Is It Possible to Define Reference Values for Radiographic Parameters Evaluating Juvenile Flatfoot Deformity? A Case-Control Study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-67749/v1

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Is It Possible to Define Reference Values for Radiographic Parameters Evaluating Juvenile Flatfoot Deformity? A Case-Control Study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-67749/v1

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published 11 Dec, 2020

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Background

Numerous radiographic parameters are described to evaluate juvenile flexible flatfeet. Reference values for these measurements are based on few studies. The purpose of this study was to determine boundary values among the most widely used radiographic measurements to evaluate juvenile flatfeet.

Methods

Twenty-two patients with normal hind-, midfoot configuration (group A: control group; 22 feet, mean age: 12,1 years) and 19 patients with flatfoot deformity (group B: study group; 22 feet, mean age: 12,4 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Nine radiographic parameters were measured (Talocalcaneal-angles, Calcaneal-pitch-angle, Costa-Bartani-angle, Talo-metatarsal-I-angles, Talo-first-metatarsal-base-angle, Talo-navicular-coverage, Calcaneus-fifth-metatarsal-angle). ROC curve analysis was used to calculate optimal differentiating thresholds of each parameter.

Results

Four out of nine parameters (TC-dp, TC-lat, Calc-MTV, Calc-P) were not statistically different between the groups and their ability to distinct between normal foot and flatfoot was low (AUC values= 0,660 - 0,819). Calculation of reference values for these parameters was not performed due to threshold ranges between the groups of >10°. Reference values could be defined only for three parameters: TMTInd >(-)31°, TMTIB >(-)7,5°, TMT-lat >(-)13,5°. The TMTInd was shown to be a very reliable and valid combination of two measurements (TMTIB and TMT-lat) in the differentiation of normal feet and flatfeet (AUC=0,998).

Conclusion

The calculation of reference values for established radiographic parameters used to evaluate juvenile flatfeet is difficult for most parameters. The TMTInd as a combination of TMTIB and TMT-lat has been shown to be reliable and valuable to distinct normal feet from flatfeet.

Orthopedics

Planovalgus deformity

Radiographic measurements

talo-metatarsal index

Costa-Bartani-angle

The flexible juvenile flatfoot is of particular importance to orthopedics and foot surgeons due to its high occurrence and variable treatment strategies [1]. On the basis of patients’ history, clinical investigation and X-ray findings a decision is usually made regarding conservative or operative treatment. Radiography of the foot in two plains under full weight bearing conditions is of crucial importance due to the possibility to objectively quantify the deformity. For this reason, several radiographic parameters have been described [2]. Nevertheless, most of the data on reference values for these measurements to differentiate between flatfoot and “normal” foot are based on experience, studies on adult flatfeet or studies with high probability of bias [3–6]. To the best of our knowledge no comparative studies exist who attempted to define reference values for radiological parameters most often used in clinical praxis to evaluate juvenile flexible flatfoot deformity. Given the lack of information about cut-off values for these measurements, we performed this study to provide data for better interpretation and quantification of flatfoot radiographs and to analyze the reliability and validity of specific measurements.

This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board at our hospital.

