Land Management Criteria For Green Building Certication Systems In Turkey

Background: The energy issue is of great importance for energy dependent countries like Turkey. Some legislative regulations such as the Energy Eciency Law and the Energy Performance Regulation of Building have recently been made in our country. Although the Energy Performance Certicate for buildings has been put into practice , a national green building certication system is not available yet. The most widely used certication systems in the world are BREEAM (Bre Environmental Assessment Method) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), which do not produce very realistic results. Therefore, it is essential to establish a national certication system. For this purpose, studies have been started by ÇEDBİK (the Turkish Green Building Council) and Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University (MSFAU). However, it has not yet been legally validated. Methods: In this study, a survey was conducted to highlight the importance of the category of land management, one of the criteria of the green building certication systems, and to identify sub-criteria under this title more objectively. Worldwide valid certication systems and parts of the certication systems regarding land management that are tried to be established in Turkey were examined to determine the survey questions and in line with this, a literature review was performed. The experts in Turkey were interviewed to gather ideas and insights. By listing the answers from these experts using the AHP method, the criteria and sub-criteria of land method were determined. Conclusions: In this study, a green building certication system to be established in our country was discussed under the category of land management to which great importance has been attached, especially by survey engineers, and the criteria under this category has been identied. A survey was conducted to determine these criteria, and the results were examined.The subcriteria of the category of land management were identied, and their weights were calculated. A sample program was written in the Microsoft Visual Studio Net 2013 programming language to determine the scores of buildings according to these weights.


Introduction
In Europe, in the 18th and 19th centuries, new inventions such as steam-powered machines gave the One of the most important issues in green building projects is land selection. Operations such as land use, planning, evaluation, preparation of zoning plans, land and estate arrangements are important stages of the project. In studies conducted in many parts of the world, studies such as the use of materials for green building projects, utilization of renewable energy systems, management of waste materials have been performed, but not much attention has been paid to land management. This study discusses the title 'land management' and proposes a potential land management certi cation system to be created for Turkey. Sub-criteria for the prosed certi cation system are also identi ed, and the weights of these criteria are to be determined after the survey. Additionally, the bene ts of green buildings and green building certi cation systems for both the economy and the people are set out and the necessity of establishing a national certi cation system is re-emphasised.

Sustainability
While the population of people living in urban settings constituted 10% of the total world population just after the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century, it is over 50% today. The increase in migration from villages to cities and the ensuing rapid, inadequate, and substandard structures caused by this migration have unfortunately caused many environmental problems. These problems, such as the decrease in natural energy sources, the degradation of the ecological balance, and particularly global warming (which stands out especially with recent various natural disasters), and environmental pollution have become current issues in many countries around the world and present the biggest problems of a constantly and rapidly changing world. This situation has motivated people to plan for a clean, healthy, livable environment for future generations [7].
Due to the growth in the world population and industrialization along with technological advancement and globalization, the need for natural resources and energy has increased, and that brought along the demand for renewable energy resources. In this context, in order to deliver a more liveable and healthy world to future generations, the world has started to prioritize the concept of sustainability [8].
Sustainability is an environmentalist world view that argues that regional development should be realized by protecting balance of nature, and that environmental values and natural resources should not be used extravagantly but through more rational methods that consider the bene st to present and future generations while also aiming to ensure economic development [9].
In another respect, sustainability is perceived mainly as the ability to sustain the functions, processes, and productivity of ecological systems and ecology in the future [10,11].
Sustainability ensures social and intergenerational equality as well as enhancing the quality of life and economic e ciency. It maintains and increases environmental quality, combines disaster elasticity and impact reduction conceptions, and exhibit a participatory and reconciliatory approach in the decisionmaking process [12,13].
Taking into account the concept of energy consumption, which has been a necessity since the beginning of humanity, with the concept of sustainability, will provide more sensitivity in the context of protecting energy resources, using them e ciently, and considering the needs of future generations [14].
The concept of sustainability has become an often discussed concept and today is used along with many related jargons such as sustainable cities, sustainable architecture, the sustainability of wetlands, and sustainable agriculture.

