Determination of Some Growth Characteristics and Some Blood Values of The Goat Kids Fed with the Feed Containing Whey and Propolis

10 In this study, it was aimed to obtain an alternative, more economical and preferable milk substitute feed by 11 adding whey powder to cow's milk in kid rearing and to determine the effect of propolis supplement on this diet. 12 40 Saanen goat kids born in the same period were divided into 4 groups, on average 7 days after taking 13 colostrum, and while the 10 kids in the control group were kept together with their mothers. the kids in the other 14 three groups, 10 heads in each one, were taken into seperate sections. Kids in all three experimental groups were 15 fed only formula. In addition to the feed, 0.4 cc and 0.2 cc propolis were given to the kids in the second and 16 third experimental groups, respectively, once a day. Some growth and development parameters and rectal 17 temperature were measured once a week for 5 weeks from all groups and morning and evening diarrhea scoring 18 was done. Some biochemical and hematological analyzes were performed. According to all the results obtained, 19 the differences between the groups were found to be significant in terms of body temperature, glucose and urea 20 evaluations, and the differences within the group in other characteristics were statistically significant (P <0.05). 21 The insignificant difference between the average growth and development parameters of the kids in the groups 22 fed with the formula and the average of the kids in the control group is an important result in terms of growing 23 kids economically and bringing goat's milk to the economy. According to the diarrhea scores, it has been 24 observed that propolis is effective on diarrhea and can be used in growing kids as a preventive measure. Feeding 25 kids with the formula was found more economical than feeding their mother's milk. As a result of this study, it 26 can be said that the use of milk replacers containing whey and propolis will positively affect the growth, 27 development and health of the kid.


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Goat kids losses are one of the major problems of the breeding period. After birth, the process of formation of 31 active immune elements begins. Depending on the environmental conditions in this process and the adaptation 32 ability of the animal, it is observed that the offspring with low resistance die in the first month (Aytuğ et al.

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1991; Karslı and Evci 2018). In the studies conducted, while the kids mortality rates vary between 2.2-14% in 34 the first 5 days after birth, this rate increases even more on the 10th day and after (Holmøy and Waage 2015; alternative feed additives instead of antibiotics has increased in rearing breeding with or without mother, against 38 the negative effects of intestinal pathogens. For this purpose, probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids and essential 39 oils are used commercially today (Ünlü et al. 2013; Zeng et al. 2015). Artificial growing methods are used in in 40 sheep and goats farms for milk production, depending on the increase in the amount of marketable milk. Due to 41 the high prices of goat milk, various food formulations have been tried in artificial enlargement applications.

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Whey is used as a milk substitute feed for lamb and calf feeding because of its low cost and easy supply. Gailna 43 et al (1995) fed different genotype goat kids with cow's milk and different proportions (20-35-50%) of PAS, and 44 found that the live weights were statistically similar to those of animals that suck goat milk.

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Propolis is an effective bee product in the formation of an aseptic environment in the hive, due to its

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The aim of this study was to obtain an alternative, more economical and preferable milk substitute feed by

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This study was carried out in the Goat Breeding Unit of Aydın

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The animal material of the study consisted of 40 kids born at the same time from synchronized goats. 40 Goats 83 kids were divided into four groups: Control (n=10) kept free with their mothers and the group were that freely 84 sucks their mothers, and first group: group (n=10) were fed only with the formula(75% cow's milk + 10% whey 85 + 15% water), second group were given the formula and 0.4 cc propolis, third group were given the formula and 86 0.2 cc propolis.

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The kids in the control group stayed together with their mothers in a semi-open shelter of about 30 square meters 88 and sucked their mothers freely. The mothers of the kids in the control group were not milked during the trial.

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The amount of the formula was given to equal 10% of the live weight of the kid, and it was increased in parallel 94 with the live weight increase. In addition, 0.4 and 0.2 cc ethanolic propolis extract was administered orally once 95 a day via an injector to the 2nd and 3rd groups, respectively. Propolis extracts were obtained from the company 96 named İdapolis within Çanakkale 18 Mart University Technopark. The foods consumed daily were noted for 97 each kid. As of the third week of the experiment, 100 g of good quality dried clover was placed in front of each 98 animal. As of the 4th week, 100 g starter feed containing 20% crude protein and 2700 kcal / kg metabolic energy 99 was placed in front of each animal. In order to determine the feed consumption of kids, the remaining feeds were 100 weighed and recorded weekly. The amount of feed was increased in a controlled manner due to the increase in 101 live weight. In the study, clean water was kept in front of the kids starting from their second week.

