Performance Evaluation of Geological Disaster Relief Operations in China using SBM-DEA Methodology

: Geological disasters have caused enormous damage to human beings and the 11 economy in China. Chinese government pay great effort on geological disaster relief. 12 Usually, the efficiency of the disaster rescue is the first priority to be considered. 13 Takeing the historical analysis of China's geological disaster rescue as the main line ， 14 in this paper, we developed a slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (SBM- 15 DEA) model to evaluate the performance of 18 geological disasters relief during 2015- 16 2019 in China, which are used to examine the performance of the geological disasters 17 rescue activities. The results show that though the capabilities of geo-disaster relief is 18 continuous improvement from 2015 to 2019, China’s geological disasters rescue 19 system is still at the primary stage. Especially, the efficiency of landslide rescue 20 operation is pretty low. We analysis the factors influencing the efficiency and provide 21 several suggestions for capacity improvement of geo-disasters rescue.


Introduction 26
China is an geological disaster-prone country, China has one of the most serious 27 geological disaster damage statistics and casualty rates in the world. According to 28 Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) statistics, during 2008-2018 ， 150 thousand 29 geological disasters took place and caused more than 7000 casualties. There are more 30 than 280 thousand potential geological hazards which thread about 15 million people [1] . 31 so the Chinese government pay great effort on the prevention and rescue of the 32 geological disaster [2] . 33 Tremendous progress has been made in response to many challenges resulting from 34 geo-disaster. However, geo-disaster rescue is complicated, and great emphasis should 35 be placed on its efficiency to achieve the best results. Chinese government can mobilize 36 the whole country to deal with the great disaster and make maximum efforts to reduce 37 casualties. Meanwhile, several disaster relief operations show that China are 38 experiencing an increasing number of overreaction problem in disaster relief [3] . Recent 39 case show that there are more rescue teams and heavy machineries deployed than the 40 requirement at the scene of the disaster, which is a waste of rescue resource and caused 41 chaotic of the situation [4] . So, accurate resource deployment is important for disaster 42 relief. Under the premise of ensuring rescue resource supply, the rescue efficiency 43 should be improved. The performance evaluation of the geological disasters rescue 44 operations should be conducted, and lessons should be learned to improve the rescue 45 performance. 46 The objective of this paper is to develop a benchmarking framework for geological 47 and rescue inputs. (3) There is a lack of research results and relevant case data on the 120 evaluation of rescue efficiency of major geological disasters, and the research on rescue 121 efficiency is mainly based on a single disaster or a single organization, which needs to 122 effectively improve the efficiency of disaster relief. 123 This paper analyzes the "input-output" indexes of 18 major geological disaster 124 rescue cases of landslides and mudslides that occurred in China from 2015-2019, and 125 constructs a rescue efficiency evaluation model based on the "rescue-disaster" index， 126 conducted a study of geological disaster rescue efficiency. 127

Methodology and Data Collection
x is the input； ro y is the output； 1 q is the desirable 140 output, 2 q is the undesirable output, m means the inputs number；S  is the inputs slacks, 141 S  is the desirable output slacks, b S  is the undesirable output slacks.  is a non-142 negative multiplicative vector of production possibility sets. Equation (1) defines the non-radial, non-directional measure of the SBM model. When, this implies that all slack 144 variables are zero and the DMU is undesirable for the output case. Because the objective 145 function is not linear, the available Charnes-Cooper transformation method will 146 optimize the problem to a linear model (Tone, 2001) [45] . .
Using the linear solution model (2), the optimal solution can be obtained. It directly 149 considers the deficiencies of inputs and outputs in the efficiency measure and has the 150 advantage of capturing the entire inefficient aspect, which is suitable for analyzing the 151 efficiency considering non-ideal outputs. 152

Inputs and outputs selection for rescue performance evaluation 153
As needed, a list of performance indicators suitable for measuring the performance 154 of geo-hazard relief operations is proposed, either individually or as part of a multi-155 objective model. These indicators are represented through a framework based on the 156 simplest possible action: input, output, and efficiency indicators. Among them, 157 efficiency indicators refer to the ability to produce the maximum output with the 158 minimum input. Three inputs and two outputs are assumed for a geological disaster 159 relief operation： 160 The inputs and outputs of geological disaster rescue operation performance are 162 sought in Figure Table 4 show the input and output slacks of geological disaster rescue operations. 247 The synergy between agencies at all levels is enhanced through standard operating 299 procedure setting, information system sharing, and coordination mechanism 300 establishment. 301

5.Conclusions 302
In this study, SBM-DEA is used as a possibility to evaluate geohazard methods from 303 the perspective of rescue operation efficiency. The advantages and disadvantages of the 304 geohazard rescue operation efficiency perspective are analyzed, and possible directions 305 for improvement are proposed. SBM-DEA analysis scores of geological disaster rescue 306 operation performance on a scale of 0-1.4.The analysis identifies rescue operations 307 2019wc0820, 2018ylzbj1017, and 2017gs0807 as efficient frontier units. Compared to 308 the rest of the rescue operations, these three rescue operations are relative efficient, 309 which serve as the benchmark for the disaster emergency response. These three efficient 310 rescue operations can be utilized as role models, from which lessons and experiences 311 can be learned in order to improve the future geological disaster rescue operation 312 efficiency. 313 After identifying several factors that drive the performance of disaster relief 314 operations for disaster management studies, the SBM-DEA model was used to analyze 315 and derive relevant and valid information. Due to the data collection date, only three 316 input variables and two output variables were considered as a case study, and the range 317 of optional variables could be further increased to be more extensive in further studies. 318 An attempt was made to correlate the variability of rescue operation performance with 319 certain explanatory variables to verify the consistency of the study findings. 320