1.Aryal KK, Mehata S, Neupane S, Vaidya A, Dhimal M, Dhakal P, Rana S, Bhusal CL, Lohani GR, Paulin FH et al: The Burden and Determinants of Non Communicable Diseases Risk Factors in Nepal: Findings from a Nationwide STEPS Survey. PloS one 2015, 10(8):e0134834.
2.Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. The Lancet 2004, 364(9438):937–952.
3.World Health Organization: Global Status Report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. In.: World Health Organization; 2014.
4.Khanal V, Adhikari M, Karki S: Social determinants of tobacco consumption among Nepalese men: findings from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Harm Reduct J 2013, 10:40.
5.Bell R, Lutz B: Disscussion Paper: addressing the social determinants of non-communicable diseases. In. New York, USA: UNDP; 2013.
6.Muriwai E, Huckle T, Romeo J: Māori attitudes and behaviours towards alcohol: Wellington: Health Promotion Agency; 2018.
7.Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs: National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ Drug Strategy 2014 - 2019: A sub-strategy of the National Drug Strategy 2010 - 2015. In. Australia; 2014.
8.Australian Government: Closing the gap report 2019. In. Edited by Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Australia: Australian Government; 2019.
9.Eades SJ, Chamberlain C: Seeking a comprehensive approach to tobacco control for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The Medical journal of Australia 2015, 202(10):511–512.
10.Finegood DT, Cawley J: The complex systems science of obesity. In: The Oxford handbook of the social science of obesity. edn. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011: 208–236.
11.Homer JB, Hirsch GB: System dynamics modeling for public health: Background and opportunities. American journal of public health 2006, 96:452 - 458.
12.Green LW: Public Health Asks of Systems Science: To Advance Our Evidence-Based Practice, Can You Help Us Get More Practice-Based Evidence? American journal of public health 2006, 96(3):406–409.
13.Adam T, de Savigny D: Systems thinking for strengthening health systems in LMICs: need for a paradigm shift. Health Policy and Planning 2012, 27(suppl 4):iv1-iv3.
14.Sterman JD: Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill; 2000.
15.Atkinson J, Wells R, Page A, Dominello A, Haines M, Wilson A: Applications of system dynamics modelling to support health policy. Public Health Research Practice 2015, 25:e2531531.
16.Vandenbroeck P, Goossens J, Clemens M: Foresight, Tackling Obesities: Future Choices–Building the Obesity System Map. London: Government Office for Science 2007.
17.Best A, Clark PI, Leischow SJ, Trochim WM: Greater than the sum: Systems thinking in tobacco control. 2007.
18.Rwashana AS, Williams DW, Neema S: System dynamics approach to immunization healthcare issues in developing countries: a case study of Uganda. Health informatics journal 2009, 15(2):95–107.
19.Rwashana Semwanga A, Nakubulwa S, Nakakeeto-Kijjambu M, Adam T: Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: understanding the dynamics of neonatal mortality in Uganda. Health research policy and systems / BioMed Central 2014, 12.
20.Moodie R, Stuckler D, Monteiro C, Sheron N, Neal B, Thamarangsi T, Lincoln P, Casswell S: Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. The Lancet 2013, 381(9867):670–679.
21.Midgley G: Systemic Intervention for Public Health. American journal of public health 2006, 96(3):466–472.
22.Yin RK: Case study research: Design and methods: Sage publications; 2013.
23.Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K: Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 2015, 42(5):533–544.
24.Home [http://www.dedoose.com/]
25.Smith J, Firth J: Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach. Nurse researcher 2011, 18(2):52–62.
26.Vensim Home [http://vensim.com/]
27.Khanal V, Adhikari M, Karki S: Social determinants of tobacco consumption among Nepalese men: findings from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Harm Reduction Journal 2013, 10:40.
28.Ministry of Health (Nepal), New ERA, ICF: Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. In. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal; 2017.
29.Hatsukami DK, Stead LF, Gupta PC: Tobacco addiction. The Lancet 2008, 371(9629):2027–2038.
30.Benowitz N: Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008, 83(4):531–541.
31.Shakya DR: Alcohol abuse in eastern Nepal: a review of studies. Health Renaissance 2013, 11(1):74–82.
32.Arora M, Tewari A, Tripathy V, Nazar GP, Juneja NS, Ramakrishnan L, Reddy KS: Community-based model for preventing tobacco use among disadvantaged adolescents in urban slums of India. Health promotion international 2010, 25(2):143–152.