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The kids were weighed individually every week from birth and their live weight(LW) were determined. The kids 103 were fasted before weighing. Body condition score (BCS) was obtained after weighing. (Russell et al. 1969).

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Body length(BL), height of withers(HW), chest circumference(CC) measuring were captured by stick and tape 105 measure on a flat concrete floor. The rectal body temperature of the kids was measured every week with a digital 106 thermometer. The daily health conditions of the animals were observed every day. Stools were checked twice a 107 day, in the morning and evening, and stool scoring was performed using the stool consistency scaling system.

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The place where the experiment was conducted is 52 m above sea level and in a region with a Mediterranean 132 climate and the temperature difference between day and night is high. During the trial, the lowest temperature is 133 1 ° C and the highest temperature is 27 ° C. The average humidity varied between 57 and 68%. Temperature 134 humidity index was found to be between 10.58 and 16.72.

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Live Weights, BCS and Body Measurements 136 Table 1. There was no difference between the groups in terms of live weight (LW) during the trial period. In 137 each group, the differences within the group were found to be statistically significant (P <0.05). The fact that 138 there was no statistical difference between the control group and the other 3 groups in terms of body weight gain 139 was important in terms of showing that animals could gain similar body weight with milk substitute feed.

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According to the bcs measurements made every week, it was seen that there was no statistical difference 141 between the groups in terms of BCS averages in the first, second, fifth and sixth measurements. In the third and 142 fourth measurements, the difference between group 3 and control group was found to be statistically significant than the other groups.

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There was no difference between the groups in terms of body length averages during the trial period. When the 150 comparison was made within the groups, Within the groups, the differences were found statistically significant in 151 terms of body length averages in each group during the trial period and in group 3, statistical significance was 152 determined among all measurement averages (P <0.05). In group 1, the means of the first, second, third, fourth 153 and sixth measurements were different from each other, and the mean of the fifth and fourth and sixth 154 measurements were statistically similar (P <0.05

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In Group 1, the difference between the mean chest circumference in the first five measurements was found to be 181 statistically significant, but the difference between the averages at the 5th and 6th weeks was found to be 182 insignificant (P <0.05). In the control group, the differences between the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th week 183 measurements were found to be statistically significant, the differences between the measurements at the 4th and 184 5th weeks were found to be insignificant (P <0.05). In Group 3, the difference between the 3rd and 4th 185 measurements and the differences between these measurements and the other measurements were found 186 significant (P <0.05).At the end of the trial, the highest chest circumference measurement with 48 cm was in the 187 control group. While there was the second group with 47 cm in the second row, there was the third group with 188 46.7 cm in the third row and 1 group with 46.5 cm in the last row (Table 1).

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Between the groups, the differences between the measurement values in the first, second, fourth and fifth weeks

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In the blood samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, it was observed that there was no 200 statistical difference between the groups in terms of glucose levels (p <0.05). However, in the second analysis 201 mean, the difference between the groups was found to be statistically significant (P <0.05). In the evaluation 202 between groups, the difference between group 2 and group 3 was statistically insignificant in the second 203 analysis, while the difference between group 3 and control and group 1 was found to be statistically 204 significant(Table2). In the in-group evaluation, there is no significant difference in the control group, group 1 205 and group 2. In group third, the differences between the first and last analyzes were not found to be statistically 206 significant; however, a significant difference was found between the baseline and final analysis and the middle 207 analysis (P <0.05).

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It was observed that there was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of mean blood urea amount 212 obtained in the first and second blood analyzes (p <0.05). However, the difference between the groups in the 213 mean blood urea amount obtained from the last analysis was found to be insignificant for groups 1, 2 and 3, and 214 significant for the control group (P <0.05). In the evaluation within the group, the difference between the three 215 periods analysis in the control group was found to be statistically significant (P <0.05).

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When each group was evaluated within itself, RBC analyzes were found important in all groups. however, for 219 the 1st group, the difference between the RBC averages in blood samples taken in all three analyzes was found 220 to be significant. The difference between the 1st and 2nd analyzes for the control and 3rd groups was not 221 significant, the difference between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd analysis averages was found to be significant (p <0.05).

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Since the first analysis, there was a continuous increase in RBC averages in all groups (Table 4).

