Universe: the dynamics of the minimum and maximum expansion states

Two hypotheses stand out in describing the evolution of the Universe. The predominant one predicts that the current expansion began at a certain instant and will not preserve any variation of energy that performs work; apparent flat U niverse (Ω = 1) is advocated by relativistic calculations and observational data, with an end or thermal death at its maximum expansion (3D Space) . The other hypothesis considers that the Universe is cyclical (always alternating phases of expansion and contraction). This proposal aims to demonstrate that both hypotheses can be correct by not being distinct, but complementary. Supported by the immutability of physical laws, analyses of concepts such as space, mass, energy, gravity, spin, and entropy define an exclusive presence of 1D Space in the minimum and maximum expansion states of the Universe. With our 3D Space Universe created and existing between these extreme states, every dynamic is outlined and completes the usual relativity. More objectively, the process that describes the formation of mass through energy conversion is defined. The concept of complete rest energy (1D Space) was able to be applied, demonstrating that the complete evolution of the Universe is spatially dynamic in a perpetual time dimension, always recreating our Universe.


Introduction
The state of the Universe depends on energy. If the Universe is in an extremely contracted state, with the scarcity of space inside, no environment that promotes life would exist. In contrast, if the Universe is in a well-expanded state, the energies would not generate agglutinations for planetary formations or existence of life ; therefore, the study of universal evolution [1] is important.
In Cosmology, the evolution of the Universe [2] is studied via astronomical observations, particle collision experiments, computational analysis, and relativistic calculations. However, its complete understanding is hindered by factors, such as the unknown nature of some of its constituents.
The most accepted theory about our Universe evolution posits a certain initial state and an accelerated spatial expansion. However, the structure generating this expansive beginning is still under debate.
The instants of extreme universal contraction are usually related to presence of a great energy concentration.
Moreover, the existence of an expansive universe, the predicted current amount of mass, and entropy (S) are commonly associated with a future thermal death or total dissipation. Given these current associations, this study highlights concepts such as energy [3], dimension, and Universe to present solutions in a coherent development.

