1. Fernandez-Mendoza J. Insomnia and cardiometabolic disease risk. In: Sleep and Health. Elsevier; 2019:391-407.
2. Gooneratne NS, Vitiello MV. Sleep in older adults: normative changes, sleep disorders, and treatment options. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014;30(3):591-627.
3. Grandner MA. Epidemiology of insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality. In: Sleep and Health. Elsevier; 2019:11-20.
4. Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and its disorders in aging populations. Sleep Med. 2009;10:S7-S11.
5. Li J, Gooneratne NS. Sleep and health in older adults. In: Sleep and Health. Elsevier; 2019:31-43.
6. Nguyen V, George T, Brewster GS. Insomnia in Older Adults. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2019;8(4):271-290.
7. Grewal RG, Doghramji K. Epidemiology of insomnia. In: Clinical Handbook of Insomnia. Springer; 2017:13-25.
8. Wilson A, Attarian HP. Defining Insomnia. In: Clinical Handbook of Insomnia. Springer; 2017:3-11.
9. Morin CM, Benca R. Chronic insomnia. The Lancet. 2012;379(9821):1129-1141.
10. Yaremchuk KL, Wardrop PA. Sleep Medicine. Plural Publishing; 2010.
11. Wickwire EM, Shaya FT, Scharf SM. Health economics of insomnia treatments: the return on investment for a good night’s sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;30:72-82.
12. He Q, Zhang P, Li G, Dai H, Shi J. The association between insomnia symptoms and risk of cardio-cerebral vascular events: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(10):1071-1082.
13. Lallukka T, Podlipskytė A, Sivertsen B, et al. Insomnia symptoms and mortality: a register-linked study among women and men from Finland, Norway and Lithuania. J Sleep Res. 2016;25(1):96-103.
14. Li M, Zhang X-W, Hou W-S, Tang Z-Y. Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176(3):1044-1047.
15. Li Y, Zhang X, Winkelman JW, et al. Association between insomnia symptoms and mortality: a prospective study of US men. Circulation. 2014;129(7):737-746.
16. Sivertsen B, Pallesen S, Glozier N, et al. Midlife insomnia and subsequent mortality: the Hordaland health study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):720.
17. Sofi F, Cesari F, Casini A, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF. Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21(1):57-64.
18. Choi O, Irwin MR. 5 Insomnia in Aging. Geriatr Sleep Med. Published online 2008:89.
19. Elwood PC, Bayer AJ, Fish M, Pickering J, Mitchell C, Gallacher JE. Sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness predict vascular dementia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(9):820-824.
20. Foley D, Monjan A, Masaki K, et al. Daytime sleepiness is associated with 3-year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older Japanese-American men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(12):1628-1632.
21. Sindi S, Johansson L, Skoog J, et al. Sleep disturbances and later cognitive status: a multi-centre study. Sleep Med. 2018;52:26-33.
22. Snyder CK, Chang A-M. Mobile technology, sleep, and circadian disruption. In: Sleep and Health. Elsevier; 2019:159-170.
23. Grandner MA. Social-ecological model of sleep health. In: Sleep and Health. Elsevier; 2019:45-53.
24. Pigeon WR. Insomnia as a risk factor for disease. Insomnia Diagn Treat. Published online 2010:31-41.
25. Babson KA, Wong AC, Morabito D, Kimerling R. Insomnia symptoms among female veterans: prevalence, risk factors, and the impact on psychosocial functioning and health care utilization. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(6):931-939.
26. Bin YS, Marshall NS, Glozier N. The burden of insomnia on individual function and healthcare consumption in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2012;36(5):462-468.
27. Hatoum HT, Kong SX, Kania CM, Wong JM, Mendelson WB. Insomnia, health-related quality of life and healthcare resource consumption. Pharmacoeconomics. 1998;14(6):629-637.
28. Meredith S, Frawley J, Adams J, Sibbritt D. The utilization of health services and self-care by older women with sleeping problems: Results from a nationally representative sample of 9,110 women. J Aging Health. 2018;30(4):540-558.
