Artificial Intelligence Based Model to Predict Labour Productivity for Small & Medium Scale Bus Body Building Society in Present and Post Pandemic Situation

In recession, the lack of potential labour was most important concern for the small and medium scale bus body fabrication industries. In the pandemic covid-19 situation, productivity of these fabrication industries was turndown due to deprivation of labour productivity, postponement of work and cost overshoot which may pilot to argue. In India, Central Tamil Nadu fabrication industries are buttress by immense labour intensity. In this panic situation these industries are struggling to get the better of productivity losses. Diversity of earlier works on detection of the factors with the intention of impact labour productivity in structural industries & manufacturing sectors has been carried out by researches in many countries. Still, those attempts characteristics restricted to credentials and implemented in subjective techniques for analysis in declining bus body fabrication sectors. Ambition of this particular research is to recommend an artificial intelligence based model to predict the “uncertainty factors” influencing labour productivity and safety performance of bus body fabrication industries related to small and medium scale in the pandemic and post pandemic situation.


Introduction
Productivity is a key determinant of competitiveness in any engineering organization. The major sources of productivity in an industry are men, machines, materials, money and methods. Agricultural, textile and construction sectors are satisfying the basic human needs. Next to that, vehicle sector is contributing as major role in human mobility also it's participate in economical growth of India. Strong force of these industries are working towards the environmental safety, mean while Indian government initiates schemes to quicker implementation of electric and hybrid vehicles. Bus body sectors are supporting to design and fabrication of high quality passenger vehicles that are creative in fashion & engineering, even as maintaining standards of reliability. In South India, Central Tamil Nadu bus body sectors driven by a squad of young, dedicated and enormous labor work forces. Tran conducted an inclusive examination of construction sector's labour productivity in New Zealand. He declared that there is a link between productivity increases and economic extension [1]. Present research reliable to spot uncertainty factors responsible for deficiency and their probable impact on fabrication of bus body projects. The literature review section defines the labour productivity by different author's perspective and examines the roots of labour productivity and their correlation to legal responsibility. Moreover, the method used by the industry helps to predict the labour productivity (LP). The literature segment assists to give a healthier consideration of the variables influencing productivity.

Objective
✓ Various approaches to define the term Productivity ✓ Factor categorization using Drewin's open conversion system ✓ Productivity index calculation using normalization of factors ✓ Labour productivity prediction using AI technique ✓ Put the finger on "uncertainty factors" influencing labour productivity

Literature Survey
The term productivity seems to become a buzzword in recent times, so as to discover in several contexts, newspaper, television news, trade magazines, political speeches, consultants advertisements, management briefs, conference proceedings, etc,. Productivity management is vital for long-term endurance of businesses. However, there are serious barrier to obtain successful productivity management because several administrator do not have the proficiency or time to investigate productivity and take required actions in a timely trend.
To simplify the thoughts of this research, the review section can be categorized by three: ✓ Put the finger on productivity definition from diverse of research ✓ Influencing factor identification and ✓ Model Consideration

Diverse research on productivity definition
Over 1950, official description of productivity defined by Organization in support of European Economic Cooperation as, "Productivity is the proportion obtained by dividing output by one of the factors of input" [2], such that table 1 represents the definition of productivity. Twentieth century Fabricant(1962) Relationship between output and the means employed to produce this output [3] Sumanth (1984) The ratio of tangible output to the tangible input [4] ImreBernolak A family of ratios of output to input [5] (1997) The quantity of work produced per man-hour, equipment-hour, crew-hour worked [7] Farnad Nasirzadeh (2013) The ratio between completed work and expanded work hours to execute the project. Real output per hour worked [9] Ibrahim Halil Gerek (2015) Ratio of output quantity to quantity of inputs [10] Geert Woltjer Amount of goods produced within a labour unit [11] Bus body fabrication industry as a labour forced engineering concern is a major provider of public mobility product. Productivity is a significant factor in conclude the victory and disappointment of any project. Hence, it can be understand the labour productivity as, "quantitative assessment of the correlation among value of weightage and respondents".

