Wild radish population
Mostly, this study was given as a clue about wild radish and other weed species and wild radish weed has the leading species in Horro district, western Oromia, Ethiopia. Correspondingly about five weed species were recorded and well-identified from the area. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the main effect of land use types and locations on wild radish was a highly significant difference (P< 0.001) among the treatments, however, the interaction of land use types and locations were found a non-significant difference (P< 0.001) among the treatments (Table 1). From land use types, grazing land was more dominated by wild radish (276 (1.99) followed by wheat crop land 237 (1.96). From the locations, Gitilo Dale was more dominated by weed 253 (1.94) followed by Doyo Bariso location 149 (1.83), and Lakku Iggu was relatively less persisted by weed (Table 1).
Table 1 The main effect of land use and locations for wild radish weed population
Treatment
|
Wild radish population
|
Land use types
|
|
Grazing land
|
276 (1.99) a
|
Forest Land
|
90 (1.74) b
|
Wheat crop land
|
237 (1.96) a
|
Barley crop land
|
150 (1.81) ab
|
Teff crop land
|
71 (1.69) b
|
LSD (5%)
|
84.90
|
Location
|
|
Gitilo Dale
|
253 (1.94) a
|
Lakku Iggu
|
94 (1.75) b
|
Doyo Bariso
|
149 (1.83) b
|
LSD (%)
|
65.80
|
Land use type* location
|
|
LSD (%)
|
NS
|
CV (%)
|
4.70
|
Means followed by the same letter(s) within rows are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance, The figures in the parenthesis are the transformed values for wild radish count from the quadrant.
The population of weed species
This survey result shows as high population density and relative density were estimated on Raphanus raphanistrum in all land use types followed by Digiteria abyssinia. However, a little bit there was a difference in Barley crop land, and the second-highest weed population was estimated from Avena fatua and Plantago lanceolata weed species from Teff crop land (Table 2).
Table 2 The relative weed density and population of weed flora for each land uses types
Land use types
|
Scientific Name
|
Weed Population
|
RWD
|
Forest land
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
90
|
47.37
|
Guizotia scabra
|
14
|
7.37
|
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
34
|
9.69
|
|
Cyperus rotundus
|
31
|
16.32
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
9
|
4.74
|
|
Other weeds
|
4
|
2.11
|
|
Grazing Land
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
276
|
78.63
|
Guizotia scabra
|
19
|
5.41
|
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
42
|
22.11
|
|
Cyperus rotundus
|
13
|
3.7
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
7
|
1.99
|
|
Other weeds
|
2
|
0.57
|
|
Wheat crop
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
237
|
73.6
|
Guizotia Scabra
|
27
|
8.39
|
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
28
|
8.7
|
|
Avena fatua
|
23
|
7.14
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
4
|
1.24
|
|
Other weeds
|
3
|
0.93
|
|
Barley crop
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
150
|
64.38
|
Guizotia scabra
|
11
|
4.72
|
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
18
|
7.73
|
|
Avena fatua
|
37
|
15.88
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
12
|
5.15
|
|
Other weeds
|
5
|
2.15
|
|
Teff crop
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
71
|
47.02
|
Guizotia scabra
|
24
|
15.89
|
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
15
|
9.93
|
|
Plantago lanceolata
|
30
|
20.53
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
8
|
5.3
|
|
Other weeds
|
2
|
1.32
|
|
A high population of Raphanus raphanistrum weed species was recorded in Gitilo Dale (253) location followed by Digiteria abysinica (117) whereas the lowest was recorded in Doyo Bariso (149) and Lakku (94) followed by Digiteria abysinica 111 and 60 respectively in both locations and from all locations, Galinsoga paniyflora species was recorded in the least population density (Table 3).
Table 3 The relative weed density and population of weed flora for each location
Location
|
Scientific Name
|
Weed Population
|
RWD
|
Gitilo Dale
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
253
|
44.39
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
117
|
20.53
|
|
Avena fatua
|
114
|
20.00
|
|
Pilantago lanceolata
|
62
|
10.88
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
21
|
3.68
|
|
Other weeds
|
3
|
0.53
|
|
Doyo Bariso
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
149
|
42.53
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
111
|
26.75
|
|
Avena fatua L.
|
78
|
18.8
|
|
Pilantago lanceolata
|
58
|
13.98
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
18
|
4.34
|
|
Other weeds
|
1
|
0.24
|
|
Lakku Iggu
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
94
|
35.90
|
Digiteria abysinica
|
60
|
27.15
|
|
Avena fatua L.
|
32
|
14.48
|
|
Pilantago lanceolata
|
22
|
9.95
|
|
Galinsoga paniyflora
|
10
|
4.52
|
|
Soil seed bank evaluation
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the main effect of land use types was found a significant difference (P< 0.001) on the first and second season of wild radish emerged from pot. However, regarding weed species composition, there was found a non- significant difference (P< 0.001) on the first and second season of weed flora emerged from the pot, and the main effect of soil depth also was found non-significant difference on all variables. The main effect of locations was found significant difference on the second season of wild radish emerged from the pot and species composition of weed flora of first season variables, however, there was found non-significant difference on the first season of wild radish emerged from the pot and species composition of weed flora of second season variables. In all interactions, it was found a non- significant difference in all variables (Table 4). A maximum number of wild radish population was recorded from Barley crop land of both first and second season grown in a pot. However, for weed flora of weed species composition, grazing land, and forest land have led to both the first and second season of weed emergence. The same phenomenon, maximum population of wild radish was emerged from 16-30cm soil depth than 0-15cm soil depth in both seasons, however, for weed species maximum number of weed flora was recorded from 0-15cm soil depth (Table 4).