29. Novak M, Mucsi I, Shapiro CM, Rethelyi J, Kopp MS. Increased utilization of health services by insomniacs—an epidemiological perspective. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56(5):527-536.
30. Sivertsen B, Krokstad S, Mykletun A, Øverland S. Insomnia symptoms and use of health care services and medications: the HUNT-2 study. Behav Sleep Med. 2009;7(4):210-222.
31. Zhang H-S, Mai Y-B, Li W-D, et al. Sleep quality and health service utilization in Chinese general population: A cross-sectional study in Dongguan, China. Sleep Med. 2016;27:9-14.
32. Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Grégoire J-P, Savard J, Baillargeon L. Insomnia and its relationship to health-care utilization, work absenteeism, productivity and accidents. Sleep Med. 2009;10(4):427-438.
33. Ensrud KE, Kats AM, Schousboe JT, et al. Multidimensional sleep health and subsequent health-care costs and utilization in older women. Sleep. 2020;43(2):zsz230.
34. Kaufmann CN, Canham SL, Mojtabai R, et al. Insomnia and health services utilization in middle-aged and older adults: results from the Health and Retirement Study. J Gerontol Ser Biomed Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(12):1512-1517.
35. Pollak CP, Perlick D, Linsner JP, Wenston J, Hsieh F. Sleep problems in the community elderly as predictors of death and nursing home placement. J Community Health. 1990;15(2):123-135.
36. Tzuang M, Owusu JT, Huang J, et al. Associations of insomnia symptoms with subsequent health services use among community-dwelling U.S. older adults. Sleep. 2020;(zsaa251). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa251
37. Paudel ML, Taylor BC, Vo TN, et al. Sleep disturbances and risk of hospitalization and inpatient days among older women. Sleep. 2017;40(2):zsx037.
38. Redline S, Redline B, James P. Sleep Epidemiology. Soc Epidemiol Sleep. Published online 2019:11.
39. Bugliari D, Campbell N, Chan C, et al. RAND HRS Longitudinal File 2016 (V1) Documentation. St Monica CA RAND Cent Study Aging. Published online 2019.
40. Fisher GG, Ryan LH. Overview of the health and retirement study and introduction to the special issue. Work Aging Retire. 2018;4(1):1-9.
41. Sonnega A, Faul JD, Ofstedal MB, Langa KM, Phillips JW, Weir DR. Cohort profile: the health and retirement study (HRS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):576-585.
42. University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. Health and Retirement Study: institutional review board information. Published online 2018. Accessed July 12, 2020. https://hrs.isr.umich.edu/sites/default/files/biblio/HRS_IRB_Information%28web%29_08_2018.pdf
43. Wallace RB, Herzog AR. Overview of the health measures in the Health and Retirement Study. J Hum Resour. Published online 1995:S84-S107.
44. Jenkins CD, Stanton B-A, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(4):313-321.
45. Canham SL, Kaufmann CN, Mauro PM, Mojtabai R, Spira AP. Binge drinking and insomnia in middle-aged and older adults: the Health and Retirement Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(3):284-291.
46. Dong L, Agnew J, Mojtabai R, Surkan PJ, Spira AP. Insomnia as a predictor of job exit among middle-aged and older adults: results from the Health and Retirement Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71(8):750-757.
47. Kim ES, Hershner SD, Strecher VJ. Purpose in life and incidence of sleep disturbances. J Behav Med. 2015;38(3):590-597.
48. Min Y, Nadpara PA, Slattum PW. The association between sleep problems, sleep medication use, and falls in community-dwelling older adults: results from the Health and Retirement Study 2010. J Aging Res. 2016;2016.
49. United States Census Bureau. Poverty Thresholds. Accessed December 8, 2020. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html
50. Crimmins EM, Kim JK, Langa KM, Weir DR. Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: the Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011;66(suppl_1):i162-i171.
51. Karim J, Weisz R, Bibi Z, ur Rehman S. Validation of the eight-item center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) among older adults. Curr Psychol. 2015;34(4):681-692.
