1. Wise, J., Global effort to reduce new HIV infections is stalling, UN warns. BMJ, 2019. 366: p. l4744.
2. Duncombe, C., S. Ravishankar, and J.M. Zuniga, Fast-Track Cities: striving to end urban HIV epidemics by 2030. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2019. 14(6): p. 503-508.
3. Skeen, S., et al., What will it really take to end the HIV epidemic? AIDS Care, 2018. 30(sup2): p. 1-4.
4. Bain, L.E., C. Nkoke, and J.J.N. Noubiap, UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets to end the AIDS epidemic by 2020 are not realistic: comment on "Can the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target be achieved? A systematic analysis of national HIV treatment cascades". BMJ Glob Health, 2017. 2(2): p. e000227.
5. Nyagah, L.M., et al., HIV-Related Deaths in Nairobi, Kenya: Results From a HIV Mortuary Surveillance Study, 2015. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2019. 81(1): p. 18-23.
6. Kandasami, S., et al., Can Changes in Service Delivery Models Improve Program Quality and Efficiency? A Closer Look at HIV Programs in Kenya and Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2019. 81(5): p. 533-539.
7. Zhang, N., et al., [Impact of achievement of "90-90-90" goals on reduction in new HIV infections in Shandong province based on risk estimation equation]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 2020. 41(9): p. 1499-1503.
8. Whittaker, R., et al., Monitoring progress towards the first UNAIDS 90-90-90 target in key populations living with HIV in Norway. BMC Infect Dis, 2020. 20(1): p. 451.
9. Chamie, G., et al., Reaching 90-90-90 in rural communities in East Africa: lessons from the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health Trial. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2019. 14(6): p. 449-454.
10. Porter, K., et al., Substantial Heterogeneity in Progress Toward Reaching the 90-90-90 HIV Target in the WHO European Region. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2018. 79(1): p. 28-37.
11. Granich, R., et al., Status and methodology of publicly available national HIV care continua and 90-90-90 targets: A systematic review. PLoS Med, 2017. 14(4): p. e1002253.
12. Marzel, A., et al., HIV-1 Transmission During Recent Infection and During Treatment Interruptions as Major Drivers of New Infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis, 2016. 62(1): p. 115-122.
13. Soriano, V., The Source of New HIV Infections are People not being Treated or Unaware of their Status. AIDS Rev, 2019. 21(2): p. 108-109.
14. Baggaley, R.F. and T.D. Hollingsworth, How universal does universal test and treat have to be? Lancet HIV, 2020. 7(5): p. e306-e308.
15. Fiorentino, M., et al., Early ART Initiation Improves HIV Status Disclosure and Social Support in People Living with HIV, Linked to Care Within a Universal Test and Treat Program in Rural South Africa (ANRS 12249 TasP Trial). AIDS Behav, 2020.
16. Havlir, D., et al., What do the Universal Test and Treat trials tell us about the path to HIV epidemic control? J Int AIDS Soc, 2020. 23(2): p. e25455.
17. Kiwuwa-Muyingo, S., et al., Lessons for test and treat in an antiretroviral programme after decentralisation in Uganda: a retrospective analysis of outcomes in public healthcare facilities within the Lablite project. Int Health, 2020. 12(5): p. 429-443.
18. Mastro, T.D., M. Bateganya, and H. Mahler, The need to optimize HIV test and treat in Africa. J Infect Dis, 2021.
19. Mayanja, Y., et al., 'Test and Treat' Among Women at High Risk for HIV-infection in Kampala, Uganda: Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Associated Factors. AIDS Behav, 2018. 22(3): p. 1053-1061.
20. Shanaube, K., et al., HIV Care Cascade Among Adolescents in a "Test and Treat" Community-Based Intervention: HPTN 071 (PopART) for Youth Study. J Adolesc Health, 2021. 68(4): p. 719-727.
21. Zhao, Y., J.M. McGoogan, and Z. Wu, The Benefits of Immediate ART. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care, 2019. 18: p. 2325958219831714.
22. Ford, N., et al., Benefits and risks of rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2018. 32(1): p. 17-23.
23. Kubheka, S.E., M. Archary, and K.K. Naidu, HIV viral load testing coverage and timeliness after implementation of the wellness anniversary in a paediatric and adolescent HIV clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med, 2020. 21(1): p. 1016.
24. Sunpath, H., et al., Targeting the third '90': introducing the viral load champion. Public Health Action, 2018. 8(4): p. 225-231.
25. AL, D.M. and M.H. Rigatto, Epidemiology of transmitted drug resistance mutations in an HIV-1 subtype C high-prevalence setting and impact on 1-year virological failure. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2020. 20: p. 33-35.
