DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-68512/v1
Background
Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is associated with extensive axillary dissection. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) based on breast lymphatics level (BLL) was proposed to minimize the surgical extent for node-positive breast cancer patients.
Methods
A total of 156 consecutive sentinel lymph node-positive (SLN+) or clinically node-positive (CN+) patients underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with indocyanine green and methylene blue (MB). The SLNs were injected with 0.1 ml MB before removal, and a standard ALND was subsequently performed. The nodes adjacent to the blue-stained breast lymph nodes (ABLNs) were sent for pathological examination separately by resecting serial tissue every 0.5 cm away from the marginal blue-stained ABLNs. Then, a pilot study comparing ALND based on BLL and standard ALND was performed.
Results
BLL were successfully identified in 20 SLN+ (100%) and 134 CN+ (98.5%) patients. The median number of BLL was four, ranging from three to six. A horizontal line 1.0 cm away from the superior blue-stained BLN and a vertical line 1.0 cm away from the medial blue-stained BLN formed BLL II, III, and IV. All of the additional positive nodes were within 1.0 cm of the blue-stained ABLNs. The minimized axillary dissection should resect upwards from the lowest breast lymphatic level that contains the first confirmed negative blue-stained ABLNs. In the pilot study, no patient developed axillary recurrence.
Conclusion
The ALND surgical procedure based on BLL could minimize the surgical extent for pathological node-positive breast cancer patients and potentially reduce the BCRL rate.
Trial registration
ChiCTR1800014247
The advent of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has revolutionized the surgical management of axilla in breast cancer patients.[1] Complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been gradually replaced for select patients, owing to the substantial morbidity such as debilitating breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL), shoulder dysfunction, paresthesia and discomfort.[2] Damage to the lymphatic drainage system in the axilla by multidisciplinary treatment contributes to the occurrence of BCRL.[3] Notably, extensive axillary dissection is related to a high occurrence rate of BCRL. A total of 77.8% of the patients who underwent ALND had fewer than three additional involved nodes in the ACOSOG Z0011 trial;[4] thus, the complete removal all axillary lymph nodes with ALND for those patients might be over-treatment. For patients who were not eligible for the ACOSOG Z0011 study criteria, especially clinically node-positive breast cancer patients, a method for de-escalating the surgical area of ALND would significantly reduce the BCRL rate.
The lymphatic system of the breast forms an extensive and complex network of periductal and perilobular vessels that drain principally to the axillary nodes.[5] Breast tumors commonly invade local structures and spread in a progressive and sequential manner to regional nodes, and the lymphatic vessels provide anatomical continuity for this process by acting as a link between the primary tumor and the regional nodes. Hence, the sentinel lymph node (SLN) hypothesis presupposes an orderly spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to the first draining node, which has prevented clinically node-negative breast cancer patients from undergoing extensive axillary dissection.[6]
On the theoretical basis of SLNB, for node-positive breast cancer patients, metastasis from breast tumors does not involve the axillary breast lymph nodes (ABLNs) as a unit but instead progresses from the primary tumor to the first draining nodes, then second and third echelon nodes.[7, 8] Therefore, our institution implemented the approach of ALND based on breast lymphatics level (BLL) to limit surgical resection in the axilla and reduce the morbidity of ALND. The primary aim was to accurately determine the extent of every breast lymphatic level. The secondary aim was to determine the skip metastasis rate to demonstrate the de-escalation feasibility of ALND based on BLL.
The prospective observational study enrolled consecutive breast cancer patients from November 2017 to March 2018 in a single tertiary referral academic medical center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Patients met the following criteria were included in the study: i) patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer, defined as positive on preoperative axillary palpation, ultrasound examinations or CT scans with contrast; ii) patients who underwent mastectomy with a positive SLN; iii) patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for more than two positive SLNs; iv) patients who did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT); v) patients with no previous history of breast cancer. Those who had benign tumors and those who did not meet the above criteria were excluded from the study. The Medical Ethics Committee of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University approved the routine use of the SLNB procedure for all patients. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1800014247). All patients provided informed consent regarding SLNB and ALND.