52. Langa KM, Kabeto M, Weir D. Report on race and cognitive impairment using HRS. 2010 Alzheimer’s Dis Facts Fig. Published online 2009:46-61.
53. O’Halloran AM, Kenny RA, King-Kallimanis BL. The latent factors of depression from the short forms of the CES-D are consistent, reliable and valid in community-living older adults. Eur Geriatr Med. 2014;5(2):97-102.
54. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385-401.
55. Simon GE, VonKorff M. Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(10):1417-1423.
56. Sonnega A, Leggett A, Pepin R, Assari S. Physical Activity and Insomnia Symptoms Over 10 Years in a US National Sample of Late-Middle-Age and Older Adults: Age Matters. J Aging Phys Act. 2020;1(aop):1-10.
57. Hernán MA, Brumback BA, Robins JM. Estimating the causal effect of zidovudine on CD4 count with a marginal structural model for repeated measures. Stat Med. 2002;21(12):1689-1709.
58. Robins JM. Association, causation, and marginal structural models. Synthese. Published online 1999:151-179.
59. Robins JM, Hernan MA, Brumback B. Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology. LWW; 2000.
60. Cole SR, Hernán MA. Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(6):656-664.
61. Robins JM. Marginal structural models versus structural nested models as tools for causal inference. In: Statistical Models in Epidemiology, the Environment, and Clinical Trials. Springer; 2000:95-133.
62. Faries D, Zhang X, Kadziola Z, et al. Real World Health Care Data Analysis: Causal Methods and Implementation Using SAS. SAS Institute; 2020.
63. Allison PD. Survival Analysis Using SAS: A Practical Guide. Second. SAS Institute Inc.; 2010.
64. Kamal R, McDermott D, Ramirez G, Cox C. How Has U.S. Spending on Healthcare Changed over Time? Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker; 2020. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/#item-start
65. Martin AB, Hartman M, Lassman D, Catlin A, Team NHEA. National Health Care Spending In 2019: Steady Growth For The Fourth Consecutive Year: Study examines national health care spending for 2019. Health Aff (Millwood). Published online 2021:10-1377.
66. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service. National Health Expenditures 2019 Highlights. Accessed May 1, 2021. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/highlights.pdf
67. Peter G. Peterson Foundation. WHY ARE AMERICANS PAYING MORE FOR HEALTHCARE? Published online April 20, 2020. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2020/04/why-are-americans-paying-more-for-healthcare
68. Peter G. Peterson Foundation. HOW DOES THE U.S. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRIES? Published online July 14, 2020. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2020/07/how-does-the-us-healthcare-system-compare-to-other-countries
69. Anderson LA, Goodman RA, Holtzman D, Posner SF, Northridge ME. Aging in the United States: Opportunities and Challenges for Public Health. American Public Health Association; 2012.
70. Colby SL, Ortman JM. Projections of the size and composition of the US population: 2014 to 2060: Population estimates and projections. Published online 2017.
71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health and Economic Costs of Chronic Diseases. Published online 2021. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/costs/index.htm
72. Aaron KJ, Colantonio LD, Deng L, et al. Cardiovascular health and healthcare utilization and expenditures among medicare beneficiaries: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2):e005106.
73. Arem H, Loftfield E. Cancer epidemiology: A survey of modifiable risk factors for prevention and survivorship. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2018;12(3):200-210.
74. Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):795-808.
75. Avery CL, Loehr LR, Baggett C, et al. The population burden of heart failure attributable to modifiable risk factors: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(17):1640-1646.
76. Durstine JL, Gordon B, Wang Z, Luo X. Chronic disease and the link to physical activity. J Sport Health Sci. 2013;2(1):3-11.
77. Rist PM, Nguyen TT, Whitmer RA, Glymour MM. Modifiable risk factors for nursing home admission among individuals with high and low dementia risk. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;65:140-145.
78. Buysse DJ. Insomnia. JAMA. 2013;309(7):706-716. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.193
79. Neubauer D, Zee P, Pagel J. Comorbid conditions caused by sleeping disorders. Med Roundtable Gen Med Ed. 2014;1(3):222-229.