Green Buildings
Green buildings emerged out of a global response that resulted from the increasing carbon footprint of people due to global climate change. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, buildings are estimated to affect 30% of greenhouse gas emissions [15]. Green buildings, which are high-tech immovables that are sensitive to the effects of buildings on the environment and human health, are those that utilize waste water, renewable energy sources, daylight, have effective heat insulation, and produce the energy needed to sustain themselves. For green buildings to be successful, the location (orientation), design, material selection, construction, operation, maintenance, transportation and reuse of buildings should be considered carefully [16].
In addition to green buildings providing the integration of people with nature, they also are built to protect the health of the people living in them, to increase the productivity of workers, to use natural resources e ciently, and to minimize environmental damage. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy need to be used so that buildings can generate their own energy. Additionally, buildings should be designed to bene t from daylight as much as possible and they should have an effective heat insulation. An e cient solid waste management system also needs to be created, alongside use of local materials and the need to obtain an environment-friendly appearance [17].
It is estimated that in the total consumption of energy all over the world as well as in Turkey, the energy consumption for heating, cooling, aerating, illumination of buildings and hot water is 30%. In addition to that, if the amount of energy consumed for the construction of industrial productions, such as concrete, glass, wood, electrical materials, plumbing equipment used in buildings and construction machines used for construction is taken into account, the total energy consumption exceeds 40%. Considering such issues, sustainability in buildings ranging from the material that constitutes the building to the process of evaluating the sections that can be reused in the building when the building completes its life can be de ned as minimizing the amount and cost of energy inputs (energy, water, building materials, etc.) based on fossil fuels. In this context, green buildings are the buildings where the inputs are used at an e cient and minimum level and the indoor environment quality (comfort) is provided at a high level [3].
While green buildings create healthy and comfortable buildings for people, they have to be shaped according to the needs of countries. Since the growth levels and geographical conditions of the countries are different, they are designed by considering each country's priorities [18]. For example, green buildings in China are designed to reduce pollution throughout the entire life cycle as the main importance, while maintaining resources such as energy, soil, water, and materials [19]. Especially in recent years, increasing air pollution and global warming have led to a rapid increase in green building construction. For example, in 2015, worldwide a total of 16 national or regional overtemperature records were broken, including in Venezuela, Germany, Hong Kong, and Indonesia [20,21]. In the same year, 3,275 people died in France due to heatwaves, while this number was recorded as 2,248 in India [22]. This led to the conclusion that the world serious steps must be taken, and the importance of green building has increased further.
Green buildings provide many environmental, economic, and social bene ts. Some of the main bene ts of green buildings are as follows [23,24]:

Green Building Certi cation Systems
Certi cate systems have been developed to measure the sustainability level of green buildings and to provide the best application experience at the highest certi cation level. In line with the criteria given, the design, construction, and operation of sustainable buildings are supposed to be certi ed. The most commonly used criteria sre sustainable development, human and environmental health, water saving, material selection, quality of indoor life, social status, and economic quality for the whole building by determining either a sustainable building approach such as ability to achieve energy e ciency or the performance of the building at key points [25]. Green building certi cation systems have been designed to provide a framework for building design and building construction where performance targets are met for land use by building employees and other users, energy and water e ciency, indoor quality of life, and other factors. A green building certi cation system is a relatively more recent and distinct concept than building standards [26]. It includes the following: Creates a veri able method and framework to help employees make design, construction, restoration, and business management more sustainable, Certi es a design or business in line with performance goals, Certi es design and operating results and strategies used in constructing a building.
Certi cation systems are the most valid methods used to identify and classify sustainable buildings according to certain criteria. They determine from which aspect buildings are considered green and turn the concept of green buildings into reality. Certi cation systems aim to de ne what constitutes a green building by setting certain evaluation standards in order to develop a design method for the whole building, promote green competition by recognizing environmental leadership in the building sector, and transform the building market by raising awareness of the consumers regarding the bene ts of green buildings [3].
Apart from BREEAM in the United Kingdom and LEED in the United States, the most prominent green building certi cation systems in the world include Canada's SBTOOL which is recognized as an international system; HKBEAM and CEPAS, used in Hong Kong; GREEN STAR used in Australia; and CASBEE, used in Japan. This certi cation systems are given in Fig. 1.

