Table 1. Socio-demographic factors at recruitment in early second trimester (N = 1694).
Characteristics
|
Total
|
History of violence 1
|
P
|
Total n (%)
|
n (%)
1687 (100)
|
No
n (%)
1031(100)
|
Yes
n (%)
656 (100)
|
Age, years
18-25
26-34
≥ 35
Missing =29
|
293 (17.6)
1067 (64.1)
305 (18.3)
|
178 (17.4)
666 (65.2)
178 (17.4)
|
115 (17.9)
401 (62.4)
127 (19.8)
|
0.426
|
Cohabiting status
Single/Living apart
Common law spouse/married
Missing = 56
|
84 (5.1)
1554 (94.9)
|
30 (3.0)
969 (97.0)
|
54 (8.5)
585 (91.5)
|
0.001
|
Language
Swedish
Foreign language
Missing = 11
|
1271 (75.5)
412 (24.5)
|
766 (74.5)
262 (25.5)
|
505 (77.1)
150 (22.9)
|
0.229
|
Educational status
Low educational status
High educational status
Missing = 7
|
555 (32.9)
1132 (67.1)
|
324 (31.4)
707 (68.6)
|
231 (35.2)
425 (64.8)
|
0.107
|
Employment status
Employed
Unemployed
Missing = 8
|
1595 (94.6)
91 (5.4)
|
994 (96.5)
36 (3.5)
|
601 (91.6)
55 (8.4)
|
0.001
|
Financial distress
No
Yes
Missing = 9
|
886 (52.6)
799 (47.4)
|
584 (56.7)
446 (43.3)
|
302 (41.6)
353 (53.9)
|
0.001
|
Pre-specified level of statistical significance < 0.05, two-tailed.
1Reported experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse during pregnancy irrespective severity.
Table 2. Descriptive overview of maternal characteristics, in early second trimester of the
pregnancy (N = 1694).
Characteristics
|
Total
|
History of violence1
|
P
|
Total n (%)
|
n (%)
1687 (100)
|
No
n (%)
1031 (100)
|
Yes
n (%)
656 (100)
|
Parity
Primiparae
Multiparae
Missing = 129
|
708 (45.2)
857 (54.8)
|
419 (44.2)
530 (55.8)
|
289 (46.9)
327 (53.1)
|
0.283
|
BMI
Underweight/ Normal weight
Overweight/ Obese
Missing = 69
|
1199 (73.8)
426 (26.2)
|
742 (74.5)
254 (25.5)
|
457 (72.7)
172 (27.3)
|
0.411
|
Smoking/Wet-tobacco
No
Yes
Missing = 54
|
1338 (81.6)
302 (18.4)
|
860 (85.9)
141 (14.1)
|
478 (74.8)
161 (25.2)
|
0.001
|
Use of Alcohol
No
Yes2
Missing = 63
|
773 (47.4)
858 (52.6)
|
467 (46.8)
531 (53.2)
|
306 (48.3)
327 (51.7)
|
0.542
|
Fear of birth
No
Yes
Missing = 8
|
1625 (96.4)
61 (3.6)
|
998 (96.9)
32 (3.1)
|
627 (95.6)
29 (4.4)
|
0.159
|
SOC
High score
Low score
Missing = 95
|
1194 (74.7)
405 (25.3)
|
782 (81.4)
179 (18.6)
|
412 (64.6)
226 (35.4)
|
0.001
|
EDS
Score < 13
Score ≥ 13
Missing =53
|
1492 (90.9)
149 (9.1)
|
934 (93.9)
61 (6.1)
|
558 (86.4)
88 (13.6)
|
0.001
|
Pre-specified level of statistical significance < 0.05, two-tailed.
1 Reported experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse during pregnancy irrespective severity.
2 At least once in a month
Table 3. Maternal labour and birth outcome (N= 1694).