A total of 44 feet (41 patients) were included in the analysis. Group 1 was referred to as the "normal foot group" (22 feet from 19 patients; average age: 12.1 years (range: 10.2–14.8 years)). For ethical reasons, it is not appropriate to perform X-rays on healthy children's feet for study purposes. Thus, we included patients in this group who had visited our outpatient department because of minor forefoot misalignments or deformities and had therefore undergone standard X-rays of the foot in two planes under full weight-bearing. The diagnoses for these patients were: 4x polydactyly, 4x hallux valgus, 2x dorsal bumps at the tarsometatarsal region, 1x M. Koehler II, 5x unclear pain, 3x calcaneal apophysitis, 3x exclusion of flatfoot. In this group no clinically recognizable tarsal deformities were present. Further exclusion criteria were: Previous operations or fractures of the foot, history of trauma of the foot within 4 weeks or presence of any tarsal coalitions. It can be assumed that this cohort consisted of individuals who can be considered “normal” in terms of tarsal architecture of the foot. Group 2 was referred to as the "flatfoot group" (22 feet from 22 patients; average age: 12.4 years (range: 10.7–14.2 years)) and consisted of consecutive patients who had undergone a surgical procedure (arthroreisis and/or combination of osteotomies) by the first author in 2019 due to a flexible juvenile flatfoot deformity. The indication for surgery was made if anamnestic/clinical findings (e.g. pain, low endurance when standing and walking, shortening of gastrocnemius, excessive callosities in the area of the medial foot arch) and radiological parameters (at least two pathologic values of radiographic measurements cited in this work) were suggestive for symptomatic flatfoot deformity and conservative treatment had failed over 6 months.

The evaluation of X-rays (foot in dorso-plantar and lateral view, standing with full weight bearing) was carried out digitally using the DICOM system. The measurements of Group 2 were performed on preoperative images. All parameters were measured by two authors of the study (foot and ankle surgeons) on two separate occasions with the order of images randomized. Each observer made measurements independently and was blinded to both patient identification and the others’ results.

The following X-ray parameters were measured (Figs. 1 and 2; “minus sign” if distal line in relation to proximal line of the angle directs towards abduction in the d.-p. view or elevation in the lateral view):

Lateral view: Talocalcaneal angle (TC-lat), Calcaneal-pitch angle (Calc-P), Costa-Bartani angle (Costa-B), Talo-first-metatarsal angle (TMTI-lat)
Dorsoplantar view: Talo-first-metatarsal-base angle (TMTIB), Talonavicular coverage (TNC), Calcaneus-fifth-metatarsal angle (Calc-MTV), Talocalcaneal angle (TC-dp), Talo-first-metatarsal angle (TMTI-dp)

In addition, a combination of parameters in both planes were analyzed as in the authors’ experience these values analyze flatfeet more accurately than do single measurements in one plane (Talometatarsal index (TMTInd [7, 8]): sum of TMTIB and TMTI-lat; talocalcaneal index (TCInd): sum of TC-lat and TC-dp).

The measurement of these radiographic angles is based on characteristic lines sometimes defined in a vague manner in the current literature [9, 2–4, 10, 11, 6]. In the lateral view, the following definitions were applied:

Longitudinal axis of the talus: Line connecting the centers of two incircles in the area of the talar body and talar head.
Longitudinal axis of the calcaneus: Line touching tangentially the most plantar areas of the anterior and posterior part of the calcaneus
Longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal: Line bisecting the proximal and distal shaft diameter at the meta-diaphyseal junction
Costa-Bartani angle: Angle between the connecting line of the most plantar point of the talar head contour/the most plantar point of the calcaneus and the connecting line of the most plantar point of the medial sesamoid bone of the great toe/the most plantar point of the talar head contour.

In the dorsoplantar view, the following definitions were applied:

Longitudinal axis of the talus: Tangent line parallel to the medial contour of the talus
Longitudinal axis of the calcaneus: Tangent line parallel to the lateral contour of the calcaneus (a prominent peroneal tubercle was not considered)
Metatarsal axes of the first and fifth ray: Connecting line of the centers from two incircles at the levels of the proximal and distal meta-diaphyseal junction
Talo-first-metatarsal-base angle (TMTIB): Angle between the longitudinal axis of the talus and a line through the geometric center of the talar head (determined by the incircle of the talar head) and the center of the first metatarsal base
Talonavicular coverage (TNC): Points are marked on the most medial and lateral margins of the articular surface of the talus, and a line is drawn connecting these two points. Similar points are marked on the most medial and lateral margins of the articular surface on the navicular, and a line is drawn connecting these two points. The angle between these two lines was defined as TNC.

