See the published version of this article at BMC Cancer.
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Research article
Narges Khanjani
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-9253
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Cancer.
Background: In recent years, lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased in Iran. The use of opium and its derivatives (O&D) has increased as well. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of O&D and LC incidence.
Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, Iran; 140 patients with lung cancer and 280 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and place of residence were included. Data, including O&D use, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relation between the use of O&D and LC was evaluated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats.
Results: Opium ever-use was associated with an increased risk of LC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =5.95, 95 % CI: 1.87 -18.92). Participants were divided into low and high use groups based on the median of opium use in the control group. A significant dose-response relation was observed between the amount of daily O&D use and LC; and the relation was stronger in high users (AOR low users = 3.81 % CI: 1.13 -12.77 and OR high users= 9.36, 95% CI: 2.05 -42.72). Also, LC was higher among participants starting the use of O&D at younger ages (≤ 41 years old vs never users AOR = 8.64, 95 % CI: 1.90 -39.18) compared to those who started at an older age ( >41 years old vs never users, AOR = 4.71, 95 % CI: 1.38 - 16.08). The association between opium, and lung cancer among non-smokers was OR: 6.50 (95% CI: 2.89 to 14.64).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that opium use is probably a dose related risk factor for lung cancer.
Keywords
Opioids, Risk factor, Lung neoplasm, Case-control
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
Version 3
Posted 31 Jul, 2020
Published
On 26 Aug, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 11 Aug, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 09 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 31 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 31 Jul, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Jul, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 22 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 07 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 22 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 15 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 13 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Apr, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 04 Mar, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 23 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 09 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 03 Nov, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 19 Oct, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Oct, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 27 Sep, 2019
Editor assigned
On 24 Sep, 2019
Editor invited
On 23 Sep, 2019
First submitted
On 21 Sep, 2019
Metrics
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PDF Downloads: ...
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Cancer. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Narges Khanjani
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7235-9253
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
Version 3
Posted 31 Jul, 2020
Published
On 26 Aug, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 11 Aug, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 09 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 31 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 31 Jul, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Jul, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 22 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 07 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 22 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 15 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 13 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Apr, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 04 Mar, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 23 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 09 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 03 Nov, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 19 Oct, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Oct, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 27 Sep, 2019
Editor assigned
On 24 Sep, 2019
Editor invited
On 23 Sep, 2019
First submitted
On 21 Sep, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Cancer.
Background: In recent years, lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased in Iran. The use of opium and its derivatives (O&D) has increased as well. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of O&D and LC incidence.
Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, Iran; 140 patients with lung cancer and 280 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and place of residence were included. Data, including O&D use, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relation between the use of O&D and LC was evaluated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats.
Results: Opium ever-use was associated with an increased risk of LC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =5.95, 95 % CI: 1.87 -18.92). Participants were divided into low and high use groups based on the median of opium use in the control group. A significant dose-response relation was observed between the amount of daily O&D use and LC; and the relation was stronger in high users (AOR low users = 3.81 % CI: 1.13 -12.77 and OR high users= 9.36, 95% CI: 2.05 -42.72). Also, LC was higher among participants starting the use of O&D at younger ages (≤ 41 years old vs never users AOR = 8.64, 95 % CI: 1.90 -39.18) compared to those who started at an older age ( >41 years old vs never users, AOR = 4.71, 95 % CI: 1.38 - 16.08). The association between opium, and lung cancer among non-smokers was OR: 6.50 (95% CI: 2.89 to 14.64).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that opium use is probably a dose related risk factor for lung cancer.
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