All patients underwent quadrantectomy or mastectomy immediately followed by SLNB. Radioactive tracers were unavailable in China. Instead, dual tracers, 1 ml (1 mg) indocyanine green (ICG) (H20045514; Weicai Pharmaceutical Corporation, Liaoning, China) and 0.5 ml (5 mg) methylene blue (MB) (H32024827; Jichuan Pharmaceutical Corporation, Taixin, China) were administered for SLNB.[9]
Before removal, all the identified SLNs were routinely and meticulously injected with 0.1–0.2 ml MB using a 1-cc syringe with a 32-gauge needle, which was called ‘staged tracing’ (Supplement 1. MP4). The careful reinjection of MB was a key procedure to not artifactually alter the lymphatic drainage patterns. MB could then flow from the SLNs along several ascending lymphatic channels towards the subclavian lymph nodes. Then, the blue-stained lymphatic channels were mapped by bluntly dissecting along the lymphatic drainage channels from the breast to the axilla. After identifying the efferent and echelon nodes, the SLNs were ready to be harvested and sent for immediate frozen sectioning (FS). Once the SLNs were confirmed positive in patients who underwent mastectomy, ALND was performed with complete resection of at least Berg’s levels I and II; the resection of Berg’s level Ⅲ was performed only in patients with gross disease in Berg’s level II and/or III. When patients with BCS had more than 2 positive SLNs, ALND was subsequently performed.
After complete ALND, the removed specimen was dissected carefully ex vivo (Fig. 1). The lymph nodes adjacent to the blue-stained ABLNs were defined as nonstained ABLNs (Fig. 2). A horizontal line along the superior blue-stained BLN and a vertical line along the medial blue-stained BLN formed a lower outer quadrant (LOQ) zone in the axilla, which was defined as the breast lymphatic level (Fig. 2). The blue-stained lymphatic channels of the breast could converge towards a group of three to five lymph nodes, namely, SLNs, at breast lymphatic level I. From these nodes, there was a predictable passage of efferent lymphatics towards nodes at breast lymphatic level II and, in turn, nodes at BLL III and IV (Fig. 1). With efferent lymphatics, each breast lymphatic level could be distinguished.
The removed SLNs were sent for immediate FS during the operation. After the operation, the nonstained ABLNs were sent for pathological examination separately by resecting serial tissue every 0.5 cm away from the horizontal line and vertical line along the marginal blue-stained BLN (Fig. 2).[10] All the retrieved ABLNs were processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining for histology and immunohistochemically. The diameter, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status of the primary tumor were also assessed as part of a routine pathology examination.
Patients with clinical T1-T3 and node-positive axilla were eligible and randomized to ALND based on BLL and standard ALND. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the results of the pilot prospective study. The primary objective of the pilot phase of the randomized controlled trial was to demonstrate feasibility of the procedure of ALND based on BLL trial design, and to determine if axillary recurrence rates for patients randomized to ALND based on BLL are equivalent to axillary recurrence rates for patients randomized to standard ALND.
The demographic characteristics, tumor sizes, and number of lymph nodes in each breast lymphatic level were collected. Continuous variables between groups were compared using a nonparametric test. Chi-squared tests or Fisher’s exact tests were run to compare the positive rate between the two groups. Two-sided p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 20.0 for Windows.
A total of 190 patients underwent SLNB with dual tracers. Of these patients, 136 had node-positive axilla, and 54 patients had node-negative axilla. Two patients who failed to have any SLNs identified, 26 patients who underwent mastectomy with negative SLNs, and 6 patients who underwent BCS and planned whole-breast irradiation with fewer than 3 positive SLNs were excluded. A total of 156 patients were entered into the study, and 78.8% of the patients underwent mastectomy rather than BCS. Systemic therapy was recommended according to the clinical guidelines. The baseline characteristics of both groups are shown in Table 1. Compared with the SLN + group, the CN + group displayed larger tumors (p < 0.001). All of the patients underwent staged tracing to reveal the subsequent efferent and echelon ABLNs, and MB could flow from the SLNs along several ascending lymphatic channels towards the subclavian lymph nodes. Twenty (100%) SLN + patients and 134 (98.5%) CN + patients successfully had the breast lymphatic vessels and ABLNs identified (Fig. 1).