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The difference between the blood HGB (g / dL) rates between the groups was found to be statistically 224 insignificant. In the within-group evaluation, the relationship between the three analysis values of the 1st, 2nd 225 and 3rd groups was found to be insignificant. Only the difference between the mean HGB values in the first and 226 second analysis in the control group was found to be significant (p <0.05). Also, there was a decrease in the 227 second analysis of the control group compared to the first analysis. In other groups, this decrease is at a lower 228 level (Table 4).

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In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of blood HCT rates. In 230 the within-group evaluation, the difference between the mean HCT between the first analysis and the second 231 analysis in the control group was found to be statistically significant (p <0.05). There was a steady increase in <0.05). While the values were quite stable in group 2, it was observed that there was an increase in the control 236 group, 3rd group and 1st group after the second analysis.

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In terms of LYM%, the difference between groups was found to be insignificant. In the within-group evaluation, 238 the differences between the analyzes in the second group and control groups in all three periods were found to be 239 statistically significant (p <0.05). While the difference between the first analysis and the second and third 240 analysis was significant in the second group, the difference between the values in all three analyzes was 241 significant in the control group (p <0.05). In the second analysis, it was seen that the LYM% values in kids aged 242 22 days were close to the control group. In addition, it was found that there was a greater decrease between the 243 first and the second analysis in the control and the second group compared to the other groups. For the 1st, 2nd, 244 3rd groups and the control group, the difference between the first analysis and the last analysis of LYM%, was 245 found as 7.3, 9.5, 7, 15.3, respectively. The biggest decrease was seen in the control group (Table 4).

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The difference between the groups in terms of monocyte ratios was statistically insignificant. In the within-group 247 evaluation, the difference in monocyte ratios among all analyzes for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups was found to be 248 insignificant. However, the difference in monocyte ratios between the first and second analysis and the third 249 analysis in the control group was found to be significant (p <0.05). A rapid rise was observed in the last analysis 250 of the control group (Table 4).

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The difference between groups was not found to be statistically significant for Granulocyte %(GRA) ( Table 4).

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In the within-group evaluation, the difference between the mean values in all groups except the 1st group was 253 found to be statistically significant (p <0.05). The differences between the first and the last analysis were 254 significant in the second group, while the differences between the first and the second analysis in the third group 255 were significant (p <0.05). In the control group, the mean of the second and last analyzes were similar, the 256 difference between the second and last analysis and the first analysis was found to be significant. In terms of 257 GRA%, between the first and second analyzes, it was observed that the 1st group remained at a value close to the 258 first value with a slight increase, there was a slight increase in the 2nd and 3rd groups, and the highest increase 259 was in the control group. When the final analysis values are examined, it is seen that the 2nd and 3rd groups are 260 close to each other, and there is a slight decrease in the last analysis compared to the second analysis in the 3rd 261 group. In all other groups there is a gradual increase among all analyzes (Table 4).  Group 2 and group 3 were the groups using the formula + propolis. In the second week in group 2, no animals 278 with a diarrhea score of 2 were seen and the number of diarrhea was observed to decrease. In Group 2, according 279 to 1, 2, 3 diarrhea scores, 15, 10, 16 diarrhea, and 41 diarrhea in total were observed, respectively. In the third 280 group of kids, 1, 2, 3 diarrhea points and total diarrhea frequency during 5 weeks are 9, 14, 15 and 38,

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respectively. In the control group, 1 point diarrhea was observed 2 times only in the 4th week due to the maternal 282 effect.

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During our study, the average temperature humidity index was determined between 10.58% and 16.72%.

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According to the THI values found in our study that it was thought that there was no heat stress on animals 286 (Marai et al. 2007).

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It is an important result of the study that there was no statistically significant difference between the body weight 288 gains of the control group during the study and the weight gains of the other three groups fed with the formula.

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During the experiment, the kids started to be given 400 cc of food per day, it was increased to a maximum of 290 1100 cc per day and gradually decreased when the kids started to eat concentrate.

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At the end of the study, the highest body length with 46.7 cm belongs to the control group. In the second row,

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there was the 3rd group, which was fed with 46.1 cm of food + 0.2 cc of propolis, and the third row was the 307 second group, which consumes 0.4 cc of propolis + food. In the last row, there was the first group that was 308 grown only with formula. At the end of the trial, the highest average measure of wither was 43.9 cm and 0.4 cc 309 propolis + formula was given in the group.

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glucose values in all groups were much higher than this value and almost twice.