Material And Method
In this study, a survey was conducted to highlight the importance of the category of land management, one of the criteria of the green building certi cation systems, and to identify sub-criteria under this title more objectively. Worldwide valid certi cation systems and parts of the certi cation systems regarding land management that are tried to be established in Turkey were examined to determine the survey questions and in line with this, a literature review was performed. The experts in Turkey were interviewed to gather ideas and insights. By listing the answers from these experts using the AHP method, the criteria and sub-criteria of land method were determined and are shown in Table 1. In the AHP method, there is a hierarchical structure consisting of goals, criteria, quali cations and alternatives and among these, weights are revealed according to the ratio scale from the preferences expressed in the form of binary comparisons by the decision maker. Once these weights are transformed into holistic weights or priorities for options with the help of linear-additive model, the options are ranked according to the priority value results [27].
AHP does not recommend a mandatory method for use, instead it enables decision-makers to use their own capacity, leading them to make them take better decisions [28].
AHP application consists of ve steps [28,29]: Structuring decision hierarchy, Collecting data with one-to-one comparisons, Checking the consistency of objective judgements, Using the eigenvector method to calculate weights, and Combining weights to determine the order of decision alternatives An objective function forms the top layer of the AHP hierarchy. Under this objective there are criteria, subcriteria, and options respectively. The use of the hierarchy is an effective way of dealing with complex systems. While enabling system organization, it also enables in-system information control and communication. It is therefore functionally active [30]. Figure 2 shows a simple AHP model.
Criteria that make up the hierarchy is scored according to a certain scale through binary comparisons. Table 2 shows the rating scale used in AHP. An activity is strongly favoured over another and its dominance demonstrated in practice.

Extremely
The evidence favouring one activity over another is of the highest degree possible for a rmation 2,4,6,8,...

Intermediate values
Used to represent a compromise between preferences listed above Survey questions were prepared according to these identi ed criteria, and they were sent to 3,270 instructors working in all architecture, urban and regional planning, and civil engineering departments in Turkey, and meaningful answers were received from 148 of those people. Since the concept of green building and green building certi cation system has only recently gainedimportance in Turkey, the number of instructors who can give realistic answers to the questionnaire is low.
In order for land management to gain a social dimension, the requirements of the factors that constitute the demographic structure of society and the standards required for a high quality of life should be determined. Thus, the balance between social norms are focused, thereby ensuring social equality. In this context, two different surveys were conducted in order to identify national needs, to understand the level of awareness of green buildings, and to determine the criteria related to land management. The rst one was conducted in accordance with the Delphi technique, a systematic information collection method, in order to evaluate speci c questions or issues, but the survey could not be concluded because the number of specialists in this eld was insu cient, and the groups made up of these specialists did not share information since they were in competition with each other. In the other survey study, participants were asked to give a score from 1 to 5 to the survey questions prepared according to criteria in the literature, and the weights of the criteria were calculated according to the data obtained.
The frequencies and percentages of the answers given to the survey questions were determined according to ve different answers including unimportant, less important, moderately important, important, and very important. These were used in determining the weights of sub-criteria of the criteria determined under the category of land management. The averages and standard deviations of the answers were calculated as a next step. According to these calculations, the main criteria and sub-criteria were sorted by their own weights. Within this scope, averages and standard deviations were calculated as follows: The calculated mean, standard deviation, weight, and sorting are shown in Table 3. The main criteria for sorting according to calculated weights was found to be building features, protection of ecological values and properties, land properties, proximity to urban equipment and transportation networks, and identi cation of risks. The weight of the main criterion building features was calculated as 4.4543, that of protection of ecological values and properties of land as 4.3851, that of land properties as 4.0589, that of proximity to urban equipment and transportation networks as 3.3861, and that of identi cation of risks as 3.5045. The sub-criteria were also aligned by their own weights.

