A Facile Synthesis of CuBi2O4 Hierarchical Dumbbell-Shaped Nanorods Cluster: A Promising Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Caffeic Acid

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-719635/v1

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Research Article

A Facile Synthesis of CuBi2O4 Hierarchical Dumbbell-Shaped Nanorods Cluster: A Promising Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Caffeic Acid

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-719635/v1

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published 15 Mar, 2022

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The present study focuses on synthesizing Cu-bismuth oxide (CuBi₂O₄) based nanorods by using a simple co-precipitation method for the photocatalytic degradation of caffeic acid (CA). Incorporating Cu metal ions during the synthesis of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods might be advantageous to avoid aggregation and control the leach out of metal ions. The calculated bandgap values of ~ 1.04, 1.02, and 0.94 eV were observed for CuBi₂O₄ with different amounts of Cu 1.0, 0.50, and 0.25 g, respectively. Varying quantities of Cu metal ions easily tuned the bandgap value within the CuBi₂O₄ based nanorods. However, a further decrease in the bandgap value increased the recombination rate; less photocatalyst performance was observed. The Cu within the CuBi₂O₄ based nanorods changed the electronic properties as well as the antibacterial ability. Therefore, the synthesized CuBi₂O₄ based nanorods cluster might be a promising material for the photocatalytic degradation of CA.

CuBi2O4

photocatalyst

caffeic acid

phenolic compounds.

Phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), gallic acid (GA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and chlorogenic acid, etc., are a class of compounds that are essential to humans and plants. Particularly, CA, FA, GA, RA, and chlorogenic acid have several biological and chemical properties such as antioxidant, chelating tendency with metals, good scavengers for oxygen species, and electrophiles, thereby having the potential ability to modify various enzymatic activities. Among all of them, CA acts as a significant component mainly for plant biomass and also an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis (Khuwijitjaru et al. 2014, Medina et al. 2012, Ozturk et al. 2012, Villegas et al. 2016). CA is considered an important human, environmental, and socio-economic development despite several advantages of the phenolic compounds. However, the presence of a large amount of CA in the wastewater leads to a negative impact on the environment, subsequently, human and animal health. Olive milling discharge contains a high amount of CA, and its disposal is one of the significant challenges nowadays for environmental and agronomical aspects. CA is mainly responsible for the high value of chemical oxygen demands (COD) that reduce the dissolved oxygen, thereby detrimental health effects on aquatic life. CA has unusual antimicrobial activity, a carcinogen, and phytotoxic ability; thereby, CA compounds developed resistance to the biological degradation that leads to infertility of soils and groundwater contamination and detrimental effects on human health (Anwar et al. 2012, Bai et al. 2014, Capasso et al. 1995, Espíndola et al. 2019, Hernandez &Edyvean 2018, Iwahashi 2015, Magnani et al. 2014, Venditti et al. 2015). In this context, numerous materials need to be synthesized to remove CA compounds from the water.

In the last few decades, various processes like coagulation, adsorption, co-precipitation, and reverse osmosis have been applied to remove CA contamination from the wastewater. However, relatively lesser removal efficiency and higher cost limit their applicability towards end applications. Moreover, the photocatalytic efficiency also depends on the types of materials and pollutants (Khulbe &Matsuura 2018, Talreja et al. 2014). In this perspective, the photocatalytic process has a significant advantage over many physical methods that can destroy contaminants. The photocatalytic process has the potential ability due to its natural energy utilization that might be an ultimate solution for the degradation of CA from the wastewater.