Statistical analyses were conducted with use of GraphPad Prism8 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA 92108). For all parameters, descriptive statistics were calculated. Quantitative parameters are described by their mean and standard deviation (SD). Differences between the means and all other parameters in both groups were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A Bonferroni correction was used as a post-hoc test (p < 0.05: significant; p < 0.01: highly significant). To evaluate correlation between 2 quantitative parameters, Pearson or Spearman coefficients were computed. Corresponding ROC curves (receiver operating characteristic) were created as a method for evaluating the X-ray parameters with regard to their ability as an analysis strategy and the area under the ROC curves (AUC: Area under the curve) was calculated accordingly.[12] It was assumed that a threshold range of ≤ 10° would be acceptable to define a true reference value. In this area of overlap normal feet and flatfeet would not be distinguishable. The interobserver reliability was determined using Pearson correlation analysis, the intraobserver reliability was assessed with ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient). Inter- and intraobserver reliability was classified as minimal (correlation coefficient (CC) ≤ 0.25), low (0.26 < CC < 0.5), moderate (0.5 ≤ CC < 0.7), high (0.7 ≤ CC < 0.9), and excellent (CC ≥ 0.9) [13].

The results of radiological measurements of both groups with corresponding p-values are shown in Table 1. All parameters but TC-dp, Calc-P, Calc-MTV, TC-lat were statistically different between the groups, and thus able to differentiate between normal feet and flatfeet. Reliability testing (Table 2) of nearly all parameters, except for TC-dp, revealed high to excellent reproducibility of measurements.

Table 1

Values of radiographic parameters of both groups with corresponding p-values. SD: standard deviation. n.s.: not significant. Note: “minus sign” of values if distal line in relation to proximal line of the angle directs towards abduction in the d.-p. view or elevation in the lateral view
View	Parameter	Mean (± SD)		p-value
View	Parameter	Group 1	Group 2	p-value
d.-p.	TC-dp	21.6(± 4.5)	22.6 (± 7.2)	n.s.
	TNC	-17.1(± 7.5)	-34.1(± 8.3)	< 0.01
	TMTIB	-10.0(± 4.9)	-21.3(± 6.9)	< 0.01
	Calc-MTV	-5.2(± 4.9)	-12.0 (± 4.9)	n.s.
	TMTI-dp	-5.0 (± 5.1)	-13.9(± 7.7)	< 0.01
lateral	Calc-P	19.0(± 5.8)	12.2(± 5.3)	n.s.
	Costa-B	125.5(± 5.9)	141.4(± 7.2)	< 0.01
	TMTI-lat	-12.1(± 5.7)	-30.5 (± 9.3)	< 0.01
	TC-lat	53.5(± 7.5)	60.1 (± 6.3)	n.s.
d.-p. and lateral	TMTInd	-22.1(± 8.4)	-58.1(± 13.7)	< 0.01
d.-p. and lateral	TCInd	75.1(± 9.0)	82.7(± 7.5)	n.s.

Table 2

Intra-/interobserver reliability
Parameter	Intraobserver reliability	Interobserver reliability
Parameter	Mean of Author A and B	Author A vs. B
TC-dp	0.77	0.65
TNC	0.92	0.92
TMTIB	0.90	0.90
Calc-MTV	0.92	0.92
TMTI-dp	0.90	0.90
Calc-P	0.98	0.94
Costa-B	0.96	0.90
TMTI-lat	0.94	0.95
TC-lat	0.96	0.96
TMTInd	0.91	0.90
TCInd	0.89	0.90

ROC curves are given in Fig. 3, descriptive values (including AUC values) are shown in Fig. 4. The TMTInd shows the highest AUC value compared to all other parameters. Further ROC analysis regarding the ability of the different parameters to distinct between both groups, i.e. to define a true reference value, is given in Table 3. Within this calculated threshold range of every single radiographic parameter the transition between normal foot and flatfoot can be assumed. A threshold range as low as 3 ° was calculated for the TMTInd (TMTIB = 10°, TMTI-lat = 6,5°), all others ranged from 11° to 22°.

