salary, heavy workloads, and lack of professional opportunities also in uence nurse migration. 13 This could explain why the majority of nurses being sampled in our study currently served in their institutions for only 1-3 years (64.96%).
Results in this study revealed that the common sources of information to COVID-19 included the internet (99.27%), social media (83.21%), government/health websites (83.21%) and television news (66.42%). In a similar study, social media (91.1%) and the websites of hospital/health ministry (82.6%) were the predominant sources of information regarding COVID-19 for healthcare workers in a hospital in Ho Chi Minh City. 15 Likewise, the main sources of COVID-19 information for Pakistani nurses were the hospital/health ministry (85.89%) and social media (60.25%). 16 However, social media and the internet are not only sources of information but also of misinformation and conspiracies. which represents a health risk. 17,18 In addition, "information environment" in uences our behaviors and response to  Adequate knowledge on COVID-19 causative agent, its pathogenesis, transmission and management are all vital to combat this emerging infectious disease. In fact, the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) has launched several webinars and trainings on handling suspected and con rmed cases. It has created the DOH Emergency Operation Center (DOH EOC) for COVID-19, a command center in-charge of consolidating updates and information as the COVID-19 health event evolves. 19 It is apparent from Table 3.1 that respondents were most knowledgeable on items about COVID-19 causative agent, its transmission and pathogenesis (items 1 to 6), symptomatology (items 7 to 9), and preventive measures (items 10 and 11). This is to be expected since these domains were covered in nurses' basic competency course training for hospital infection control and handling COVID-19 patients. 20 On the other hand, majority are less knowledgeable on items referring to clinical and laboratory management (items 12 to 15). Patient clinical management including requisition of correct laboratory workups, medication prescription and recommending plan of treatment are tasks expectedly done by a registered physician and are not part and parcel of nurses' job description. 21 The respondents with a rate of 79.56% were generally knowledgeable regarding different COVID-19 related information with minority (20%) who were considered less knowledgeable overall. This overall knowledge level is relatively higher than the previous studies conducted in Uganda 22 and Nepal 23 at 69% and 76% respectively but lower than a study in Henan China where 89% of the respondents showed adequate knowledge pertaining to COVID-19. 24 From the data gathered most respondents considered less knowledgeable were those with working experience of less than 2 years. Nurses who worked 3 years or more have a signi cantly higher score. This is in concordance with previous studies by Khan et al 25 , Hou et al 26 , and Wen et al 27 showing that working experience is associated with KAP scores. The higher the number of years working as a staff nurse, the more knowledgeable and con dent the healthcare worker is in dealing with public health emergencies. [25][26][27] Patient outcomes and COVID 19 infection control and prevention is directly associated with the knowledge of nurses about the COVID-19 pandemic. 28 Scarcity of knowledge about this infectious disease escalates the risk of contagion. 23,27 To note, there is a higher risk among healthcare workers of contracting COVID-19 than the general populace. 29 Some developed countries have reported considerable rate of infection among healthcare workers like the United States with an infection rate of 16%, Netherlands with 19.6%, Italy with 20%, and Spain with 26%. 30,31 A study in Wuhan, China revealed that a lack of special training for nurses in emerging infectious diseases will ultimately lead to poor patient care. 28 So to speak, it cannot be overemphasized that continuous knowledge update by appropriate trainings or courses are essential as the COVID-19 pandemic evolves.
The general attitude of the respondents was very favorable (4.45) to the different events that will help minimize the spread and contamination of the virus. This very favorable general attitude of the respondents were in agreement with previous studies conducted in China 32 , Nigeria 33 , Ethiopia 34 , Iran 35 , and Saudi Arabia 36 . This nding however, is in contrast to studies in Nepal which showed a less optimistic attitude towards COVID-19 health events. 23,37 Particularly, respondents were very keen in following health protocols mandated by the government knowing fully that there is a higher risk for health care workers to contracting COVID-19 and for fear of transmitting the infection to family members. Also, COVID-19 policies were strictly implemented by the Interagency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID), the agency in-charge for the overall management of COVID-19 preparedness and response in the Philippines. 19 In addition, participants have a very favorable attitude towards acquiring complete vaccination doses and urging family members and friends to be vaccinated.
As of the time of this writing, the Philippines has reached about 1.25 million recorded cases of COVID-19, ranking second to Indonesia with about 1.8 million recorded cases amongst countries in Southeast Asia with the highest number of COVID-19 cases. 38 Majority of the respondents had rated lowest on the attitude domain asking if they thought that the COVID-19 situation in the country will smoothen. The researchers believe that this is due to the rising number of active cases in the country, despite having a stringent and one of the longest lockdowns in the world. This nding is similar to a previous study in Nepal which revealed that only 50.5% of the respondents were con dent that they could win the battle against COVID-19. 37 In contrast to studies in China 32 and Nigeria 33 , participants held a very optimistic attitude towards COVID-19 situation in their country. Con dence to work at the front lines was also rated low by most of the respondents.