The photocatalysis process becomes the most widely used method to treat the various organic and inorganic contaminants. Usually, the photocatalysis process mainly depends on the photocatalyst materials. Moreover, the photodegradation efficiency of the multiple contaminants might be increased with the help of developing the hybrid photocatalyst materials (Ajmal et al. 2014, Pawar et al. 2018). Several photocatalyst materials (TiO₂, C₃N₄, layered double hydroxides (LDH), graphene, and bismuth oxy-halides, etc.,) and their hybrid materials (carbon-doped TiO_2, Ce doped CoOOH catalyst, and Cr₂S₃-Bi₂O₃) have been developed so far for the degradation of the various contaminants (Ashfaq et al. 2021, Silva et al. 2009, Talreja et al. 2021a, Venditti et al. 2015, Yáñez et al. 2016). For example, carbon-doped TiO₂ for the visible light degradation of CA The TiO₂ sample was doped with glucose and kept inside the oven at 160 ºC. The synthesized carbon-doped TiO₂ based photocatalyst was mesoporous, efficiently removing CA due to the synergetic effects (both adsorption and photodegradation) (Silva et al. 2009).

Recently, the bismuth-based photocatalyst is continuously gaining attention due to its low bandgap and excellent performance in various applications such as solar cells, antibiotic activity, energy storage, and photodegradation of various organic and inorganic pollutants (Chen et al. 2020, Darkwah et al. 2019, Monfort &Plesch 2018, Talreja et al. 2021b). The bismuth oxides or complex oxide are often used as an efficient photocatalyst due to the low bandgap, high photocatalytic activity, and high stability (Ibrahim et al. 2020, Subbarao 1962, Zhao et al. 2014). However, the relatively less degradation efficiency of contaminants still needs concern. Therefore, there is a required order to synthesize newer materials or amendments in the existing photocatalyst materials to increase photodegradation efficiency. In this aspect, the incorporation of metal ions might be advantageous that easily tune the bandgap and enhances the photodegradation efficiency.

Copper (Cu) is extensively used in various applications like environmental remediation, energy, antimicrobial, agriculture, wound healing, and photocatalysis (Ashfaq et al. 2014, Ashfaq et al. 2016, 2017, Hassan et al. 2019, Sasidharan et al. 2021, Yoong et al. 2009). Cu has been used as a dopant material within the semiconductor materials that quickly tuned the bandgap of the materials, thereby improving the photodegradation efficiency. Usually, incorporating Cu into the semiconductor materials has been done by using different methods such as impregnation, deposition, and surface modification. However, the aggregation and leach-out ability lead to contamination of the environments (Aguilar et al. 2013, López et al. 2009, Slamet et al. 2005). Therefore, the incorporation of metal ions during the synthesis process might be resolved such issues associated with the simple doping process. The unique combination of bismuth oxide and Cu might be an effective photocatalyst for the degradation of CA.

The present study describes the synthesis of Cu-bismuth oxide (CuBi₂O₄) based nanorods using a simple co-precipitation method for the photodegradation of CA. The incorporation of Cu metal ions within the bismuth oxide skeleton during the synthesis process of nanorods might be beneficial to avoid the agglomeration of metal ions and leach out within the wastewater. Moreover, the bandgap values can be easily tuned with the varying amount of Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄ based nanorods. Therefore, synthesis for CuBi₂O₄ based nanorods is a facile and one-step process at room temperature applied for the degradation of CA by using solar radiation. The main aim of the present study is to develop simple, effective, and promising photocatalyst materials for the degradation of CA that offer new tools for contributing to the challenging waste disposal issue associated with the phenolic compounds, especially CA.

2.1. Chemicals

Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃.5H₂O), copper chloride (CuCl₂), nitric acid (HNO₃), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), and CA were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Chile. All chemicals were used for the highest grade of purity (~ 99.0 %). All the solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water.

2.2. Synthesis of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods

Approximately 3.8 g of Bi(NO₃)₃.5H₂O was dissolved in 20 mL of Milli-Q water containing 2.5N of HNO₃ under magnetic stirring to produce a homogenous solution of Bi(NO₃)₃.5H₂O. The produce homogenous solution of the Bi(NO₃)₃.5H₂O was dissolved 1 g of CuCl₂, and the resultant solution was designated as solution A. The 6M NaOH was used in 140 mL of water, which was defined as solution B. Next, solution B was slowly added dropwise to solution A under constant stirring, and immediately a suspension solution was formed. The obtained suspension was continuously magnetically stirred for 12 h at room temperature (~ 25 ºC), during which a brown precipitate was gradually formed to produce CuBi₂O₄ nanorods. The produce CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were collected and washed using deionized (DI) water and C₂H₅OH several times. Next, the washed CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were kept for drying in an oven at 60 ºC for 12 h to obtain the final CuBi₂O₄ nanorods. Some samples of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were also synthesized by varying the amount of Cu metal (0.5 g and 0.25 g) for comparison purposes. Figure 1. shows the schematic representation of the synthesis of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods.

