The Patient characteristics in short operation time groups are shown in table 1.1. Patient characteristics were similar among the three groups, (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 Demographic data in short operation time groups.
Patient characteristics
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F/X2 values
|
P values
|
Sex(male /female)
|
15/13
|
14/15
|
16/16
|
0.0691
|
0.7926
|
Age(y)
|
66.4±4.6
|
65.6±3.1
|
67.3±4.8
|
1.21
|
0.3047
|
Weight(kg)
|
57.5±5.8
|
56.9±7.1
|
58.0±6.4
|
1.03
|
0.3612
|
ASA(I/II)
|
9/19
|
11/18
|
13/19
|
0.4488
|
0.5029
|
Values are mean±SD. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine
The Patient characteristics in long operation time groups are shown in table 1.2. Patient characteristics were similar among the three groups, (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2 Demographic data in long operation time groups.
Patient characteristics
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F/X2 values
|
P values
|
Sex(male /female)
|
15/17
|
15/16
|
15/13
|
0.2588
|
0.611
|
Age(y)
|
65.7±4.0
|
65.2±3.5
|
66.1±3.8
|
0.51
|
0.6039
|
Weight(kg)
|
56.9±7.0
|
56.6±8.8
|
58.7±9.0
|
0.52
|
0.5967
|
ASA(I/II)
|
14/18
|
12/19
|
11/17
|
0.1293
|
0.7192
|
Values are mean±SD. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; PR2: Propofol-remifentanil; ER2: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD2: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine
The clinical characteristics in short operation time groups are shown in table2.1.The duration of surgery and the length of stay in the PACU were similar among the three groups. There was no difference in remifentanil dosage between the ER1 group and ERD1group.The dosage of etomidate was significantly lower in ERD1 group compared with ER1 group(P<0.05). The time to spontaneous respiration, tracheal extubation time and the time to recovery were significantly delayed in group ERD1 compared with group ER1 (P<0.05), (table 2.1).
Table 2.1 Clinical characteristics in short operation time groups
Clinical characteristics
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F values
|
P values
|
duration of surgery(minute)
|
45.9±7.1
|
46.6±5.9
|
47.3±6.1
|
0.11
|
0.8978
|
dosage of etomidate( milligram )
|
-
|
54.2±5.9
|
45.1±5.6$
|
36.4
|
0.000
|
dosage of remifentanil(microgram)
|
-
|
915.7±41.2
|
897.9±38.0
|
2.95
|
0.0911
|
time to spontaneous respiration (minute)
|
16.5±1.7
|
17.2±2.4
|
19.1±2.5#$
|
10.84
|
0.000
|
time to recovery (minute)
|
18.9±2.1
|
19.7±2.7
|
23.4±2.6#*$
|
30.24
|
0.000
|
tracheal extubation time (minute)
|
20.6±2.4
|
21.5±2.9
|
26.4±2.5#*$
|
44.48
|
0.000
|
PACU stay time(minute)
|
59.9±6.2
|
58.4±5.4
|
62.1±9.4
|
1.93
|
0.1511
|
Values are mean±SD. PR: Propofol-remifentanil; ER: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine; PACU: postanesthesia care unit. # p < 0.05 vs. PR1 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER1 group
The clinical characteristics in long operation time groups are shown in table2.2.The duration of surgery were similar among the three groups. The dosage of remifentanil and etomidate were significantly lower in ERD2 group compared with ER2 group(P<0.05). The time to spontaneous respiration , tracheal extubation time, the time to recovery and the PACU stay time were longer in group ERD2 compared with group ER2(P<0.05),( table2.2).
Table 2.2 Clinical characteristics in long operation time groups
Clinical characteristics
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F values
|
P values
|
duration of surgery(minute)
|
105.5±20.6
|
102.9±16.2
|
104.5±19.7
|
0.54
|
0.5831
|
dosage of etomidate( milligram )
|
-
|
95.0±10.1
|
74.4±7.1$
|
81.23
|
0.000
|
dosage of remifentanil(microgram)
|
-
|
1676.5±188.6
|
1452.9±132.0*$
|
25.55
|
0.000
|
time to spontaneous respiration (minute)
|
17.4±2.1
|
18.1±2.7
|
19.9±2.6#$
|
7.91
|
0.0007
|
time to recovery (minute)
|
19.8±2.1
|
20.3±3.0
|
25.6±2.8#$
|
41.61
|
0.000
|
tracheal extubation time (minute)
|
21.3±2.1
|
22.4±3.2
|
27.75±3.4#$
|
38.68
|
0.000
|
PACU stay time(minute)
|
69.4±7.1
|
71.7±9.9
|
77.7±11.4#$
|
6.01
|
0.0036
|
Values are mean±SD. PR2: Propofol-remifentanil; ER2: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD2: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine; PACU:postanesthesia care unit. # p < 0.05 vs. PR2 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER2 group
The SBP at different time points in short operation time groups are shown in table 3.1. The SBP were lower at T1compared to T0 in three groups (P<0.05). The SBP in ER1 and ERD1 group were higher at T1 and T3 compared to PR1 group (P<0.05). The SBP in ERD1 group were lower at T4 compared to ER1 groups (P<0.05), (table 3.1).