Being a developing nation, resources are scarce. Our front liners are underpaid. 39 They battle against fear and anxiety while doing their duty. 40 Apart from this, they are also burdened with so much pressure from work, stress, insomnia, denial, anger, and fear. 41 In a similar study in Nepal, health care workers were also less con dent in regards to working during this pandemic due to anxiety and fear. 37 In general, the respondents perceived their extent of practice regarding COVID-19 prevention measures to be Always (4.65) with handwashing the most frequent form of practice (4.91). Proper hand hygiene plays a vital role in preventing disease transmission. Many infections and conditions are spread by not washing hands with soap and clean, running water. 42 A U.S. adult internet survey revealed that the proportion of U.S. adults who remember to wash their hands in certain circumstances is greater during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. 43 This is supported by previous studies which revealed that during this pandemic majority of health care workers perform proper hand hygiene to prevent spread of infection. 23,24,44 Our results showed that the respondents of this study have appropriate hand hygiene practices. This nding is of no marvel since the DOH strictly mandates observance of health protocols in all private and public hospitals in the country. It cannot be overemphasized in this write up that proper hand hygiene is the single most cost-effective measure to deter disease transmission. 45,46 Furthermore, our data showed that respondents were also careful in observing other health protocols such as wearing of masks upon leaving home and during shifts, proper donning and do ng of PPEs when handling con rmed COVID-19 cases, following hospital infection control measures, avoiding social and large crowd gatherings, and getting tested and participating in contact tracing activities when exposed to con rmed cases.
In comparison, the item on "I have been trained on how to handle COVID-19 patients" was only rated with 3.96. This public health catastrophe befell upon humanity without warning. Little is known about this infectious disease and there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge of the causative agent of this disease, its mechanism of action and clinical symptomatology.
In the early phases of the outbreak, Philippines had limited resources and even faced shortage of basic medical supplies such as masks and protective equipment, which hindered the efforts to implement standard protective measures. Not all nurses and other health care workers had the privilege to undergo special training in infectious diseases prior to the pandemic. This nding is consistent with a study in Nepal which revealed that only a few were trained to handle COVID-19 cases (17.5% out 103 respondents). 37 Currently, more training sessions have been organized by the WHO, DOH, and private institutions to increase awareness and preparedness.
Generally, the respondents were very willing (4.52) to provide services for the COVID-19-in icted patients. These ndings concur with previous studies conducted in China 47 , Australia 48 , and Bangladesh 49 , where the willingness of nurses to work during this pandemic is signi cantly high. These ndings were also similar to previous studies conducted in China 50 , Australia 51 , Japan 52 , USA 53 , and Taiwan 54 during the H1N1 in uenza pandemic indicating that healthcare workers were willing to extend and render their services to patients in that emergent outbreak. Aside from adhering to infection control measures promulgated by the hospital, the data from Table 6 showed that respondents were also very willing to do essential monitoring and follow-up care to COVID-19 patients by carrying out physicians' orders, taking vital signs, maintaining respiratory functions, administering medications, and the like. They were also very willing to help doctors in educating patients about their condition and offer emotional support to patients and their families. Factors affecting their willingness to provide care were not assessed and will not be discussed in this paper.
On the other hand, there was a lower score in regards to the extent of willingness when respondents were asked about undertaking the drawbacks as a nurse during the pandemic that is, working extended shifts in the hospital and continuing to work despite increasing workload. Health workers had already been experiencing extended shift fatigue even before the pandemic hit. 55 This has been intensi ed by the current COVID-19 situation. 39 On top of occupational exposure to the virus, nurses also experience workplace stress and anxiety due to heavy workload and low salary. 13,41 Nurses who experience emotional burnout often evade taxing situations. 56 Most ICU nurses experience stress and burnout due to long working hours, frequent night shifts and di cult-to-manage patients. 57  perception of occupational exposure may lead to an unwillingness to go to work, especially when seeing their colleagues acquire the disease. Previous studies also showed a linear correlation of willingness to work and monetary incentives, that is, most are motivated by nancial rewards. 62, 63 Table 7 provides the extent (coe cient) and the signi cance (p-value) of the bivariate relationship of interest. It can be shown that there was no signi cant correlation between knowledge and practice with the level of willingness (p-value >0.05). In contrast, Nashwan et al, showed a positive correlation between the level of knowledge and willingness of nurses to work during the pandemic meaning, the higher the level of knowledge of nurses about COVID-19, the more willing they were to work with con rmed COVID-19 patients. 64 In addition, there was no signi cant correlation between practice and the willingness to care. However, attitude recorded a p-value of 0.00 (less than 0.05) which necessarily translates that there is su cient statistical evidence in this study to claim that the kind of attitude the respondents had affect signi cantly their willingness to provide care to covid-19 patients. In fact, the positive coe cient is indicative that as the attitude of the respondents became more favorable, the willingness to care also increased. Wu et al in their study also showed that a favorable attitude correlates directly with willingness to work during this pandemic. 65

Conclusion
Generally, the results of our study were favorable across the 5 parts of the survey. Overall knowledge and extent of practice was high, which can be attributed to government efforts of educating healthcare workers and observance of the mandated protocols. Fear of contracting the virus and of transmission also played a role in the general attitude of the respondents. In addition, attitude signi cantly affected the willingness of the nurses to provide care. However, knowledge and practice did not affect the nurses' willingness as the drawbacks and demands of their occupation outweighed and decreased their willingness. Thus, there should be more efforts to reduce workplace stress and increase salary to motivate nurses to serve the country.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
All datasets supporting the conclusion of this study are included within the article. A raw data may be provided by the corresponding author upon request.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers are indebted to Dr. Maria Philina Villamor who wholeheartedly helped all throughout the conduct of the study. We would also like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Mark Borres, our statistician, for analyzing our data and for his helpful insights on this paper.  Tables   Table 1 The  Table 2 The Source of news updates on COVID-19 (n=137) Sources