Table 3

ROC analysis: Representation of different radiographic parameters and their ability to proof (100% sensitivity, 2nd column) or exclude (100% specificity, 3rd column) the presence of a normal foot at given upper or lower boundary values. The “threshold range” (4th column) describes the area of overlap of every parameter, where no clear definition of whether the measurement describes a normal foot or a flatfoot can be made. In the 5th and 6th column the number of feet that could be clearly classified as normal foot or flatfoot according to the upper and lower limits of the threshold ranges are shown
Parameter	Threshold value [°] for proof/exclusion of normal feet		Threshold range [°]	Number of feet classifiable according to threshold value
Parameter	100% Sensitivity	100% Specificity	Threshold range [°]	Normal feet (n = 22)	Flatfeet (n = 22)
TC-dp	< 12.5	> 26.5	14	1	6
TNC	>-16	<-28.5	12,5	9	18
TMTIB	>-7.5	<-17.5	10	9	18
Calc-MTV	>-3.5	<-16.5	13	9	4
TMTI-dp	>-1.5	<-12.5	11	7	12
Calc-P	> 21.5	< 10.5	11	9	7
Costa-B	< 124.5	> 141.5	17	10	11
TMTI-lat	>-13.5	<-20	6,5	12	20
TC-lat	< 47.5	> 69.5	22	2	2
TMTInd	>-31	<-34	3	20	21
TCInd	< 66	> 88	22	7	5

The juvenile flexible flatfoot deformity is pathomorphologically characterized by an increased eversion of the peritalar complex and a destabilization of the first ray. For quantification of the deformity various radiological parameters are described [3, 2, 4, 9, 6]. Surprisingly, the available evidence of certain thresholds or values is sparse. In the present study, we were able to calculate threshold ranges of established radiographic parameters based on data from surgically treated symptomatic juvenile flatfeet and normal feet. Four out of nine parameters (TC-dp, TC-lat, Calc-MTV, Calc-P) were not statistically different between the groups and their ability to distinct between normal foot and flatfoot (AUC values, Fig. 4) was shown to be low. Moreover, definition of reference values for these measurements is inaccurate. Additionally, we found the TMTInd as a very reliable and valid combination of two measurements with a very small threshold range between − 31 to -34°.

Normal values of radiographic parameters describing the foot shape of healthy children and adolescents in the flatfoot-relevant age from 10 to 14 years are only based on few studies (Table 4).

Table 4

Published normal values of radiographic parameters in children/adolescents investigated in the current study
Author	Dorsoplantar					Lateral
Author	TC-dp	TNC	TMTIB	Calc-MTV	TMTI-dp	Calc-P	Costa-B	TMTI-lat	TC-lat
Davids ⁶		20°±9.8°			10°±7°	17°±6°		13° ±7.5° (1–35°)	49°±6.9°
Vanderwilde ¹³					6°±7°			8° ±6°	39°±7°
DePellegrin ⁷						20–30°	120–125°		15–20°
Hell¹⁰	Newborn: 40° (25–55°)	20°± 9.8°		0°	10° ± 7°		120–125°	newborn: 20° (9–31°) 8 years of age: 5° (10–18°)	40° (25–55°)
Bourdet ⁴	35–40°			5–30°		15–20°		0–10°
Benedetti ³	inconsistent	0°±4°					120–125°	0°±4°	inconsistent
Current study	12–26°	(-)16-(-)28.5°	(-)7.5-(-)17.5°	(-)3.5-(-)16.5°	(-)1.5-(-)12.5°	10.5–21.5°	124.5-141.5°	(-)13.5-(-)21.°	47.5–69.5°