Development
The Universe can be considered the holder of all space-time, that is, any massive or energy content which results in a space variation related to the time dimension [4].
The characterization of the true extreme states is necessary to define a complete evolution of the Universe. Already well-established physical concepts can facilitate the achievement of this objective.
For a complete analysis of the whole evolution, it should be considered that conceptually, the Universe must be in a static state (finite) of maximum contraction to initiate an expansion. Just as the minimum temperature cannot be lower than Absolute Zero, the most extreme contraction will be limited to the maximum possible absence of space; for this extreme state, the universe holds a finite amount of energy which represents its contraction, and which will also be available to represent the maximum state of expansion in a possible conversion.
Thus, the universe is limited with respect to the maximum and minimum space it can occupy, or its complete evolution is limited to a resting state at the extremes, naturally preserving its existence.
Complete evolution limited in extreme states: for the beginning or the end of any relative motion, it is necessary to be at rest.
Before the expansive beginning, the entire universe had to be at rest.
For the maximum expansion, the entire Universe will be at rest.
For the extreme and static states, conserving the dynamic, the existence of maximum potential energy is necessary, i.e., the presence of a maximum distance (occupied or not) or maximum 1D Space.
During a complete evolution, the possible spatial variation is always the same: limited by 1D (extreme states).
The entropy depends on the spatial distribution of the components or on the degree of freedom present, that is, on the type of spatial dimension that is existing: 3D, 2D or 1D; the degree of freedom of complete universal evolution is limited to the 1D spatial dimension.
Maximum contraction: the 1D spatial dimension has a maximum occupation; relative motion is zero; spin is zero.
Maximum expansion: the 1D spatial dimension has a minimum occupation; the space (between the two minimum 1D particles) is maximum; spin is zero.
There are studies that propose the exclusive existence of lower dimensions [5,6].
Relativity (3D + 1D) and quantum mechanics analyze the beginning of the expansion only of our Universe (3D Space); the initial instant of expansion of the complete universal evolution happened earlier, in 1D spatial dimension.
Energy (of a complete Universal evolution) is neither created nor lost; energy is exchanged or transformed.
Since our 3D spatial dimension does not conserve its total energy (relativity), in a partial evolution of the Universe, the existence of universal internal components (of exclusive lower dimensions) may indicate energy conservation in a complete evolution.
In our Universe (3D spatial dimension), the mass that is directly perceptible is the mass formed by three-dimensional (3D) internal spaces. Mass formed by internal spaces (2D) is existence in which one of its component spatial dimensions is minimum, or without space for variation; mass formed by internal spaces (1D) is existence in which two of its dimensions are minimum, without space for variation.
In the analysis of the extreme static states of the complete evolution of the universe (relative motion is zero), it is possible to apply the concept of complete rest energy.
When the internal energetic interactions of any amount of rest mass (m0) are undone, all value of gravitational potential energy (Eg), of energetic interactions: quantum, atomic and electromagnetic (Eq), and of internal kinetic energy (Ek) [7] are equivalent to the total rest energy (ET = E0 = m0 × c 2 ) [8].
The total invariant mass (at the resting instant of the universe: minimum or maximum expansion) is the analog of the resting mass.
Thus, ET (Exclusive 1D Spatial Dimension) is expressed as follows: For Universal resting state (minimum and maximum expansion), the following points are considered: • ETmaxC = EgC + EqC+ EkC, where ETmaxC, EgC, EqC and EkC are the total energy, gravitational potential, Eq, and Kinetic energy, respectively, in the state of maximum contraction.
• ETmaxE = EgE + EqE+ EkE, where ETmaxE, EgE, EqE and EkE are the total energy, gravitational potential, Eq, and Kinetic energy, respectively, in the state of maximum expansion.
• EkC = 0 (for the resting state of maximum contraction, the relative motion is zero).
• For maximum EgE, the maximum distance (the space) between the two minimum massive particles (one-dimensional) must be present.
• For EgC, the maximum value must be present, even with the scarce spaces between the masses.
• For EgC to have the maximum value, the maximum amount of mass must be distributed over a length of one dimension (maximum distance between centers of mass).
If for EgC the masses are distributed in 1D length (d = 2 r), and for EgE the maximum distance (the space) between the two minimum massive particles is 1D, the gravitational field is uniform, and the reference point is the center of mass.
For these extreme states, the use of the integral: U (x)=∫ F (x)⋅dx = Eg = (-G. m. m / r) makes the value of the potential energy negative, i.e., Eg has a maximum value tending to zero, in the static and extreme 1D spatial states With a uniform gravitational field (1D), Eg can be maximum and positive, Eq = 0 and Ek = 0.
For the minimum and maximum expansion of the Universe, the following points are considered: • The capacity to do work of the extreme states or the possible energy variation (conversion) is always the same, limited by the 1D spatial dimension or perpetual existence of some space between the masses (energy variation).
• Maximum contraction: two minimum spaces are present, i.e., the universal structure is composed of three mass parts: one minimum mass (particle) between two maximum mass (m0 + m0) for the conservation of energy.
• M0 + M0 + (M0 -m0) = Universe total mass in the maximum contraction state (if it were possible the non-existence of two minimum spaces).
• The energy of the maximum contraction state (1D Space) is the gravitational potential energy related to the masses (M0 + M0 + (M0 -m0)) subtracted from 2 (M0 -m0) that would correspond to the two minimum masses that could occupy the two present spaces.
• There is no energy directly associated with the existence of the spaces (1D) in these extreme states of the universe. Such existence is related to a limit of gravitational potential energy (existence of a determined amount of mass) in states of maximum, but not complete, contraction or expansion.
• m0 + m0 + (M0 -m0) = Universe total mass in the maximum contraction state (With the necessary presence of the two minimum spaces).
• Energy available in the maximum contraction state: with the necessary presence of two internal spaces, corresponding to an incomplete but maximum contraction for the conservation of energy: ETmaxE = (M0 + m0) x c 2 , does not mean that the universe will have a rest mass quantity (M0 + m0) in its state of maximum expansion, but that it will have an energy corresponding to the universe at maximum contraction (the state with this rest mass present).
Kinetic energy is zero in linear and static states; although there is no more curvable space in these states, gravitational potential energy cannot convert instantaneously into kinetic energy throughout the universe; the conversion occurs from the beginning of motion.
In extreme states (1D Space), not only Time, but also Space is a linear dimension.
The entropy (S) or the degree of freedom must be associated with the dimension; the degree is the same in extreme states of the 1D Spatial Dimension (ΔS = 0); therefore, entropy is minimum (the degree of freedom is minimum), at minimum and maximum expansion; thus, expansions are followed by contractions of the same intensity.
Figs. 1-3 show that any contraction and expansion, although intense, cannot be total; demonstrating that the Universe is dynamic, always transforming with the preservation of some energetic variation.  .