Characteristics
|
Total
|
History of violence1
|
P
|
Total n (%)
|
n (%)
1687 (100)
|
No
n (%)
1031(100)
|
Yes
n (%)
656 (100)
|
Labour initiation
Spontaneous
Induction
Missing = 67
|
1384 (85.1)
243 (14.9)
|
856 (86.1)
138 (13.9)
|
528 (83.4)
105 (16.6)
|
0.136
|
Augmentation
No
Yes
Missing = 150
|
1058 (68.5)
486 (31.5)
|
649 (68.5)
299 (31.5)
|
409 (68.6)
187 (31.4)
|
0.946
|
Epidural anesthesia
No
Yes
Missing = 80
|
1267 (78.5)
347 (21.5)
|
788 (80.0)
197 (20.0)
|
479 (76.2)
150 (23.8)
|
0.067
|
Labour outcome
Vaginal birth2
Caesarean section
Missing = 7
|
1430 (84.8)
257 (15.2)
|
889 (86.2)
142 (13.8)
|
541 (82.5)
115 (17.5)
|
0.036
|
Post partum hemorrhage
< 1000 ml
≥ 1000 ml
Missing = 7
|
1602 (95.0)
85 (5.0)
|
984 (95.4)
47 (4.6)
|
618 (94.2)
38 (5.8)
|
0.259
|
Pre-specified level of statistical significance < 0.05, two-tailed.
1Has reported experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse during pregnancy irrespective severity.
2Inclusive vacuum extraction (n = 121) and forceps (n = 10).
Table 4. Caesarean section in relation to history of violence (N = 1694)
Characteristics
|
Total
|
Caesarean sectio
|
P
|
Total n (%)
|
N (%)
1694 (100)
|
No
n (%)
1435 (100)
|
Yes
n (%)
259 (100)
|
History of violence1
No
Yes
Missing = 5
|
1031 (61.1)
656 (38.9)
|
889 (62.2)
541 (37.8)
|
142 (55.3)
115 (44.7)
|
0.036
|
DV during pregnancy2
No
Yes
Missing = 0
|
1660 (98.0)
34 (2.0)
|
1406 (98.1)
29 (2.0)
|
254 (98.1)
5 (1.9)
|
0.924
|
History of emotional abuse3
No
Yes
Missing = 15
|
1366 (81.4)
313 (18.6)
|
1173 (82.4)
251 (17.6)
|
193 (75.7)
62 (24.3)
|
0.012
|
History of physical abuse3
No
Yes
Missing = 19
|
1193 (71.2)
482 (28.8)
|
1024 (72.1)
396 (27.9)
|
169 (66.3)
86 (33.7)
|
0.058
|
History of sexual abuse3
No
Yes
Missing = 15
|
1424 (84.8)
255 (15.2)
|
1217 (85.5)
207 (14.5)
|
207 (81.2)
48 (18.8)
|
0.079
|
Pre-specified level of statistical significance < 0.05, two-tailed.
1 Reported experience of of emotional, physical or sexual abuse in early and/or late pregnancy irrespective severity.
2 Reported experience of of emotional, physical or sexual abuse during pregnancy irrespective severity.
3 Reported experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse during early second trimester irrespective severity.
Table 5. Infant characteristics and birth outcome (N= 1694).
Characteristics
|
Total
|
History of violence1
|
P
|
Total n (%)
|
n (%)
1687 (100)
|
No
n (%)
1031 (100)
|
Yes
n (%)
656 (100)
|
Gestational week
Premature < 37 weeks
Full term ≥ 37 weeks
Missing = 7
|
88 (5.2)
1599 (94.8)
|
45 (4.4)
986 (95.6)
|
43 (6.6)
613 (93.4)
|
0.049
|
Infant biological sex
Female
Male
Missing = 13
|
829 (49.3)
851 (50.7)
|
494 (48.1)
533 (51.9)
|
335 (51.2)
319 (48.8)
|
0.212
|
Apgar at 5 min
< 7
≥ 7
Missing = 7
|
18 (1.1)
1669 (98.9)
|
10 (1.0)
1021 (99.0)
|
8 (1.2)
648 (98.8)
|
0.634
|
Infant weight
< 2500 g
2500-4000
> 4000 g
Missing = 22
|
50 (3.0)
1293 (77.3)
329 (19.7)
|
28 (2.7)
790 (77.4)
203 (19.9)
|
22 (3.4)
503 (77.3)
126 (19.4)
|
0.742
|
Transferred to NICU
Yes
No
Missing = 181
|
89 (5.9)
1424 (94.1)
|
49 (5.3)
879 (94.7)
|
40 (6.8)
545 (93.2)
|
0.210
|
Pre-specified level of statistical significance < 0.05, two-tailed.
1) Reported experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse during pregnancy irrespective severity.