Findings And Discussion
The rapid increase in the number of consumers in our societies has caused a signi cant waste management problem as well as other problems such as global warming and climate change, degradation of natural vegetation and soil resources, reduction of water resources and drinking water, destruction of biodiversity,damage to the ozone layer, and environmental pollution. While waste did not cause much problem in society before, it has grown over time and reached a level that will threaten the entire world ecosystem. Environmentalists have rallied behind the concept of sustainability and this concept has been applied in many important areas, including the construction sector, with a sustainable development perspective [32].
The fact that energy consumption in buildings constitute 40% of overall energy consumption has led the construction sector to make more sustainable and environmentally friendly buildings and has led to the concept of green building. As green building projects got off the ground, green building certi cation systems have been created to evaluate the environmental impact of these buildings, and to measure and document energy e ciency.
Green building certi cation systems examine buildings based on a multitude of criteria and scores and certi es them. One of the most important topics of green building certi cation systems is land management. To understand this concept in the best way possible and to elaborate on this concept within the scope of a green building project are very important for the success of green building projects.
Social, economic and ecological components that form the basis of sustainability for effective land management in a green building project need to be understood and utilised in the best way possible.
In order for the land management concept to gain an economic dimension, it should be aimed to create a system which is suitable for the socio-economic structure, decreasing the costs while increasing the e ciency, enabling the use of recycled materials and maintaining the balance with the production sector as well as the environmental values. To give an economic dimension to the criteria created for this purpose, criteria such as cost effectiveness analysis, use of recycled materials, energy e ciency, renewable energy use, material management were added to the system.
Land management, which aims to preserve the biodiversity, wetlands and coastal areas based on the reuse of land for the purpose of preserving the ecological value and characteristics of the region, ensures that natural balance is maintained by reducing environmental degradation. Criteria such as ambient air quality, waste management, environmental friendliness, protection of underground and surface water were added in order to provide ecological dimension to the criteria set for this purpose.
The percentages of the 5 different responses (not important, less important, moderately important, important, very important) given to the questionnaire were calculated to be used to determine the weight of the criteria and sub-criteria of land management. The percentage of each sub-criterion within all criteria is calculated as follows: Green buildings and green building certi cation systems have been gaining importance in the world as well as in Turkey, and meetings and seminars were delivered to create awareness and put forward new ideas since 2012. The Green Buildings Summit, which has been taking place since 2012 and is organized every year, is an indicator of the awareness of the green building concept in our country. At the rst summit, urban transformation and sustainability issues were the most prominent. It was also mentioned that green buildings are no longer luxury and have become day-to-day necessity. At the end of the summit, the nal declaration stated that green building projects should be designed for urban transformation applications and especially for energy e ciency in the transformation of shanty houses, and that among those shanty houses, the ones that are in good condition can be reused after restoration.
It was emphasized that the costs of green buildings are now approaching and levelling traditional building costs, that the savings provided by green buildings in terms of the country's economy are signi cant, and that the green housing certi cation should be supported by law.
The 2nd International Green Buildings Summit, which was held in 2013, addressed the theme of green transformation and linked the solution of environmental, economic and sociological problems to these transformations. At this summit, it was highlighted that public participation is very important in this transformation, and that in order to increase savings associated with green buildings, energy e ciency should be focused on existing buildings.
The following points were emphasized in the decisions taken at the 3rd International Green Buildings Summit in 2014, concepts such as sustainability and liveability will gain a meaning only when they are realized; these should be the basic concepts and principles in the process of urban transformation; and in order to realize the concept of sustainability and green transformation, human behavior should be changed rst.
In the 4th Green Building Summit held in 2016, the main theme was sustainable e ciency and building management. At the summit, it was mentioned that the energy e ciency is inevitable, that there are savings and advantages associated with the process; and that it is necessary to implement energy e ciency projects in the public sector. It was revealed that building management impacts the cost signi cantly, and that all the owners of the building should adopt the building management throughout the life span of the building by explaining how energy saving can be achieved in buildings, and that sustainability should be transferred from generation to generation.
The criteria of land management were determined in line with the decisions taken as a result of these summits, expert opinions, local conditions and needs of our country. In order to determine criteria and sub-criteria applicable toland management, the land-related parts of the BREEAM, LEED, SBTOOL, and ÇEDBİK systems were examined. Based on these examinations and local needs, sub-criteria of the land management category were determined to be building features, protection of ecological values and properties of the land, land features, proximity to urban equipment and transportation networks, and identi cation of risk. The sub-criteria of these criteria were determined and survey questions were prepared for each criterion, These survey questions were then sent to the instructors involved in the discipline of green building certi cate systems, and responses were entered into the SPSS program.
Firstly, a reliability analysis was performed with SPSS. The reliability analysis made was Cronbach Alpha. As a result of this analysis, the Cronbach Alpha value was found to be 0.921. The values above 0.9 are considered excellent and this resulted in a perfectly reliable survey. After this analysis, the weights that would be assigned to the criteria were determined according to sorting, scoring, and paired comparison methods. The most important sub-criterion of the building features criterion was found to be functional. The concept of green building can be successful if it is implemented in accordance with people's needs and local conditions. A survey was conducted in line with the opinions of the experts for this reason. The decrease in the amount of water resources is a trend that is witnessed not in our country but worldwide.
So the most important criteria of the Criterion for the Protection of The Ecological Value and Properties of the Land is determined as the Protection of Underground and Surface Water. As Turkey is located on the North Anatolian Fault Line, there is high earthquake risk in the region. Therefore, the most important criterion of risk criteria is natural disaster risk. 6. Development Of Land Assessment Pro. Ver. 1.0 Interface The land-related parts of the BREEAM, LEED, and SBTool, which are widely used for national needs and all over the world, and of the ÇEDBIK Green Housing certi cation systems, for which efforts are being made establish in Turkey, were discussed in the study, and the National Green Building Land Criteria (NGBLC) 2017 Ver. 1.0 were created. The results of the survey were evaluated and the weights of NGBLC 2017 Ver. 1.0 were determined for each criterion. Through literature studies scoring methods that are more commonly used were determined, and this method was used to calculate the weights of the criteria.
In order for the user to be able to use these criteria e ciently, easily, and rapidly in a computer environment, the Land Evaluation Pro. Give. 1.0 was written to determine the total score that the building will achieve under the land management category, according to the scores of land criteria. This program was created in the C # language in the NetFrame Work environment included in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 program.
In addition to calculating category scores by loading the NGBLC 2017 Ver. 1.0 criteria, total category scores can also be calculated by loading the criteria into the land categories of other certi cation systems. The main screen shot of the Land Evaluation Pro. Ver. 1.0 is given in Figure 3.
The desired certi cation system criteria can be loaded from the download button on the main screen. The loaded state of NGBLC 2017 Ver. 1.0 is shown in Figure 4.
First of all, the total score yielded by the certi cation system selected by users is entered into the relevant section on the screen. Then, users assign scores from 1 to 5 based on the explanations included in the F1 help menu. A sample display of the F1 help menu is shown in Figure 5.
After all of the values were entered by the user, the value of the land in the certi cation system was calculated by pressing the calculate button. The calculated sample land value is shown in Figure 6.
A transfer button was created in Excel in order to archive retroactive evaluation results and to make report in Excel in desired standards. The values that were transferred to Excel are shown in Figure 7.