| SLN+ N = 20 | CN+ N = 136 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean) | 49.45 | 51.1 | 0.627* |
| Tumor size, No. (%) | < 0.001* | ||
| <1 cm | 4 (20.0) | 6 (4.4) | |
| 1-2cm | 14 (70.0) | 38 (27.9) | |
| 2-3cm | 2 (10.0) | 59 (43.4) | |
| >3 cm | 0 | 33 (24.3) | |
| pN stage, No. (%) | 0.03 | ||
| N0 | 0 | 15 (11.0) | |
| N1 | 15 (75.0) | 67 (49.3) | |
| N2 | 5 (25.0) | 45 (33.1) | |
| N3 | 0 | 9 (6.6) | |
| Surgery, No. (%) | < 0.001† | ||
| Mastectomy (a SLN) | 9 (45.0) | 114 (83.8) | |
| BCS (≥ 3 positive SLNs) | 11 (55.0) | 22 (16.2) | |
| Identification rate of breast lymphatic level | 20 (100) | 134 (98.5) | |
| Staged tracing‡ | 17 (85.0) | 91(66.9) | 0.102† |
| *Nonparametric test; †Chi-squire test SLN+: positive sentinel lymph node; CN+: clinically node-positive axilla; BLN: breast lymph node; BCS: breast-conserving surgery. ‡Staged tracing: injecting blue dye into SLNs | |||
The median number of BLL that could be classified was four, ranging from three to six (Fig. 1). The mean number of lymph nodes in each breast lymphatic level is presented in Table 2. The skip metastasis rate of different serial distances from the marginal blue-stained ABLNs is described in Table 3. Cancer cells were not found in the blue-stained ABLNs, while the nonstained ABLNs were confirmed positive when skip metastasis occurred within a distance of 1.0 cm. All of the additional positive nodes were within 1.0 cm of the blue-stained ABLNs (Table 3). Therefore, a horizontal line 1.0 cm away from the superior blue-stained BLN and a vertical line 1.0 cm away from the medial blue-stained BLN formed a LOQ zone in the axilla, which was defined as BLL II, III, and IV. A horizontal line 1.5 cm away from the superior blue-stained BLN and a vertical line 1.5 cm away from the medial blue-stained BLN formed a LOQ zone in the axilla, which was defined as breast lymphatic level I.[10] The location of the breast lymphatic level was dynamic and inconsistent. The breast lymphatic level I was lateral and inferior to the pectoralis minor muscle; breast lymphatic level II was either located lateral and inferior to the pectoralis minor, behind the pectoralis minor, or both. In addition, breast lymphatic level III was located behind the pectoralis minor, medial and superior the pectoralis minor, or both; only later breast lymphatic level IV nodes were medial and superior to the muscle.
| Breast lymphatic level* | No. of nodes obtained† | No. of blue-stained ABLNs | No. positive nodes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Level I | 5.0 (3–8) | 3.5 (3–5) | 3.0 (0–8) |
| Level II | 6.5 (4–8) | 5.5 (3–7) | 1.0 (0–8) |
| Level III | 5.5 (4–8) | 5.0 (2–7) | 0.8 (0–8) |
| Level IV | 3.0 (2–5) | 2.0 (1–3) | 0.3 (0–2) |
| Total | 19.5 (13–30) | 16.5 (9–20) | 5.1 (0–20) |
| *Median breast lymphatic level was four, level V and level VI were not listed. †No. of nodes obtained: blue-stained breast lymph nodes (ABLNs) plus non-stained ABLNs, mean (mix- max). | |||
| Breast lymphatic level | Skip metastasis rate (No.) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 cm* | 0.5 cm | 1.0 cm | 1.5 cm | 2.0 cm | |
| level I | 9.6% (15) | 7.7% (12) | 3.8% (6) | 0 | 0 |
| level II | 6.5% (10) | 3.9% (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| level III | 4.5% (7) | 1.3% (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| level IV | 3.9% (6) | 0.6% (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| *Distance from visualized BLNs. BLN: breast lymph node. | |||||
Ninety-seven (62.2%) of the 156 patients harbored fewer than four metastatic lymph nodes. CN + patients were more prone to have gross metastasis than SLN + patients (p < 0.001). The distribution of the positive nodes in the breast lymphatic level between the two groups was compared and can be seen in Table 4. The cancer cells of 85.8% (121/141) of the patients with node-positive axilla metastasized from the primary tumor to breast lymphatic level II.
| Breast lymphatic level, No. (%) | SLN+ (n = 20) | CN+ (n = 121) | Total (n = 141) |
|---|---|---|---|
| level I | 15 (75) | 67 (55.4) | 82 (58.1) |
| level II | 4 (20) | 35 (28.9) | 39 (27.7) |
| level III | 1 (5) | 14 (11.6) | 15 (10.6) |
| level IV | 0 | 5 (4.1) | 5 (3.5) |
| SLN+: positive sentinel lymph node; CN+: clinically node-positive axilla | |||
The surgical procedure of ALND based on BLL was performed as follows: (1) Perform SLNB with 0.5 ml MB (Fig. 3a); (2) Routinely and meticulously inject all the identified SLNs with 0.1–0.2 ml of MB before removal (Fig. 3b); (3) After the echelon nodes were identified with injection of MB, SLNs would be harvested and pathologically examined by immediate FS (Fig. 3c); (4) If SLNs were positive, the blue-stained ABLNs in BLL 2nd would be removed and sent for immediate FS (Fig. 3d); (5) If the blue-stained ABLNs in BLL 2nd were confirmed negative, the tissues in BLL 2nd were resected ‘en bloc’ (Fig. 3e); (6) If the blue-stained ABLNs in BLL 2nd were positive, the blue-stained AABLNs in lymphatic level 3rd would be removed and sent for immediate FS (Fig. 3f). Finally, the limited axillary dissection would be performed upwards from the lowest BLL that contained the first confirmed negative blue-stained ABLNs, and the tissues in the matched LOQ zone would be resected en bloc.
Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in the pilot study from March 2018 to July 2018. Fourteen participants were randomized to ALND based on BLL (study group), 13 subjects were randomized to standard ALND (controlled group), and two patients withdrew from the trial. Thirteen patients from study group, and 13 patients from controlled group completed the study interventions and are included in the analysis. The median age in study group was 48.0 (range 39–62 years) and the median age in controlled group was 46.0 (range 31–61). Median follow-up is 24 months (range 22–25 months). Participants demographic and tumor characteristics are summarized in Table 5. The two groups are well-matched in terms of patient age, tumor size, biomarker profile and length of follow-up.
| ALND based on BLL N = 13 | Standard ALND N = 11 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, No. (%) | 0.478 | ||
| SLN+ | 4 (30.8) | 2 (18.2) | |
| CN+ | 9 (69.2) | 9 (81.8) | |
| Age, Median (min, max) | 48.0 (39, 62) | 46.0 (31, 61) | 0.239† |
| BMI, Mean (min, max) | 24.1 (18.4, 28.4) | 25.4 (19.1, 28.3) | 0.364† |
| Tumor size, n (%) | 0.886* | ||
| T1b/a/mi | 1 (7.7) | 1 (9.1) | |
| T1c | 4 (19.2) | 3 (27.3) | |
| T2 | 7 (53.8) | 5 (45.5) | |
| T3 | 1 (7.7) | 2 (18.2) | |
| Pathological nodal status, No. (%) | 0.531* | ||
| N0 | 0 | 0 | |
| N1 | 7 (53.8) | 5 (45.5) | |
| N2 | 6 (46.2) | 5 (45.5) | |
| N3 | 0 | 1 (9.1) | |
| Tumor subtype, No. (%) | 0.967* | ||
| ER/PR+, HER2- | 6 (46.2) | 5 (45.5) | |
| ER/PR+, HER2+ | 2 (15.4) | 2 (18.2) | |
| ER-, PR-, HER2+ | 3 (23.1) | 3 (27.3) | |
| ER-, PR-, HER2- | 2 (15.4) | 1 (9.1) | |
| No. of nodes removed, mean (min, max) | 8.0 (7, 17) | 11.0 (10, 18) | < 0.001† |
| Cases of arm lymphedema | 0 | 1 | |
| Cases of locoregional recurrence | 0 | 0 | |
| *Chi-square test, †nonparametric test CN+: clinically node-positive axilla; SLN+: positive sentinel lymph ndoe; ALND: axillary lymph node dissection; BLL: breast lymphatics level; BMI: body mass index; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. | |||
In this prospective observational study, ALND based on BLL attempted to resect potentially metastatic tissues level by level to minimize the extent and morbidity of ALND. Staged tracing (injection of 0.1 ml MB into the SLNs) was utilized to reveal the breast lymphatic system in the axilla basin. The median number of BLL was four, ranging from three to six. A horizontal line 1.0 cm away from the superior blue-stained BLN and a vertical line 1.0 cm away from the medial blue-stained ABLN formed BLL 2nd, 3rd, 4th. The skip metastasis rate was zero when an en bloc resection was performed upwards towards the BLL that contained the first confirmed negative blue-stained ABLN. As described in a previous study, a horizontal line 1.5 cm away from the superior blue-stained ABLN and a vertical line 1.5 cm away from the medial blue-stained ABLN formed BLL 1st, which was proposed to be removed en bloc in breast cancer patients with negative SLN to reduce the number of false-negative events from SLNB.[9] In the present study, through resecting the lymph nodes level by level for breast cancer patients with node-positive axilla, the surgical approach of ALND based on BLL was valuable in reducing the BCRL rate without reducing cancer control.