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Although the normal value of urea in blood in goats ranges between 4-80 mg / dL, the average value was given 329 as 25 mg / dL (Mbassa and Poulsen 1991). All urea values in our study were found in this value range. In the 330 first two analyzes, no difference was observed between the groups, and in the final analysis, the urea values of 331 the formula-fed groups were found to be significantly different from the control group. When the control group 332 was evaluated within itself, there was no difference between the first two analyzes, but a significant difference

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The altitude of the region where the animals are located can affect some hematological values in kids. RBC and in kids who were given propolis twice a week in different doses and nanopathic form during the sucking period, 340 varied between 13 and 23 (g/dL) (Sadek et al. 2020). In this study, it was seen that the group with the most stable

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HGB rates for all three analyzes was the kids in the second group.

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In this study, the difference between% hct rates between weeks was found to be significant only in the control 343 group. It was determined that the progressive analysis values were lower (24.6%) compared to the first analysis 344 hct (26.2%) in the control group. This decrease was thought to be due to the kids consuming too much milk. At 345 the end of the trial, the highest hematocrit level (25.1%) was found in the second and third groups who were 346 supplemented with propolis.

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The hematocrit value was found as 29.4% in West African Dwarf Goats (Daramola et al. 2005), 33.83% in

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Saanen goats and 23.40% in hair goats Türkyılmaz (2003).With this study, it was seen that feeding kids with 349 PAST-containing food in the early period will not cause an anemic problem. In addition, it is an important result 350 that the highest HTC rate was in the groups given propolis in the last analysis.

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In this study, the MCH values obtained for all groups were found to be quite high compared to studies conducted

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When evaluated in general, it was important that there was a gradual decrease in LYM% rates in all groups in 354 this study. The decreases in group 2 given propolis and control groups were found to be statistically significant.

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The initial analysis LYM% values for group2 and control groups were 54.4 and 43.5, respectively. In the last 356 analysis, these values decreased to 44.9 and 38.2, respectively (

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The first analysis monocyte mean (3.79% and 3.60%) of the first group and control groups increased in the final 362 analysis values (6% and 8.32%). These are the two groups with the highest increase among the groups. The

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In another study, the stool score of the calf group given propolis was found to be 3, which is the most suitable 374 and optimum score (Tolon et al. 2002). In a study in which propolis was added to the ration of piglets, it was found that diarrhea was 52% lower in the propolis group than the control group fed the same ration (Guo &

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Ding, 2010). In this study, the least diarrhea score was seen in group 3 in all three groups given the formula. It 377 was observed that morning diarrhea ceased in the evening and evening diarrhea stopped in the morning in both 378 groups given propolis. Diarrhea was not observed for a long time in the same animal. As a result of the study, it 379 was that propolis was effective on diarrhea. It has been observed that propolis could be used to grow kids as a 380 preventive measure against diarrhea.

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In terms of economics, the cost of one animal in the control group was 7.30 TL per day, and 1.81 TL for the 382 experimental groups. In addition, since the mothers of the kids were milked, an additional income has been 383 provided to the business. It is known that milk yield of dairy goats peaked in the first 2 months. It is not 384 economical to use milk in kid feeding during this period. It was determined by this study that it is much more

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According to the results of body measurements, body temperatures, stool scoring and blood analysis of the kids 392 in the study, it was observed that Saanen kids grown with propolis supplement and PAST food showed the same 393 development as the kids fed with mother milk. It was concluded that it would be economical in all respects to use 394 whey and whey powder, which is seen as waste, especially for goat rearing during and after the suction period.

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Propolis and its level were effective on body temperature in kids. The Formule and different doses of Propolis 396 had a positive effect especially on the glucose value of the boys during the nursing period. It was concluded that 397 goats consuming propolis benefit better from energy sources. However, propolis had no effect on blood urea 398 level.

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The lower rates of RBC, HGB and HTC, MCH, which are the red blood cells responsible for the transport of 400 oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood of Saanen goats, could be explained by the fact that Aydın is 52 m above 401 sea level. The fact that there was no significant difference between the averages of red blood cells between the 402 control group and The formule groups was important in terms of showing that feeding the kids with whey foods 403 did not cause anemic problems. In our study, on the 30th day, it was observed that the highest increase in 404 GRA% rates was the control group, which was breast milk suckling kids, and the first group, which was given 405 only formula.

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The fact that the least diarrhea cases were seen in group 3 and then in group 2 in three groups who were raised 407 without mother, shows that propolis could be used as a diarrhea preventive in growing kids with the formula, but 408 further studies on the subject are recommended. The ethanolic extract of propolis is recommended to be used as