Conclusion And Suggestions
The need for a local certi cation system has increased in order to determine the attributes of green buildings, which have begun to gain importance and are constantly increasing in numbers in Turkey. As a result, different working groups have prepared different certi cate systems.
Land management, which is one of the categories that need to be included in this system in the event that a national certi cation system can be created in Turkey, was discussed, and the criteria and their weights under this category were determined in the study. After a literature search was performed, the criteria were determined to be building features, protection of ecological values and properties of the land, land features, proximity to urban equipment and transportation networks, and identi cation of risks. The sub-criteria of these criteria were determined by the survey study, and the weights of these sub-criteria were determined by sorting, scoring, and paired comparison methods.
In our country, buildings are being constructed according to the Energy E ciency Law. The main objective for the buildings to be constructed according to this law is to reduce the consumption of energy used. It is known that the energy consumption of buildings in our country is currently approximately 35%, and the greenhouse gases emitted from these buildings is up to 30%. The aim is to increase the use of renewable energy resources and thus to reduce damage to the environment with the energy identity document given to the buildings. However, the energy identity document does not fully meet the needs. The creation of a more comprehensive certi cation system has become a necessity for both the national economy and green cities. Approaches such as tax exemption, mortar exemption, and tax reduction can be applied to encourage people to choose to build new buildings as green ones. With this application, the aim can be, not only for people to live in more comfortable and healthy buildings but also in a greener and more liveable world to be delivered to future generations. All segments of the society should be informed, and their awareness be raised.
The concept of a building management system that provides for computers to be used more intensively than people in order for systems in buildings to be used reliably and healthily has recently entered our lives. This system provides central control and information for operating systems. Systems operate according to a certain time program and through this economize energy consumption. These systems reduce energy costs and errors and increase productivity by providing a periodic maintenance process.
So, in order to bene t from these systems it is very important for green buildings to be erected. The integration of building management systems into green buildings will bring many bene ts to green building projects.
Our country consists of seven different geographical regions. Each region has its own climate conditions and living standards. People living in these areas have different needs in terms of materials and techniques and natural regional differences. For example, since the amount of precipitation is high in the Black Sea region, it may be necessary to take advantage of rain water in the project. Considering that solar energy potential in the Mediterranean region is higher than other regions, the solar energy aspect of the buildings in this region would be different. Accordingly, the inclusion of additional features in the certi cate system for different regionas is bound to provide more realistic results. These can only be achieved by fully understanding the concept of sustainability, creating sustainability policies, andultimately, making them real.
In this study, the need for changing the green building certi cation system for regional differences was considered. The study can provide a foundation for conducting individual projects. For example, in urban transformation projects, a green building project can be implemented considering the geographical characteristics of the region.

Declarations
Authors' contributions Commonly used certi cation systems in the world [1] Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.  A sample value table that was transferred to Excel