Table 3.1 The SBP at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 in short operation time groups.
time
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F values
|
P values
|
T0
|
122.6±11.8
|
123.4±9.8
|
121.7±11.7
|
0.22
|
0.8005
|
T1
|
93.8±8.4*$
|
105.7±6.7*#
|
103.0±9.5*#
|
14.92
|
0.000
|
T2
|
115.3±10.6*
|
116.5±7.4*
|
115.0±8.4*
|
0.55
|
0.5818
|
T3
|
112.5±8.0*$
|
118.6±6.3*#
|
117.6±9.1*#
|
4.93
|
0.0095
|
T4
|
129.1±8.6*
|
130.4±10.0*
|
124.0±7.0#$
|
5.2
|
0.0074
|
T5
|
120.3±7.9
|
123.1±6.9
|
121.2±7.6
|
0.78
|
0.461
|
T6
|
119.8±9.2
|
122.9±10.4
|
121.7±8.5
|
0.58
|
0.56
|
T7
|
121.7±12.1
|
124.3±10.3
|
122.6±10.1
|
0.19
|
0.8285
|
F values
|
119.93
|
60.07
|
50.4
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine;T0: before the induction of anesthesia, T1: 5min after induction of anesthesia, T2: the beginning of operation, T3: during operation, T4: 6h after surgery, T5: 12h after surgery. T6: 24h after surgery. T7: 48h after surgery.*p < 0.05 vs. T0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR1 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER1 group
The SBP at different time points in long operation time groups are shown in table 3.2. The SBP were lower at T1compared to T0 in three groups (P<0.05). The SBP in ER2 and ERD2 group were higher at T1 and T3 compared to PR2 group (P<0.05). The SBP in ERD2 group were lower at T4 compared to ER2 groups (P<0.05), (table 3.2).
Table 3.2 The SBP at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 in long operation time groups.
time
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F values
|
P values
|
T0
|
122.5±9.2
|
121.3±11.4
|
120.6±10.9
|
0.14
|
0.8705
|
T1
|
95.3±6.8*$
|
102.8±8.0*#
|
104.5±9.3*#
|
11.54
|
0.000
|
T2
|
115.1±7.9*
|
118.3±8.4
|
116.1±9.8
|
1.09
|
0.3416
|
T3
|
113.5±8.1*
|
120.0±8.5#
|
118.2±10.1#
|
4.77
|
0.0108
|
T4
|
130.2±9.8*
|
128.2±10.4*
|
122.6±9.5#$
|
4.31
|
0.0164
|
T5
|
120.3±8.0
|
122.1±9.1
|
119.8±7.4
|
0.97
|
0.3817
|
T6
|
123.0±9.2
|
122.5±9.5
|
118.6±8.0
|
2.14
|
0.1237
|
T7
|
124.0±8.3
|
120.1±10.3
|
123.2±9.3
|
1.11
|
0.3357
|
F values
|
48
|
18.4
|
10.65
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine;T0: before the induction of anesthesia, T1: 5min after induction of anesthesia, T2: the beginning of operation, T3: during operation, T4: 6h after surgery, T5: 12h after surgery. T6: 24h after surgery. T7: 48h after surgery.*p < 0.05 vs. T0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR2 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER2 group
The DBP at different time points in short operation time groups are shown in table 4.1. The DBP were lower at T1compared to T0 in three groups (P<0.05). The DBP in ER1 and ERD1 group were higher at T1 compared to PR1 group (P<0.05). The DBP in ERD1 group were lower at T4 compared to ER1 groups (P<0.05), (table 4.1).