Additionally, the given values often differ considerably and the studies are highly subjected to some sort of bias. For example, Vanderwilde et al mainly reports on younger children and only included nine children ≥ 9 years. In addition, the dorsoplantar X-ray image which is exemplary shown in the original paper appears to be taken not with the foot under full weight bearing but rather "knee flexed" [6]. Another study on this topic was published by Davids et al, whereby the unaffected side of patients with hemiparesis served as a control [5]. The dorsoplantar pictures shown in the paper do not allow for visualization of the hindfoot to define the longitudinal axes of the calcaneus or talus, making these measurements probably unreliable. Additionally, the setting of normal values is reported insufficiently due to the fact that children included in the study were between 5 to 17 years (on average 10 years). In this period of life, the foot undergoes relevant physiologic changes of shape and a normal value calculated is possibly affected by some sort of systematic error. Nevertheless, for TMTI-lat, TC-lat and TNC there is high congruency with our values with only TMTI in the dorsoplantar view showing relevant difference from our measurements.

As expected from the composition of the study groups, there were highly significant differences between the two groups for five out of nine parameters. However, four parameters missed to distinct between the two groups: TC-lat, TC-dp, Calc-P and Calc-MTV. It must be concluded that in the current study these four parameters failed as valid measurements to diagnose juvenile flatfoot deformity. A radiological parameter classifying the severity of a flatfoot deformity is suitable to the extent that it can be measured reliably on the one hand (see Table 2) and on the other hand has a good selectivity between normal and pathologic feet. In this context, Table 3 shows the parameters’ selectivity of the tested angles and it can be concluded: The lower the threshold range, the more accurate a reference value can be defined. Then again, if a parameter has a large threshold range, a large overlap area of measurements indicating normal foot or flatfoot must be expected. We believe, a parameter with a threshold range > 10° must be interpreted with conscious. In this context, only the TMTInd and its sub-parameters TMTIB and TMTI-lat had acceptable values with ranges ≤ 10°. The following reference values for normal feet of adolescents between 10–14 years could therefore be defined: TMTInd >(-)31°, TMTIB >(-)7.5°, TMTI-lat >(-)13.5°.

TC angles

The reliability testing for the TC-dp angle was 0.77 and 0.65, and therefore much lower in comparison to all other parameters. The main difficulty in the measurement of this angle is the fact, that the shape of the talus and calcaneus at the level of their bodies is not always easily definable. The TC-dp angle shows a comparatively low ability to distinct between the two groups (AUC = 0,660). This is higher for the TC-lat angle (AUC = 0,757). In the end it must be noted, that the TC angles could hardly distinguish between the groups, and therefore it was not possible to set a reference value. The sum of both TC-angles led to a slightly improved performance to distinct between the groups (TCInd with AUC = 0,799), but nonetheless, the usefulness of the parameters is rather low. This also corresponds to the experience of other authors who used the same parameter with idiopathic clubfoot decades ago [14].

Costa-B angle

The Costa-B angle shows a particularly high reliability. In contrast, the distinction between the groups was only moderate with only half of the feet being correctly allocated to either groups. This can be explained by the large threshold range of 17 °. Therefore, the definition of a reference value is not reasonable. The Costa-B angle correlates poorly with the angular dimensions that characterize the talonavicular alignment in the transverse plane (Pearson-correlation to TNG = − 0.30, to TMTIB = − 0.34), but better with those parameters reflecting the alignment in the sagittal plane (Pearson-correlation to TMTI-lat = − 0.63). One major drawback of the parameter in our experience is the difficulty to clearly determine the distal point on the sesamoid, at least in childhood.

TMT angles

All talometatarsal angles showed good intra- and interobserver reliability, some of which is well above 0.9. Establishing the longitudinal axis of the talus in the sagittal plane with the help of two incircles has proven effective. In the transversal plane it is noticeable, that the TMTI-dp angle and the TMTIB angle differ from one another in the two groups, but this is not statistically significant. It is therefore important whether one uses the TMTIB angle (which measures the conditions at the talonavicular joint more specifically) or the TMTI-dp angle (which is more susceptible to concomitant forefoot deformities, e.g. Metatarsus primus varus, skew-foot) to calculate the TMTInd.

