[1] S. S. Khan, H. Ning, J. T. Wilkins, N. Allen, M. Carnethon, J. D. Berry, et al., "Association of Body Mass Index With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity," JAMA cardiology, vol. 3, pp. 280-287, 2018.
[2] S. Kenchaiah, J. C. Evans, D. Levy, P. W. F. Wilson, E. J. Benjamin, M. G. Larson, et al., "Obesity and the Risk of Heart Failure," New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, pp. 305-313, 2002/08/01 2002.
[3] World Health Organization, "Obesity and overweight," 2018.
[4] E. Fuller, J. Mindell, and G. Prior. Health Survery for England 2015: Adult overweight and obesity [Online]. Available: http://www.content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB22610
[5] R. P. Bogers, W. J. E. Bemelmans, R. T. Hoogenveen, H. C. Boshuizen, M. Woodward, P. Knekt, et al., "Association of Overweight With Increased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Partly Independent of Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels: A Meta-analysis of 21 Cohort Studies Including More Than 300 000 Persons," JAMA Internal Medicine, vol. 167, pp. 1720-1728, 2007.
[6] S. U. Dombrowski, A. Avenell, and F. F. Sniehott, "Behavioural Interventions for Obese Adults with Additional Risk Factors for Morbidity: Systematic Review of Effects on Behaviour, Weight and Disease Risk Factors," Obesity Facts, vol. 3, pp. 377-396, 2010.
[7] E. S. Wong, B. C. Wang, R. Alfonso-Cristancho, D. R. Flum, S. D. Sullivan, L. P. Garrison, et al., "BMI trajectories among the severely obese: results from an electronic medical record population," Obesity, vol. 20, pp. 2107-12, Oct 2012.
[8] C. J. Lavie, D. Laddu, R. Arena, F. B. Ortega, M. A. Alpert, and R. F. Kushner, "Healthy Weight and Obesity Prevention: JACC Health Promotion Series," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 72, pp. 1506-1531, 2018/09/25/ 2018.
[9] E. Zomer, K. Gurusamy, R. Leach, C. Trimmer, T. Lobstein, S. Morris, et al., "Interventions that cause weight loss and the impact on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis," Obesity Reviews, vol. 17, pp. 1001-1011, Oct 2016.
[10] F. Magkos, G. Fraterrigo, J. Yoshino, C. Luecking, K. Kirbach, S. C. Kelly, et al., "Effects of moderate and subsequent progressive weight loss on metabolic function and adipose tissue biology in humans with obesity," Cell metabolism, vol. 23, pp. 591-601, 02/22 2016.
[11] S. Steven, K. G. Hollingsworth, A. Al-Mrabeh, L. Avery, B. Aribisala, M. Caslake, et al., "Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders," Diabetes Care, vol. 39, p. 808, 2016.
[12] K. Dhana, J. van Rosmalen, D. Vistisen, M. A. Ikram, A. Hofman, O. H. Franco, et al., "Trajectories of body mass index before the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease: a latent class trajectory analysis," European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 31, pp. 583-592, 03/08, 11/05/received, 02/22/accepted 2016.
[13] A. Tirosh, I. Shai, A. Afek, G. Dubnov-Raz, N. Ayalon, B. Gordon, et al., "Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease," New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 364, pp. 1315-25, Apr 07 2011.
[14] V. V. Kapetanakis, A. R. Rudnicka, A. K. Wathern, L. Lennon, O. Papacosta, D. G. Cook, et al., "Adiposity in early, middle and later adult life and cardiometabolic risk markers in later life; findings from the British regional heart study," PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource], vol. 9, p. e114289, 2014.
[15] H. Xian, T. Vasilopoulos, W. Liu, R. L. Hauger, K. C. Jacobson, M. J. Lyons, et al., "Steeper change in body mass across four decades predicts poorer cardiometabolic outcomes at midlife," Obesity, vol. 25, pp. 773-780, Apr 2017.
[16] T. S. Bowman, T. Kurth, H. D. Sesso, J. E. Manson, and J. M. Gaziano, "Eight-year change in body mass index and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease among healthy non-smoking men," Preventive medicine, vol. 45, pp. 436-441, 07/26 2007.
[17] E. Herrett, A. M. Gallagher, K. Bhaskaran, H. Forbes, R. Mathur, T. van Staa, et al., "Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)," Int J Epidemiol, vol. 44, pp. 827-36, Jun 2015.
[18] J. Hippisley-Cox, C. Coupland, and P. Brindle, "Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study," BMJ, vol. 357, 2017.