Table 4.1 The DBP at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 in short operation time groups.
time
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F values
|
P values
|
T0
|
78.4±5.8
|
77.6±6.8
|
76.4±6.8
|
0.76
|
04722
|
T1
|
56.1±5.7*$
|
68.3±9.8*#
|
67.1±9.8*#
|
24.92
|
0.000
|
T2
|
76.9±6.8
|
77.1±7.9
|
77.9±6.3
|
0.29
|
0.7491
|
T3
|
75.7±6.7
|
78.2±6.3
|
76.5±7.1
|
1.19
|
0.3078
|
T4
|
85.1±6.1*
|
84.9±6.9*
|
80.9±7.9*#$
|
4.22
|
0.0266
|
T5
|
77.8±7.7
|
77.6±6.4
|
78.3±8.1
|
0.09
|
0.9135
|
T6
|
78.9±4.0
|
78.6±5.3
|
76.8±4.2
|
1.68
|
0.1924
|
T7
|
77.6±4.4
|
77.8±5.7
|
77.3±5.1
|
0.13
|
0.883
|
F values
|
55.52
|
10.8
|
9.88
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine;T0: before the induction of anesthesia, T1: 5min after induction of anesthesia, T2: the beginning of operation, T3: during operation, T4: 6h after surgery, T5: 12h after surgery. T6: 24h after surgery. T7: 48h after surgery.*p < 0.05 vs. T0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR1 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER1 group
The DBP at different time points in long operation time groups are shown in table 4.2. The DBP were lower at T1compared to T0 in three groups (P<0.05). The DBP in ER1 and ERD1 group were higher at T1 compared to PR1 group (P<0.05). The DBP in ERD1 group were lower at T4 compared to ER1 groups (P<0.05), (table 4.2).
Table 4.2 The DBP at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 in long operation time groups.
time
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F values
|
P values
|
T0
|
77.2±7.2
|
77.6±9.1
|
76.8±6.3
|
0.09
|
0.911
|
T1
|
56.5±7.8*$
|
68.1±6.2*#
|
67.3±6.7*#
|
24.11
|
0.000
|
T2
|
77.1±8.5
|
76.6±8.7
|
77.2±7.5
|
0.05
|
0.9471
|
T3
|
77.6±6.9
|
77.9±9.2
|
76.8±7.7
|
0.25
|
0.783
|
T4
|
84.2±6.8*
|
85.7±5.7*
|
79.1±7.2#$
|
2.59
|
0.081
|
T5
|
77.9±7.6
|
77.2±8.2
|
77.8±7.6
|
0.09
|
0.9097
|
T6
|
78.7±5.6
|
78.8±5.9
|
78.4±3.9
|
0.06
|
0.9405
|
T7
|
77.5±5.8
|
78.4±6.8
|
77.8±5.3
|
0.2
|
0.8175
|
F values
|
41.37
|
12.57
|
8.69
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR2: Propofol-remifentanil; ER2: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD2: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine;T0: before the induction of anesthesia, T1: 5min after induction of anesthesia, T2: the beginning of operation, T3: during operation, T4: 6h after surgery, T5: 12h after surgery. T6: 24h after surgery. T7: 48h after surgery.*p < 0.05 vs. T0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR2 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER2 group
The HR at different time points in short operation time groups are shown in table 5.1. The HR were lower at T1 and higher at T4 compared to T0 in three groups (P<0.05). The HR in ERD1 group were lower at T3 and T4 compared to PR1 group and ER1 group (P<0.05), (table 5.1).
Table 5.1 The HR at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 in short operation time groups.
time
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F values
|
P values
|
T0
|
79.6±4.4
|
78.7±6.5
|
77.3±7.1
|
1.34
|
0.267
|
T1
|
69.3±5.1*
|
67.7±9.1*
|
66.5±5.5*
|
1.08
|
0.344
|
T2
|
78.9±6.4
|
77.0±7.3
|
76.1±7.1
|
0.81
|
0.4478
|
T3
|
77.3±5.7
|
78.4±7.6
|
67.5±6.9* #$
|
22.86
|
0.000
|
T4
|
84.5±6.2*
|
85.3±4.1*
|
81.4±5.9* #$
|
5.7
|
0.0048
|
T5
|
78.5±8.0
|
78.8±5.6
|
78.5±6.7
|
0.25
|
0.777
|
T6
|
80.1±7.1
|
78.6±4.6
|
79.1±5.2
|
1.3
|
0.2787
|
T7
|
79.1±5.2
|
77.4±5.1
|
78.4±4.8
|
0.64
|
0.5291
|
F values
|
13.43
|
15.37
|
20.74
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.000
|
0.0001
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine;T0: before the induction of anesthesia, T1: 5min after induction of anesthesia, T2: the beginning of operation, T3: during operation, T4: 6h after surgery, T5: 12h after surgery. T6: 24h after surgery. T7: 48h after surgery.*p < 0.05 vs. T0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR1 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER1 group
The HR at different time points in long operation time groups are shown in table 5.2. The HR were lower at T1 compared to T0 in three groups (P<0.05). The HR were higher at T4 compared to T0 in PR2 group and ER2 group, and lower at T4 compared to T0 in ERD2 group (P<0.05). The HR in ERD2 group were lower at T3 and T4 compared to PR2 group and ER2 group (P<0.05), (table 5.2).