Table 4 The main effect of Land use, soil depth, and locations on the emergence of weed flora
Treatment
|
FSWEP
|
SSWEP
|
FSWFEP
|
SSWFEP
|
Land use types
|
|
|
|
|
Grazing land
|
4.06 (1.87) b
|
5.78 (2.27) ab
|
5.44 (2.27)
|
2.28 (1.314)
|
Forest Land
|
2.89 (1.472) b
|
5.28 (2.21) b
|
5.22 (2.145)
|
3.61 (1.634)
|
wheat land
|
10.72 (3.225) a
|
7.22 (2.4) ab
|
4.11 (1.864)
|
3.17 (1.546)
|
Barley land
|
11.33 (3.165) a
|
9.06 (3)a
|
4.11 (1.86)
|
1.67 (1.033)
|
Teff land
|
5.22 (2.154) b
|
7 (2.59) ab
|
4.17 (1.968)
|
1.44 (1.065)
|
LSD (5%)
|
2.62
|
2.309
|
NS
|
NS
|
Soil depth
|
|
|
|
|
0-15cm
|
6.76 (2.32)
|
6.4 (2.38)
|
4.67 (2.011)
|
2.62 (1.437)
|
16-30cm
|
6.93 (2.437)
|
7.33 (2.6)
|
4.56 (2.015)
|
2.24 (1.2)
|
LSD (%)
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
Location
|
|
|
|
|
Gitilo Dale
|
7.33 (2.435)
|
8.27 (2.76) a
|
3.27 (1.686) b
|
2.57 (1.466)
|
Lakku Iggu
|
5.83 (2.228)
|
6.3 (2.33) ab
|
6.1 (2.3) a
|
2.43 (1.14)
|
Doyo Bariso
|
7.37 (2.478)
|
6.03 (2.35) b
|
4.47 (1.995) ab
|
2.3 (1.349)
|
LSD (%)
|
NS
|
1.789
|
1.536
|
NS
|
Land use* location
|
|
|
|
|
LSD (%)
|
NS
|
NS
|
3.434
|
NS
|
Land use*Soil depth
|
|
|
|
|
LSD (%)
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
Location * Soil depth
|
|
|
|
|
LSD (%)
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
Land use* location* Soil depth
|
|
|
|
|
LSD (5%)
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
CV (%)
|
36
|
33.2
|
34.7
|
54.4
|
Means followed by the same letter(s) within rows are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance, The figures in the parenthesis are the transformed values for wild radish count from the quadrant. The figures in the parenthesis are the transformed values for wild radish count from quadrant
1st and 2nd seasons evaluation
The first season greenhouse works result indicated that about five weed species were well identified including wild radish species which was emerged from pot. As a result, a maximum number of wild radish species was germinated from a pot which has been from barley land (11) and wheat land (10) followed by Avena fatua from teff land (7), while minimum weed species, Avena fatua, and Guizotia abysinica were recorded from forest land (Table 5). It was deviated in between 0.75-3.5 ranges. From the second season germination, the maximum number of individual species was recorded on Raphanus raphanistrum (9.00) in Barley land followed by wheat land and teff land (7.00), while the minimum number of species was recorded from all land use types (Table 5).
Table 5 The relative density of weed flora emerged from pot by land use types
Land use types
|
Relative density of weed Species
|
Raphanus raphanistrum
|
Avena fatua
|
Digiteria sanguinalis
|
Guizotia abysinica
|
Cyperus rotundus
|
Other species
|
Total
|
1st season
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forest Land
|
2.00
|
1.00
|
2.00
|
1.00
|
2.00
|
3.00
|
11.00
|
Grazing land
|
4.00
|
3.00
|
3.00
|
2.00
|
3.00
|
2.00
|
17.00
|
Wheat land
|
10.00
|
6.00
|
2.00
|
1.00
|
2.00
|
5.00
|
26.00
|
Barley land
|
11.00
|
2.00
|
1.00
|
3.00
|
6.00
|
1.00
|
24.00
|
Teff land
|
5.00
|
7.00
|
3.00
|
5.00
|
4.00
|
3.00
|
27.00
|
Total
|
32.00
|
19.00
|
11.00
|
12.00
|
17.00
|
14.00
|
105.00
|
Mean
|
6.40
|
3.80
|
2.20
|
2.40
|
3.40
|
2.80
|
21.00
|
SD+
|
3.50
|
2.32
|
0.75
|
1.50
|
1.50
|
1.33
|
6.10
|
2nd season
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forest Land
|
5.00
|
2.00
|
1.00
|
2.00
|
3.00
|
1.00
|
14.00
|
Grazing land
|
6.00
|
2.00
|
3.00
|
1.00
|
3.00
|
2.00
|
17.00
|
Wheat land
|
7.00
|
3.00
|
1.00
|
5.00
|
4.00
|
1.00
|
21.00
|
Barley land
|
9.00
|
4.00
|
3.00
|
1.00
|
2.00
|
3.00
|
22.00
|
Teff land
|
7.00
|
1.00
|
3.00
|
2.00
|
4.00
|
2.00
|
19.00
|
Total
|
34.00
|
12.00
|
11.00
|
11.00
|
16.00
|
9.00
|
93.00
|
Mean
|
6.80
|
2.40
|
2.20
|
2.20
|
3.20
|
1.80
|
18.60
|
SD+
|
1.33
|
1.02
|
0.98
|
1.47
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
2.87
|
The average number of Raphanus raphanistrum was compared with weed flora or weed species, wild radish was highly figured than the other weed species in location by soil depth. The number of weed flora from the soil seed bank has fluctuated per soil depth or there was shown not many differences between the soil depth (Fig. 2).