[19] "The English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 – Guidance," ed, 2015.
[20] A. B. Pedersen, E. M. Mikkelsen, D. Cronin-Fenton, N. R. Kristensen, T. M. Pham, L. Pedersen, et al., "Missing data and multiple imputation in clinical epidemiological research," Clinical epidemiology, vol. 9, pp. 157-166, 2017.
[21] I. Petersen, C. A. Welch, I. Nazareth, K. Walters, L. Marston, R. W. Morris, et al., "Health indicator recording in UK primary care electronic health records: key implications for handling missing data," Clin Epidemiol, vol. 11, pp. 157-167, 2019.
[22] J. A. C. Sterne, I. R. White, J. B. Carlin, M. Spratt, P. Royston, M. G. Kenward, et al., "Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls," BMJ, vol. 338, 2009.
[23] L. Marston, J. R. Carpenter, K. R. Walters, R. W. Morris, I. Nazareth, and I. Petersen, "Issues in multiple imputation of missing data for large general practice clinical databases," Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol. 19, pp. 618-26, Jun 2010.
[24] D. S. Nagin and C. L. Odgers, "Group-Based Trajectory Modeling in Clinical Research," Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, vol. 6, pp. 109-138, 2010/03/01 2010.
[25] B. L. Jones and D. S. Nagin, "A Note on a Stata Plugin for Estimating Group-based Trajectory Models," Sociological Methods & Research, vol. 42, pp. 608-613, 2013.
[26] S. Yang and G. Berdine, "Model selection and model over-fitting," The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles vol. 3, 2015.
[27] S. I. Vrieze, "Model selection and psychological theory: a discussion of the differences between the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC)," Psychological methods, vol. 17, pp. 228-243, 2012.
[28] D. M. Shearer, W. M. Thomson, J. M. Broadbent, R. McLean, R. Poulton, and J. Mann, "High-risk glycated hemoglobin trajectories established by mid-20s: findings from a birth cohort study," BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, vol. 4, p. e000243, 2016.
[29] K. J. Rothman, "BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity," Int J Obes (Lond), vol. 32 Suppl 3, pp. S56-9, Aug 2008.
[30] C. P. Wen, T. Y. David Cheng, S. P. Tsai, H. T. Chan, H. L. Hsu, C. C. Hsu, et al., "Are Asians at greater mortality risks for being overweight than Caucasians? Redefining obesity for Asians," Public Health Nutrition, vol. 12, pp. 497-506, 2009.
[31] H. B. Hubert, M. Feinleib, P. M. McNamara, and W. P. Castelli, "Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study," Circulation, vol. 67, pp. 968-977, 1983.
[32] M. Wang, Y. Yi, B. Roebothan, J. Colbourne, V. Maddalena, P. P. Wang, et al., "Body Mass Index Trajectories among Middle-Aged and Elderly Canadians and Associated Health Outcomes," Journal Of Environmental & Public Health, vol. 2016, p. 7014857, 2016.
[33] H. Xu, L. A. Cupples, A. Stokes, and C.-T. Liu, "Association of Obesity With Mortality Over 24 Years of Weight History: Findings From the Framingham Heart StudyAssociation of Obesity With Mortality Over 24 Years of Weight HistoryAssociation of Obesity With Mortality Over 24 Years of Weight History," JAMA Network Open, vol. 1, pp. e184587-e184587, 2018.
[34] K. M. Flegal, B. K. Kit, H. Orpana, and B. I. Graubard, "Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis," JAMA, vol. 309, pp. 71-82, 2013.
[35] K. Bhaskaran, I. Dos-Santos-Silva, D. A. Leon, I. J. Douglas, and L. Smeeth, "Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3.6 million adults in the UK," Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, vol. 6, pp. 944-953, Dec 2018.
[36] M. Abdelaal, C. W. le Roux, and N. G. Docherty, "Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity," Annals of translational medicine, vol. 5, pp. 161-161, 2017.
[37] J. P. Curtis, J. G. Selter, Y. Wang, S. S. Rathore, I. S. Jovin, F. Jadbabaie, et al., "The Obesity Paradox: Body Mass Index and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure," JAMA Internal Medicine, vol. 165, pp. 55-61, 2005.
[38] J. Niedziela, B. Hudzik, N. Niedziela, M. Gąsior, M. Gierlotka, J. Wasilewski, et al., "The obesity paradox in acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis," European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 29, pp. 801-812, 10/30, 05/07/received, 10/15/accepted 2014.