Table 5.2 The HR at T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 in long operation time groups.
time
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F values
|
P values
|
T0
|
78.2±5.6
|
79.1±6.2
|
77.3±4.5
|
0.81
|
0.4491
|
T1
|
65.7±7.1*
|
66.3±6.0*
|
67.8±9.7*
|
0.64
|
0.5381
|
T2
|
79.4±6.8
|
78.1±7.8
|
76.7±6.1
|
1.1
|
0.3374
|
T3
|
77.0±6.3
|
77.1±6.7
|
67.5±5.2* #$
|
22.34
|
0.000
|
T4
|
86.7±4.2*
|
85.3±5.2*
|
73.7±7.2* #$
|
46.46
|
0.000
|
T5
|
79.1±5.8
|
79.6±6.9
|
78.6±5.5
|
0.11
|
0.8975
|
T6
|
78.3±5.4
|
78.5±4.9
|
77.8±6.2
|
0.09
|
0.9168
|
T7
|
77.5±4.9
|
77.5±4.1
|
78.2±9.1
|
0.13
|
0.8791
|
F values
|
55.38
|
23.5
|
11.59
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR2: Propofol-remifentanil; ER2: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD2: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine;T0: before the induction of anesthesia, T1: 5min after induction of anesthesia, T2: the beginning of operation, T3: during operation, T4: 6h after surgery, T5: 12h after surgery. T6: 24h after surgery. T7: 48h after surgery.*p < 0.05 vs. T0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR2 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER2 group
The Serum cortisol concentration at different time points in short operation time groups are shown in table 6.1. The Serum cortisol concentration were lower at t1~2 in ER1 group and t1 in ERD1 group compared to t0 and PR1 group (P<0.05). The Serum cortisol concentration were higher at t1~2 in ERD1 group compared to ER1 group (P<0.05), (table 6.1).
Table 6.1 The Serum cortisol concentration levels at t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, and t5 in short operation time groups.
time
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F values
|
P values
|
t0
|
9.97±0.58
|
9.92±0.56
|
9.72±0.57
|
0.50
|
0.617
|
t1
|
10.01±0.54$
|
7.17±0.72* #
|
7.94±0.61* #$
|
129.81
|
0.000
|
t2
|
9.84±0.44$
|
7.96±0.62* #
|
9.72±0.42$
|
125.07
|
0.000
|
t3
|
9.92±0.58
|
9.98±0.57
|
9.76±0.44
|
0.59
|
0.5587
|
t4
|
9.96±0.56
|
9.87±0.52
|
9.80±0.48
|
0.23
|
0.7931
|
t5
|
9.89±0.57
|
9.85±0.51
|
9.88±0.51
|
0.15
|
0.8605
|
F values
|
0.23
|
185.29
|
99.82
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.7931
|
0.0001
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine; t0: before the induction of anesthesia, t1: 3 h after operation, t2: 6 h after operation, t3: 24h after operation, t4:48 h after operation, t5:72 h after operation. *p < 0.05 vs. t0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR1 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER1 group
The Serum cortisol concentration at different time points in long operation time groups are shown in table 6.2. The Serum cortisol concentration were lower at t1~3 in ER2 group and t1~2 in ERD2 group compared to t0 and PR2 group (P<0.05). The Serum cortisol concentration were higher at t1~3 in ERD2 group compared to ER2 group (P<0.05), (table 6.2).