Influencing factor identification
This research consist efficient evaluation of numerous causes and influencing factors which is affecting LP. The formalized causes of industry poor image [12], Employee's attitude, belief, values & Socio-Psychology [13], Scheduling & Self motivation [14] are predicted by authors and the following table 2 can express different factors and methodology by different author's perspective. The review shows that many researches optimized the labour productivity and identified the productivity affecting factors using importance index calculation methods. Hence, 40 factors were extracted from the survey, which are causes of labour productivity. Among these, influencing factors were examined through critical investigation.

Model Consideration
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique has been influential tool of prediction; Different kinds of AI techniques have been utilized in the labour productivity prediction as mention in above

Influencing factor identification
Primarily an assessment team was created with experts of 10. In this squad, professional invited from various fields of educational and industry be afford with 40 identified factors which can be extracted from literature and ask over to rate the significance of every factor in come to decision of LP on a level of 1 (May be affect), 2 (Partially affect), 3 (directly affect). In order to facilitate the responses of the panel assessment, 27 informal interrogates were performed with three level of groups. The expert squad identified 16 influencing factor for the further work. Later than the necessary procedure were followed to attain the current research objective of uncertainty factors identification. Through the term "uncertainty factors", we represent that factor in the lead of such action required to better of productivity.

Theoretical Framework for Factor Categories
Drewin's open conversion system framework is a representation of theoretical structure which demonstrates the correlation between interconnected variables & it will be worn herein the research. It was established based on factors influencing labour productivity in fabrication sector. Figure 3 shows the theoretical frame work for categorization of factors.

Productivity Index Calculation
In this research normalized weightage of factor [16] method is used to calculate the productivity index and formulating the datasets.

Model Development
To predict the uncertainty factor three set of values and twenty seven different combinations were identified using design of experiment and the table 4 shows the descriptive data sets were used for prediction.

Constructing Back propagation model for labour productivity
In the model constricting segment, BNN was used; it is generally utilized for unknown function noisy and small problems. In the training phase as a revision of network bias & weight the errors can be minimized using BR until the best structure was justified. Next to that, validation sets were estimates network generalization capabilities and in test phase independent network performance index.
The interpretation was evaluated by R-squared & MSE through coding as per the subsequent equations, wherever "ti" represents target value whereas "oi" represents output value.

Target Vs BNN Output
Productivity-Target

Productivity-BNN Output
The R-squared value of testing was 88.9%, proves that the model is able to predict 89 % of present crisis can resolved by concentrating on "uncertainty factor". The functional technique is capable to predict the relative importance of variables as shown in figure 9.

Fig 9:
Relative variable importance of BNN model The interpretation of relative variable importance illustrates that "labour scheduling, training & learning, communication" were symbolized by "uncertainty factor" which leads productivity and safety of labours in this pandemic and post pandemic situations. For the time consumption in implementing stage, first three ranking were considered as "uncertainty factor".

Conclusion
Labour productivity & safety of bus body fabrication segment is an extremely tricky which is buttress by immense labour intensity and an assortment of various factors. Our methodical observation proves this complexity as how "uncertainty factor" affects labour productivity & safety. A fair quantification is a mirror of business situation & be evidence for where it stands towards curial pandemic situation and its competitor. The gap must be identified to make stronger enhancement of productivity. To obtain the fair quantification the executives shall broadcast the significance importance of productivity measurement and enhancement to the owner of the firm and then to entire crew. The owner of the firm must support for the entire quantification executions plan with true spirit and manage that progressing to achieve goals and objectives of the firm. At this point, we would like to highlight the "uncertainty factors prediction model" which enhances the safety, productivity and labor productivity value in pandemic and post pandemic situation. Let the limitation of these studies, that it only includes employee personal and internal circumstance factors and nonappearance of external environment factor.