Background: In recent years, lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased in Iran. The use of opium and its derivatives (O&D) has increased as well. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of O&D and LC incidence.
Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, Iran; 140 patients with lung cancer and 280 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and place of residence were included. Data, including O&D use, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relation between the use of O&D and LC was evaluated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats.
Results: Opium ever-use was associated with an increased risk of LC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =5.95, 95 % CI: 1.87 -18.92). Participants were divided into low and high use groups based on the median of opium use in the control group. A significant dose-response relation was observed between the amount of daily O&D use and LC; and the relation was stronger in high users (AOR low users = 3.81 % CI: 1.13 -12.77 and OR high users= 9.36, 95% CI: 2.05 -42.72). Also, LC was higher among participants starting the use of O&D at younger ages (≤ 41 years old vs never users AOR = 8.64, 95 % CI: 1.90 -39.18) compared to those who started at an older age ( >41 years old vs never users, AOR = 4.71, 95 % CI: 1.38 - 16.08). The association between opium, and lung cancer among non-smokers was OR: 6.50 (95% CI: 2.89 to 14.64).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that opium use is probably a dose related risk factor for lung cancer.
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Posted 31 Jul, 2020
On 26 Aug, 2020
On 11 Aug, 2020
Received 09 Aug, 2020
Invitations sent on 31 Jul, 2020
On 31 Jul, 2020
On 26 Jul, 2020
On 25 Jul, 2020
On 25 Jul, 2020
On 22 Jun, 2020
Received 07 Jun, 2020
On 22 Apr, 2020
Invitations sent on 15 Apr, 2020
On 13 Apr, 2020
On 12 Apr, 2020
On 12 Apr, 2020
On 04 Mar, 2020
Received 23 Feb, 2020
On 09 Feb, 2020
Received 03 Nov, 2019
On 19 Oct, 2019
Invitations sent on 18 Oct, 2019
On 27 Sep, 2019
On 24 Sep, 2019
On 23 Sep, 2019
On 21 Sep, 2019
Posted 31 Jul, 2020
On 26 Aug, 2020
On 11 Aug, 2020
Received 09 Aug, 2020
Invitations sent on 31 Jul, 2020
On 31 Jul, 2020
On 26 Jul, 2020
On 25 Jul, 2020
On 25 Jul, 2020
On 22 Jun, 2020
Received 07 Jun, 2020
On 22 Apr, 2020
Invitations sent on 15 Apr, 2020
On 13 Apr, 2020
On 12 Apr, 2020
On 12 Apr, 2020
On 04 Mar, 2020
Received 23 Feb, 2020
On 09 Feb, 2020
Received 03 Nov, 2019
On 19 Oct, 2019
Invitations sent on 18 Oct, 2019
On 27 Sep, 2019
On 24 Sep, 2019
On 23 Sep, 2019
On 21 Sep, 2019
Background: In recent years, lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased in Iran. The use of opium and its derivatives (O&D) has increased as well. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of O&D and LC incidence.
Methods: In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, Iran; 140 patients with lung cancer and 280 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and place of residence were included. Data, including O&D use, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relation between the use of O&D and LC was evaluated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats.
Results: Opium ever-use was associated with an increased risk of LC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =5.95, 95 % CI: 1.87 -18.92). Participants were divided into low and high use groups based on the median of opium use in the control group. A significant dose-response relation was observed between the amount of daily O&D use and LC; and the relation was stronger in high users (AOR low users = 3.81 % CI: 1.13 -12.77 and OR high users= 9.36, 95% CI: 2.05 -42.72). Also, LC was higher among participants starting the use of O&D at younger ages (≤ 41 years old vs never users AOR = 8.64, 95 % CI: 1.90 -39.18) compared to those who started at an older age ( >41 years old vs never users, AOR = 4.71, 95 % CI: 1.38 - 16.08). The association between opium, and lung cancer among non-smokers was OR: 6.50 (95% CI: 2.89 to 14.64).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that opium use is probably a dose related risk factor for lung cancer.
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