Part A Part B
The initial expansion is oriented according to the fact that the disappearance of any curvature from the center is inferred to the extremities as the expansion progresses.
A .
(Spin) B The 2D spatial dimension arises. There is space between the "masses" (Part A and B) and the central particle [9]. Eg  These masses return to their resting state, effectively giving rise to a central mass: . .

Conclusion
It has been demonstrated that there can be maximum contraction to a single spatial dimension, but not so intense to be complete; similarly, maximum expansion can only occur without the existence of complete dissipation (1D Space); there is the perpetual existence of some empty space between masses.
The fact that the sign of the complete disappearance of the curvature of space in the extreme states of universal evolution does not instantaneously reach the entire universe is related to the concept of existence, space, and time. If instantaneous, the state of maximum contraction would be the state of maximum expansion, would require a complete lack of empty space, that is, an absence of parts (no existence would be configured, and no spatial variation or temporal presence could be represented).
For the presentation of this proposal, the efficiency of observational data and calculations that already delineate the evolution of our three spatial dimension Universe (with inflation) was considered; however, the description of a contraction and an expansion extended to a single spatial dimension was necessary to delineate a more complete evolution with 1D spatial Universe that generates the dynamics in truly extreme and static states, where there is no scope for vibrations or oscillations. The presence of 1D and 2D masses interacting and increasing the 3D massive presence was proposed, explaining the current accelerating expansion in 3D space.
Experiments with neutrinos (2020) show the possible asymmetry in the formation of matter and antimatter [11]. Antimatter formation may prevail in the contraction phase of the Universe, and thus symmetry may occur only in the contraction + expansion set.
The current motion of the Universe already represents an energetic and spatial variation.
The Dynamic Universe has an eternal transformation of energy; contraction and expansion are limited, but in continuous cycles. Energy is limited by the 1D space dimension, by the necessary presence of empty spaces at maximum contraction and minimum masses at maximum expansion.
For the beginning or end of any motion (expansion), the entire universe must be at rest. Relative motion is zero only in the states and at the instant of maximum contraction and expansion. Such instants have energy that can be transformed and sustain motion in subsequent times, preserving existence.
Equation has been formulated that respects the necessary preservation of total energy in the entire Universe: (M0 + m0) × c 2 = (M0 + m0) × c 2 In the extreme states of 1D spatial dimension, all the forming components, make up the one mass at complete rest (the Universe). The model presented can demonstrate why the Universe begins its spin with the onset of expansion [9].
The smallest massive particles (formed by internal spaces 1D and 2D) and their associated energies are occupying and propagating in our universe (3D Space).
while these particles do not bond to form 3D internal space particles, their presences are perceived by the gravitational effect of their existence. When they group together to form 3D particles, they may represent our accelerated expansion, by the faster spinning of our 3D Space universe.
The spatial analysis (1D and 2D) was used to build a universal complementary model in which the details are supported by some concepts already well established in physics, and others, necessary for the interpretation of the observational data.
Every energy signal is absorbed in the maximum contraction state of each cycle; thus, Olbers' paradox [14] can be disregarded.
This approach respects the Ockham razor perspective and the principle of parsimony. The best explanation should assume the fewest number of premises [15].