33.Mackinnon N, Bhatia U, Nadkarni A: The onset and progression of alcohol use disorders: A qualitative study from Goa, India. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2017:1–14.
34.Ziervogel CF, Ahmed N, Flisher AJ, Robertson BA: Alcohol misuse in South african male adolescents: a qualitative investigation. International quarterly of community health education 1997, 17(1):25–41.
35.Binu V, Subba S, Menezes R, Kumar G, Ninan J, Rana M, Chhetri SK, Sabu K, Nagraj K: Smoking among Nepali youth–prevalence and predictors. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP 2010, 11(1):221–226.
36.Prabhu P, Srinivas R, Vishwanathan K, Raavi A: Factors influencing alcohol and tobacco addiction among patients attending a de-addiction Centre, South India. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2014, 4(2):103–107.
37.Bhaskar RK, Sah MN, Gaurav K, Bhaskar SC, Singh R, Yadav MK, Ojha S: Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use among adolescents in the schools of Kalaiya, Nepal: a cross-sectional questionnaire based study. Tobacco Induced Diseases 2016, 14(1):11.
38.Scales MB, Monahan JL, Rhodes N, Roskos-Ewoldsen D, Johnson-Turbes A: Adolescents’ perceptions of smoking and stress reduction. Health Education & Behavior 2009, 36(4):746–758.
39.Jones L, Sumnall H: Understanding the relationship between poverty and alcohol misuse. Liverpool: Liverpool John Moores University 2016:9–17.
40.Keyes KM, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hasin DS: Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: the epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011, 218(1):1–17.
41.Stubbs B, Veronese N, Vancampfort D, Prina AM, Lin P-Y, Tseng P-T, Evangelou E, Solmi M, Kohler C, Carvalho AF et al: Perceived stress and smoking across 41 countries: A global perspective across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Scientific reports 2017, 7(1):7597.
42.Parrott AC: Does cigarette smoking cause stress? American Psychologist 1999, 54(10):817.
43.Kassel JD, Stroud LR, Paronis CA: Smoking, stress, and negative affect: correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological bulletin 2003, 129(2):270.
44.Parajuli VJ, Macdonald S, Jimba M: Social–Contextual Factors Associated with Alcohol Use among Adolescents of Traditional Alcohol User and Nonuser Ethnic Groups of Nepal. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2015, 14(2):151–165.
45.Dhital R, Subedi G, Gurung Y, Hamal P: Alcohol and Drug Use in Nepal (with reference to children). In. Kathmandu: Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN); 2001.
46.Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ: Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: The framingham study. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1988, 259(7):1025–1029.
47.Ling PM, Glantz SA: Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents. American journal of public health 2002, 92(6):908–916.
48.Lee S, Ling PM, Glantz SA: The vector of the tobacco epidemic: tobacco industry practices in low and middle-income countries. Cancer Causes & Control 2012, 23(1):117–129.
49.Warner KE: The economics of tobacco: myths and realities. Tobacco control 2000, 9(1):78–89.
50.Resources [https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/resources/]
51.Your heart [https://heartfoundation.org.au/support/health-information-service]
52.Thankappan KR: Tobacco cessation in India: A priority health intervention. The Indian journal of medical research 2014, 139(4):484–486.
53.Abdullah ASM, Husten CG: Promotion of smoking cessation in developing countries: a framework for urgent public health interventions. Thorax 2004, 59(7):623.
54.Nguyen N, Nguyen T, Chapman J, Nguyen L, Kumar P, VanDevanter N, Shelley D: Tobacco cessation in Vietnam: Exploring the role of village health workers. Global public health 2017:1–11.
55.Lando HA: Promoting Tobacco Cessation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2016, 11(2):66–69.
56.Kaur J, Jain D: Tobacco Control Policies in India: Implementation and Challenges. Indian journal of public health 2011, 55(3):220–227.
57.World Health Organization: Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2015. 2015.
58.World Health Organization: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: 10 years of implementation in the African Region: World Health Organization; 2015.
59.Studlar DT: The Political Dynamics of Tobacco Control in Australia and New Zealand: Explaining Policy Problems, Instruments, and Patterns of Adoption. Australian Journal of Political Science 2005, 40(2):255–274.
60.Acharya A, Angus K, Asma S, Bettcher DW, Blackman K, Blecher E, Borland R, Ciecierski C, Cui M, David AM: The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control. 2016.