Depending on the various criteria of BCRL and the extent of axillary dissection, a pooled estimation of the arm lymphedema rate is 16.6% (95% CI 13.6–20.2).[11] The risk factors of BCRL can be affected by two aspects: demographic and lifestyle,[11] and breast cancer-related variables, including radiotherapy to the axilla, number of nodes involved and removed, and taxane-based chemotherapy. In addition, a hypothesis was proposed that the transection of lymphatic vessels that drain the arm during their course through the axilla during complete ALND was associated with BCRL.[12] Thompson et al.[13] and Nos et al.[14] have previously described a new technique, axillary reverse mapping (ARM), to identify and preserve arm lymph nodes, which reduced the number of arm lymphedema events.[15] A refined ARM technique was proposed in our institution to identify the arm lymphatic system and eliminate postoperative arm lymphedema.[16, 17] An intact pathway for lymphatic arm drainage is adjacent to the axillary vein and is usually located above the second intercostobrachial nerve. Hence, a horizontal line in this study was designed as the upper landmark during ALND surgery based on BLL to protect the arm lymphatic system. In addition, according to the direction of the lymphatic drainage, the medial and superior blue-stained ABLNs were selected as the landmark.
Over the past few years, axillary management has changed greatly.[18] With effective multidisciplinary treatment, the theory of breast cancer surgery leans towards “less is more”.[19] After the publication of the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS trials, varieties of patterns of care for axillary surgery were present,[20] particularly for cT1 − 2N0M0 patients with positive SLNs, which aimed to decrease the treatment-related morbidity without reducing cancer control. For breast cancer patients with cN + axilla, NCT was often performed and targeted axillary dissection was done to identify the patients who might not require ALND.[21] The omission of complete ALND in these studies was associated with much lower rates of lymphedema. However, clinically node-positive patients who undergo ALND and patients who are not eligible based on the Z0011 criteria also need de-escalate surgical areas for ALND. Approximately 25% of the patients who undergo SLNB have positive nodes, and these patients undergo ALND and remain at risk for arm lymphedema.[22]
As is well-known, metastasis from breast cancer does not involve the breast regional lymph nodes as a unit but rather progresses from the primary tumor to the first-line draining nodes and, in turn, sequentially to the second and third echelon nodes.[23] Based on the biological and anatomical rationale of SLNB, the approach of ALND based on BLL was proposed in our institution to balance the demand of preventing axillary recurrence and the wish of avoiding treatment-related morbidity, particularly arm lymphedema. Classifying the ABLNs according to lymphatic drainage is a feasible and dynamic way to limit axillary surgical dissection. In the present study, to dispel ‘skip’ metastasis, nonstained ABLNs were sent for pathological examination separately by resecting serial tissue every 0.5 centimeter away from the horizontal line and vertical line along the marginal blue-stained ABLN (Fig. 2). In cases of skip metastasis, additional involved nodes were found within the area 1.0 cm away from the marginal blue-stained ABLNs (Table 3). Therefore, a horizontal line 1.0 cm away from the superior blue-stained ABLN and a vertical line 1.0 cm away from the medial blue-stained ABLN formed the BLL 2nd, 3rd, 4th. The skip metastasis rate was zero when ‘en bloc’ resection was performed upwards towards the breast lymphatic level that contained the first confirmed negative blue-stained ABLN (Fig. 3f), which could limit the extent of axillary dissection and reduce the number of BCRL events.
Considering that NCT could influence the structure of the breast lymphatic and lead to an incomplete lymphatic pathway, patients who underwent NCT were excluded from the study. The pilot phase of the randomized controlled trial comparing ALND based on BLL and standard ALND revealed a satisfactory outcome. Axillary recurrence rates for patients randomized to ALND based on BLL were equivalent to axillary recurrence rates for patients randomized to standard ALND. Further randomized controlled trial was needed to confirm its effect.
With the ALND based on BLL approach, a more focused and less radical axillary dissection to remove the disease can be performed. To determine the precise scope of the axillary dissection, a horizontal line 1.0 cm away from the superior blue-stained BLN and a vertical line 1.0 cm away from the medial blue-stained BLN formed an LOQ zone in the axilla, which was defined as BLL 2nd, 3rd, 4th. This new classification of the breast lymphatic system could minimize the axillary dissection for breast cancer patients with pathological node-positive axilla and the potential to reduce BCRL events.
sentinel lymph node biopsy
axillary lymph node dissection
clinically node-positive axilla
breast cancer-related lymphedema
sentinel lymph node
axillary breast lymph nodes
breast lymphatics level
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
indocyanine green
methylene blue
frozen sectioning
lower outer quadrant
axillary reverse mapping
conservative axillary regional excision
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This research was comprised of human participants and was approved by Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital (ID: 2017047 ). This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
None.
Authors' contributions
FC analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding the hematological disease and the transplant. RH performed the histological examination of the kidney, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the studied patients for their willingness to cooperate with our study.