26. Omooja, J., et al., Rates of HIV-1 virological suppression and patterns of acquired drug resistance among fisherfolk on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019. 74(10): p. 3021-3029.
27. Kityo, C., et al., HIV Drug Resistance Mutations in Non-B Subtypes After Prolonged Virological Failure on NNRTI-Based First-Line Regimens in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2017. 75(2): p. e45-e54.
28. Boender, T.S., et al., Accumulation of HIV-1 drug resistance after continued virological failure on first-line ART in adults and children in sub-Saharan Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2016. 71(10): p. 2918-27.
29. Torres, T.S., et al., Poor quality of life and incomplete self-reported adherence predict second-line ART virological failure in resource-limited settings. AIDS Care, 2021: p. 1-10.
30. Ware, N.C., et al., Influences on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Early-Stage HIV Disease: Qualitative Study from Uganda and South Africa. AIDS Behav, 2020. 24(9): p. 2624-2636.
31. Shanmukhappa, S.C., et al., What influences adherence among HIV patients presenting with first-line antiretroviral therapy failure (ART failure)? A retrospective, cross-sectional study from a private clinic in Nagpur, India. J Family Med Prim Care, 2020. 9(12): p. 6217-6223.
32. Atanga, P.N., et al., Using a composite adherence tool to assess ART response and risk factors of poor adherence in pregnant and breastfeeding HIV-positive Cameroonian women at 6 and 12 months after initiating option B. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2018. 18(1): p. 418.
33. Piana, C., M. Danhof, and O. Della Pasqua, Impact of disease, drug and patient adherence on the effectiveness of antiviral therapy in pediatric HIV. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2017. 13(5): p. 497-511.
34. Soboka, M. and G.T. Feyissa, The effectiveness of counseling, material support and/or nutritional supplementation on improving adherence to anti-retroviral therapy and clinical outcomes among HIV patients: a systematic review of quantitative evidence protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep, 2015. 13(7): p. 142-52.
35. Hardon, A.P., et al., Hunger, waiting time and transport costs: time to confront challenges to ART adherence in Africa. AIDS Care, 2007. 19(5): p. 658-65.
36. Tekin, D., et al., Investigation of drug resistance against protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase inhibitors by next-generation sequencing in HIV-positive patients. J Med Virol, 2020.
37. Segujja, F., et al., High Levels of Acquired HIV Drug Resistance Following Virological Nonsuppression in HIV-Infected Women from a High-Risk Cohort in Uganda. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2020. 36(9): p. 782-791.
38. Obasa, A.E., et al., Drug Resistance Mutations Against Protease, Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in People Living With HIV-1 Receiving Boosted Protease Inhibitors in South Africa. Front Microbiol, 2020. 11: p. 438.
39. Etta, E.M., et al., High level of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in patients with unsuppressed viral loads in rural northern South Africa. AIDS Res Ther, 2017. 14(1): p. 36.
40. Singh, K., et al., Drug resistance in non-B subtype HIV-1: impact of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viruses, 2014. 6(9): p. 3535-62.
41. El-Khatib, Z., et al., Drug resistance patterns and virus re-suppression among HIV-1 subtype C infected patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in South Africa. J AIDS Clin Res, 2011. 2(117).
42. Kantor, R. and D. Katzenstein, Drug resistance in non-subtype B HIV-1. J Clin Virol, 2004. 29(3): p. 152-9.
43. Gunthard, H.F. and A.U. Scherrer, HIV-1 Subtype C, Tenofovir, and the Relationship With Treatment Failure and Drug Resistance. J Infect Dis, 2016. 214(9): p. 1289-1291.
44. Kyeyune, F., et al., Treatment failure and drug resistance is more frequent in HIV-1 subtype D versus subtype A-infected Ugandans over a 10-year study period. AIDS, 2013. 27(12): p. 1899-909.
45. Barth, R.E., et al., Accumulation of drug resistance and loss of therapeutic options precede commonly used criteria for treatment failure in HIV-1 subtype-C-infected patients. Antivir Ther, 2012. 17(2): p. 377-86.
46. Soriano, V., Transmission of Multi-Drug Resistant HIV-1 Despite Antiretroviral Prophylaxis. AIDS Rev, 2017. 19(1): p. 54-55.
47. Engchanil, C., et al., Multi-drug resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase genotype in children treated with dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). J Med Assoc Thai, 2006. 89(10): p. 1713-20.
48. Takou, D., et al., HIV-1 drug resistance testing is essential for heavily-treated patients switching from first- to second-line regimens in resource-limited settings: evidence from routine clinical practice in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis, 2019. 19(1): p. 246.