61.Ahmad B, Fouad FM, Elias M, Zaman S, Phillimore P, Maziak W: Health system challenges for the management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: an empirical qualitative study from Syria. International journal of public health 2015, 60(1):55–62.
62.Willis-Shattuck M, Bidwell P, Thomas S, Wyness L, Blaauw D, Ditlopo P: Motivation and retention of health workers in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC health services research 2008, 8(1):247.
63.Marten R, McIntyre D, Travassos C, Shishkin S, Longde W, Reddy S, Vega J: An assessment of progress towards universal health coverage in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The Lancet 2014, 384(9960):2164–2171.
64.Ministry of Health: The New Zealand Health Strategy. New Zealand: Ministry of Health; 2000.
65.Kickbusch I, McCann W, Sherbon T: Adelaide revisited: from healthy public policy to Health in All Policies. In.: Oxford University Press; 2008.
66.Singh A, Ladusingh L: Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco Use in India: Evidence from Recent Global Adult Tobacco Survey Data. PloS one 2014, 9(12):e114073.
67.Sreeramareddy CT, Pradhan PMS, Mir IA, Sin S: Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys. Population health metrics 2014, 12(1):22.
68.John RM, Ross H, Blecher E: Tobacco expenditure and its implications for household resource allocation in Cambodia. Tobacco control 2012, 21(3):341.
69.Chowdhury AN, Ramakrishna J, Chakraborty AK, Weiss MG: Cultural context and impact of alcohol use in the Sundarban Delta, West Bengal, India. Social science & medicine 2006, 63(3):722–731.
70.Gaunekar G, Patel V, Rane A: The impact and patterns of hazardous drinking amongst male industrial workers in Goa, India. Social Psychiatry and PsychiatricEpidemiology 2005, 40(4):267–275.
71.Mohindra KS, Narayana D, Anushreedha SS, Haddad S: Alcohol use and its consequences in South India: Views from a marginalised tribal population. Drug and alcohol dependence 2011, 117(1):70–73.
72.Aklimunnessa K, Khan MMH, Kabir M, Mori M: Prevalence and correlates of domestic violence by husbands against wives in Bangladesh: evidence from a national survey. The Journal of Men’s Health & Gender 2007, 4(1):52–63.
73.Mao A, Bristow K, Robinson J: Caught in a dilemma: why do non-smoking women in China support the smoking behaviors of men in their families? Health education research 2013, 28(1):153–164.
74.Ackerson LK, Kawachi I, Barbeau EM, Subramanian SV: Exposure to domestic violence associated with adult smoking in India: a population based study. Tobacco control 2007, 16(6):378–383.
75.Mackay J, Amos A: Women and tobacco. Respirology 2003, 8(2):123–130.
76.Kawachi I, Berkman L: Social cohesion, social capital, and health. Social epidemiology 2000:174–190.
77.Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Kim D: Social capital and health: Springer; 2008.
78.Saxena S, Sharma RAJ, Maulik PK: Impact of alcohol use on poor families: a study from North India. Journal of Substance Use 2003, 8(2):78–84.
79.Efroymson D, Ahmed S, Townsend J, Alam SM, Dey AR, Saha R, Dhar B, Sujon AI, Ahmed KU, Rahman O: Hungry for tobacco: an analysis of the economic impact of tobacco consumption on the poor in Bangladesh. Tobacco control 2001, 10(3):212.
80.Maharjan P, Magar K: Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption and Factors Associated with the Alcohol Use among the Youth of Suryabinayak Municipality, Bhaktapur. J Pharma Care Health Sys 2017, 4(168).
81.Odgers CL, Caspi A, Nagin DS, Piquero AR, Slutske WS, Milne BJ, Dickson N, Poulton R, Moffitt TE: Is it important to prevent early exposure to drugs and alcohol among adolescents? Psychological science 2008, 19(10):1037–1044.
82.World Health Organization: Tobacco and poverty: a vicious circle. 2004.
83.Gellner DN: Caste, ethnicity and inequality in Nepal. Economic and Political Weekly 2007:1823–1828.
84.Kim DH: Systems archetypes I: diagnosing systemic issues and designing high-leverage interventions: Pegasus Communications; 1993.
85.Lounsbury DW, Mitchell SG: Introduction to special issue on social ecological approaches to community health research and action. American journal of community psychology 2009, 44(3–4):213–220.