2.4. Photocatalytic degradation of CA.

The photocatalytic degradation of CA was performed using a solar simulator under xenon lamp irradiation (VIPHID 6000 k, 12 W/m²). The borosilicate glass photocatalytic reactor was filled with 250 mL of different concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/L) of the CA solution. Next, the synthesized CuBi₂O₄ nanorods as a photocatalyst were added to the reactor. The CA solution with CuBi₂O₄ nanorods was kept thoroughly stirred in the dark condition to achieve an adsorption-desorption equilibrium for 30 min. The different doses (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were tested. The pH value of the CA solution was varied from 2 to 10. The temperature of the photocatalytic reactor was maintained at room temperature with the help of circulating the tap water, and continuous stirring was provided throughout the reaction process. The analysis was performed with a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 200–800 nm wavelengths.

2.5. Characterization of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods

The surface morphology of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods was characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis (MIRA3-, TESCAN, AS, Brno, Czech Republic). The elemental analysis and mapping of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were observed using energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX) analysis (Oxford, Inc., Germany). The crystal pattern and crystalline size of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. For the XRD pattern, Cu-K_α radiation (K_α = 1.54178 A°) at a scan rate of 5 ºC/min per min was used and the range of 10–100º angle. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and pore size distribution were calculated by adsorption/desorption isotherm (Autosorb-1C instrument, Quantachrome, USA). The bandgap of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods samples was calculated by DRS analysis using UV-visible spectroscopy (Thermo scientific evolution 220). The surface functional group of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods was analyzed by using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra (Bruker Tensor 27, Germany). The FT-IR spectrum was recorded with a range of 400–4000 cm^− 1. The sample chamber of the FT-IR was continuously purged with nitrogen gas to remove the moisture and carbon dioxide.

3.1. Material charcterization

3.1.1. SEM and EDX analyses

Figure 2 shows the SEM images and size distribution plot (nanorods diameter) of the synthesized CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalyst material. Figure 2 (a-c) shows the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods at lower and higher magnifications, respectively. As observed from the figure, the surface was covered with the hierarchical dumbbell-shaped nanorods cluster (Fig. 2a). Figure 2 (b-c) shows the higher magnification images of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods cluster composed of several thin hollow nanorods-like structures. Figure 2 (d) shows nanorods diameter or size distribution plot of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods; as observed from the figures, the nanorods consist of 100–160 nm of diameter. The hierarchical dumbbell-shaped hollow nanorods cluster might increase the exposure of CA. Moreover, the hollow nanorod structures might be improved the specific surface area of the photocatalytic materials (Lee &Kim 2019, Yuvaraja et al. 2018). Therefore, the synthesized CuBi₂O₄ hierarchical dumbbell-shaped nanorods cluster might enhance the overall removal of CA due to synergetic effects, which was further confirmed from the BET surface area and photodegradation performance.

Fig. 3 shows elemental analysis and mapping of the synthesized CuBi₂O₄nanorods based photocatalyst materials. As observed from the study, the presence of Cu metal ions confirms that the Cu within the Bi₂O₄ crystal and partly replaces Bi from the Bi₂O₄crystal lattice. The elemental mapping of the CuBi₂O₄ensures the Cu metal ions are uniformly incorporated within the Bi₂O₄ by using the co-precipitation method. Interestingly, the higher metal, around 24% (w/w) of Cu elements observed while 22% of Bi-metal loading was seen from the image confirms the presence of Cu in the Bi₂O₄ crystal.