Table 6.2 The Serum cortisol concentration levels at t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, and t5 in long operation time groups.
time
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F values
|
P values
|
t0
|
9.87±0.42
|
9.86±0.54
|
10.07±0.66
|
1.39
|
0.2542
|
t1
|
9.92±0.46$
|
5.21±0.73*#
|
5.73±0.50*#$
|
550.84
|
0.000
|
t2
|
9.86±0.38$
|
5.59±0.61*#
|
6.37±0.60*#$
|
550.12
|
0.000
|
t3
|
9.90±0.49$
|
7.45±0.67*#
|
9.71±0.64$
|
147.42
|
0.000
|
t4
|
9.88±0.37
|
9.80±0.38
|
9.94±0.62
|
0.65
|
0.523
|
t5
|
9.83±0.48
|
9.79±0.47
|
10.04±0.61
|
1.87
|
0.1237
|
F values
|
0.11
|
451.19
|
343.30
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.995
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR2: Propofol-remifentanil; ER2: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD2: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine; t0: before the induction of anesthesia, t1: 3 h after operation, t2: 6 h after operation, t3: 24h after operation, t4:48 h after operation, t5:72 h after operation. *p < 0.05 vs. t0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR2 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER2 group
The Serum ACTH concentration at different time points in short operation time groups are shown in table 7.1. The Serum ACTH concentration were higher at t1~2 in ER1 group and t1 in ERD1 group compared to t0 and PR1 group (P<0.05). The Serum ACTH concentration were lower at t1~2 in ERD1 group compared to ER2 group (P<0.05), (table 7.1).
Table 7.1 The Serum ACTH concentration levels at t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, and t5 in short operation time groups.
time
|
PR1
n=28
|
ER1
n=29
|
ERD1
n=32
|
F values
|
P values
|
t0
|
4.76±0.32
|
4.80±6.5
|
4.82±0.23
|
1.87
|
0.1597
|
t1
|
4.83±0.24$
|
6.30±0.33*#
|
6.08±0.18*#$
|
258.08
|
0.000
|
t2
|
4.81±0.22$
|
5.71±0.38*#
|
4.90±0.19$
|
320.82
|
0.000
|
t3
|
4.83±0.19
|
4.84±0.16
|
4.85±0.13
|
0.12
|
0.000
|
t4
|
4.82±0.24
|
4.82±0.18
|
4.82±0.12
|
0.06
|
0.9383
|
t5
|
4.78±0.20
|
4.77±0.17
|
4.84±0.15
|
1.34
|
0.2685
|
F values
|
0.23
|
143.45
|
219.41
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.9674
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR1: Propofol-remifentanil; ER1: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD1: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine; t0: before the induction of anesthesia, t1:3 h after operation, t2:6 h after operation, t3: 24h after operation, t4:48 h after operation, t5:72 h after operation. *p < 0.05 vs. t0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR1 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER1 group
The Serum ACTH concentration at different time points in long operation time groups are shown in table 7.2. The Serum ACTH concentration were higher at t1~3 in ER2 group and t1~2 in ERD2 group compared to t0 and PR2 group (P<0.05). The Serum ACTH concentration were lower at t1~3 in ERD2 group compared to ER2 group (P<0.05), (table 7.2).
Table 7.2 The Serum ACTH concentration levels at t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, and t5 in long operation time groups.
time
|
PR2
n=32
|
ER2
n=31
|
ERD2
n=28
|
F values
|
P values
|
t0
|
4.82±0.17
|
4.78±0.24
|
4.81±0.18
|
0.20
|
0.8183
|
t1
|
4.78±0.17$
|
6.24±0.15*#
|
6.07±0.19*#$
|
628.78
|
0.000
|
t2
|
4.81±0.13$
|
5.85±0.22*#
|
5.52±0.17*#$
|
733.28
|
0.000
|
t3
|
4.82±0.11$
|
5.48±0.16*#
|
4.82±0.13$
|
228.03
|
0.000
|
t4
|
4.83±0.10
|
4.81±0.15
|
4.81±0.11
|
0.19
|
0.8307
|
t5
|
4.80±0.13
|
4.77±0.18
|
4.78±0.10
|
0.36
|
0.6695
|
F values
|
0.30
|
267.59
|
252.46
|
—
|
—
|
P values
|
0.9364
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
—
|
—
|
Values are mean±SD. PR2: Propofol-remifentanil; ER2: Etomidate-remifentanil; ERD2: Etomidate-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine; t0: before the induction of anesthesia, t1: 3 h after operation, t2: 6 h after operation, t3: 24h after operation, t4:48 h after operation, t5:72 h after operation.*p < 0.05 vs. t0; # p < 0.05 vs. PR2 group; $ p < 0.05 vs. ER2 group