49. Omrani, A.S. and D. Pillay, Multi-drug resistant HIV-1. J Infect, 2000. 41(1): p. 5-11.
50. Miller, M.D., K65R, TAMs and tenofovir. AIDS Rev, 2004. 6(1): p. 22-33.
51. Parikh, U.M., et al., The K65R mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase exhibits bidirectional phenotypic antagonism with thymidine analog mutations. J Virol, 2006. 80(10): p. 4971-7.
52. Parikh, U.M., et al., Molecular mechanisms of bidirectional antagonism between K65R and thymidine analog mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. AIDS, 2007. 21(11): p. 1405-14.
53. Ross, L.L., et al., Differential impact of thymidine analogue mutations on emtricitabine and lamivudine susceptibility. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2006. 43(5): p. 567-70.
54. Boyer, P.L., et al., Analysis of the Zidovudine Resistance Mutations T215Y, M41L, and L210W in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015. 59(12): p. 7184-96.
55. Menendez-Arias, L., Mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Virus Res, 2008. 134(1-2): p. 124-46.
56. Gibson, R.M., et al., Sensitive detection of HIV-1 resistance to Zidovudine and impact on treatment outcomes in low- to middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty, 2017. 6(1): p. 163.
57. De Luca, A., et al., Accumulation of HIV-1 drug resistance in patients on a standard thymidine analogue-based first line antiretroviral therapy after virological failure: implications for the activity of next-line regimens from a longitudinal study in Mozambique. BMC Infect Dis, 2017. 17(1): p. 605.
58. Andreoletti, L., et al., Multidrug-resistant HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA variants harboring new dipeptide insertions in the reverse transcriptase pol gene. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2002. 29(1): p. 102-4.
59. Bulgheroni, E., et al., Unusual codon 69 insertions: influence on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase drug susceptibility. J Clin Virol, 2004. 29(1): p. 27-32.
60. Kaliki, V., et al., Emergence of HIV-1 variants containing codon insertions and deletions in the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop domain of reverse transcriptase. Immunol Lett, 2000. 74(2): p. 173-5.
61. Menendez-Arias, L., T. Matamoros, and C.E. Cases-Gonzalez, Insertions and deletions in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: consequences for drug resistance and viral fitness. Curr Pharm Des, 2006. 12(15): p. 1811-25.
62. Quinones-Mateu, M.E., et al., Insertions in the reverse transcriptase increase both drug resistance and viral fitness in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate harboring the multi-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance 69 insertion complex mutation. J Virol, 2002. 76(20): p. 10546-52.
63. Tamalet, C., et al., Multidrug resistance genotypes (insertions in the beta3-beta4 finger subdomain and MDR mutations) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from extensively treated patients: incidence and association with other resistance mutations. Virology, 2000. 270(2): p. 310-6.
64. Marcelin, A.G., et al., Thymidine analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance mutations profiles and association to other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance mutations observed in the context of virological failure. J Med Virol, 2004. 72(1): p. 162-5.
65. Mbisa, J.L., et al., The evolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in route to acquisition of Q151M multi-drug resistance is complex and involves mutations in multiple domains. Retrovirology, 2011. 8: p. 31.
66. Emergence of M184V mutation. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2004. 18(8): p. 488.
67. Gallant, J.E., The M184V mutation: what it does, how to prevent it, and what to do with it when it's there. AIDS Read, 2006. 16(10): p. 556-9.
68. Olearo, F., et al., Impact of the M184V/I Mutation on the Efficacy of Abacavir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir Therapy in HIV Treatment-Experienced Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis, 2019. 6(10): p. ofz330.
69. Turner, D., B. Brenner, and M.A. Wainberg, Multiple effects of the M184V resistance mutation in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2003. 10(6): p. 979-81.
70. Gibson, R.M., C.L. Schmotzer, and M.E. Quinones-Mateu, Next-Generation Sequencing to Help Monitor Patients Infected with HIV: Ready for Clinical Use? Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2014. 16(4): p. 401.
71. Neogi, U., et al., Selection of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated mutations in HIV-1 subtype C: evidence of etravirine cross-resistance. AIDS, 2011. 25(8): p. 1123-6.
72. Brenner, B., et al., A V106M mutation in HIV-1 clade C viruses exposed to efavirenz confers cross-resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS, 2003. 17(1): p. F1-5.
73. Wainberg, M.A., HIV-1 subtype distribution and the problem of drug resistance. AIDS, 2004. 18 Suppl 3: p. S63-8.
74. Koning, F.A., et al., Subtype-specific differences in the development of accessory mutations associated with high-level resistance to HIV-1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2013. 68(6): p. 1220-36.