The TMTInd was shown to have the highest discrimination rate (AUC = 0.998) of all parameters. It was also possible to define a reference value between the two groups on an overlap area of only 3 °. 20 of 22 feet of the normal group and 21 of 22 flatfeet could be assigned to the appropriate group by the TMTInd alone. Due to the small threshold range a definition of reference values was also possible for the TMTIB and the TMTI-lat.

In the flatfoot group, the percentual fraction of the TMTIB as part of the TMTInd is 41% on average and that of the TMTl-lat 59%, respectively. It is noteworthy, however, that the proportion of the TMTIB ranges between 22% and 61%. This shows, that there is a wide range of individual fluctuations with regard to the involvement of the sagittal plane and transverse plane in the flatfoot deformity. It is also a confirmation of the very different planar dominance of the talocalcaneo-navicular complex in every single flatfoot [4]. This observation can also be used to conclude, that both planes must be taken into account (as ensured by the TMTInd) to evaluate the flatfoot deformity correctly and in its entire form.

TNC

Surprisingly, the TNC showed a very high reliability, although it is often not easily possible to determine the boundaries of the articular surface, especially at the level of the talar head. In addition, there is approximately the same AUC value (0.943) as compared with the TMTIB (0.947). However, a reference value is not easily definable with a threshold range of 12.5°.

Calc-P, Calc-MTV

In contrast to all other parameters, these two well reproducible angles do not allow any statement about the positional relationship between the talus and the subtalar footplate. For basic considerations, these parameters alone are less suitable to characterize the flatfoot deformity. Additionally, the threshold ranges are particularly high and AUC values well under 0.9. Definition of reference values for these parameters is not helpful.

A limitation of the present study may be the fact, that in the control group all patients had some kind of foot disorders and the term “normal” must be interpreted with conscious. Nevertheless, none of the patients had pathologies influencing the foot arch or causing flatfoot-like deformities. Additionally, all patients in this group had clinically a normal foot shape in the area of interest, namely the tarsal region. We are well aware, that classifying a flatfoot is sometimes subjective, especially if the deformity is not too pronounced. This could influence the measurements of the study group and making the borders between the groups blur. On the other hand, surgery was only performed on patients with relevant pathology, and therefore it can be assumed, that our study group consisted only of clear diagnoses regarding a flatfoot deformity. Another weakness of the current study is the small sample size. Even though, the most relevant studies with similar questions do have very similar patient numbers, studies with higher numbers are needed to confirm our findings [4–6].

It was possible to define reference values for three parameters (TMTInd, TMTIB, TMTI-lat) evaluating the juvenile flatfoot deformity. The TMTInd appears to be particularly suitable for the distinction between normal foot and juvenile flatfoot.

TC-lat

Talocalcaneal angle

Calc-P

Calcaneal-pitch angle

Costa-B

Costa-Bartani angle

TMTI-lat

Talo-first-metatarsal angle

TMTIB

Talo-first-metatarsal-base angle

TNC

Talonavicular coverage

Calc-MTV

Calcaneus-fifth-metatarsal angle

TC-dp

Talocalcaneal angle

TMTI-dp

Talo-first-metatarsal angle

TMTInd

Talometatarsal index

TCInd

Talocalcaneal index

ICC

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Approval of local ethics committee (TU Munich) was obtained (no. 2015/143/16). All patients signed an informed consent form.

Consent for publication: All authors agreed to publish. Written consent has been obtained from all patients.

Availability of data and material: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests: None

Funding: No funding was obtained.

Authors' contributions: JH performed all surgeries and corrected the manuscript, HH/NH wrote the manuscript and analyzed the data, JH/HH/NH performed all measurements.

Acknowledgements: Not applicable.

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