3.1.2. XRD analysis

The crystallinity and crystallite size of the synthesized CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were determined from the XRD spectrum. Figure 4 shows the XRD spectrum of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods samples. As seen in the spectrum, the diffraction peaks of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were observed at 2Ɵ angle of 20.99º, 28.10º, 29.73º, 31.02º, 33.44º, 34.58º, 37.50º, 46.72º, 53.18º, 55.61º, 60.46º, 66.29º, and 68.23º which corresponded to the crystallographic indices of the (200), (211), (220), (002), (310), (112), (202), (312), (411), (213), (332), (521), (530), and (413), respectively. The diffraction pattern completely matched with the CuBi₂O₄ (JCPDS 042–0334) (Sharma et al. 2016). The average crystallite size was observed to be 21.9 nm for CuBi₂O₄ nanorods. The synthesized CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalyst materials showed the pure tetragonal phase.

3.1.3 BET surface area and pore size distribution

Figure 5 shows the pore size distribution (PSD) of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods. The PSD was calculated using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method for mesopores (2–40 nm) and density functional theory (DFT) for micropores (< 2 nm). The pore diameter for CuBi₂O₄ was 5.4 nm that might be sufficient to adsorb the CA molecule; thereby, photodegradation could be accomplished with adsorption on the surface of nanorods. The BET surface area of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods was calculated as ~ 4.2 m²g^− 1. The smaller BET surface area was due to the packed bundle of nanorods of CuBi₂O₄. Next, the total pore volume was 0.0078 cc/g, and the pore diameter of 5.4 nm showed the presence of mesopores over the surface of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods. The mesoporous nanorods-shaped structure of CuBi₂O₄ led to proper exposure of the CA molecule. The degradation could be done by following the adsorption process, which is discussed later in the manuscript.

3.1.4. FTIR analysis

Figure 6 shows the FT-IR spectrum to analyze the functional group on the surface of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalytic material. The primary characteristic peaks of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were observed at 497, 1398, and 1660 cm-¹ and were assigned to the Cu-O, Bi-O, and H₂O bending modes of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods, respectively. Some peaks were also observed at 3180 cm^− 1 and 3480 cm^− 1 refer to the O-H bond stretching vibration of H₂O in CuBi₂O₄ nanorods (Salehi et al. 2017). The FT-IR analysis confirmed that the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were successfully synthesized, which has been already from the elemental analysis, elemental mapping, and the XRD studies, which are discussed earlier in the manuscript.

3.2. Photocatalytic performance

CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalytic materials were used for photocatalytic performance with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L of CA. Various parameters such as reaction time, catalytic dose, and pH of the solution on CA degradation yield were evaluated. The photocatalytic degradation of CA using CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based materials was assessed at a different time interval (0 to 60 min). The degradation (%) of CA was calculated by decreasing sample absorbance from the absorbance of the standard CA.

Figure 7 shows the photocatalytic performance of the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based materials against the CA compound. Figure 7a shows the degradation (%) of CA using CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based materials with varying amounts of Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄ at 10 mg/L initial concentration. As observed from the figure, the photocatalytic degradation increased with the Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄. A maximum of 58% degradation of CA was observed at CuBi₂O₄ nanorods (1.0 g of Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄). The high degradation (%) efficiency of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods (1.0 g of Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄) was observed due to the average bandgap that enhanced the photo adsorption ability and less recombination rate. Interestingly, the Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄ might play an essential role in the photodegradation of CA. Therefore, CuBi₂O₄ nanorod with 1 g of the Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄ was used for further study.

Figure 7b shows the UV-vis spectra of CA using CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalyst materials at a different time (0–60 min) exposure of UV light irradiation. As observed from the figure, the absorbance of CA or peak of CA decreased with increasing the irradiation time. After 40 min of the irradiation time, the degradation or absorbance or reduction of peak became stable and reached the maximum value (58%) within the 60 min of irradiation time.

Figure 7c the degradation (%) with time at different concentrations of CA compounds. As observed from the figure, the degradation (%) decreased with increasing the engagement of CA. A maximum of 95.8% and a minimum of 58% degradation were observed at 1 and 10 mg/L, respectively. The data suggested that the synthesized CuBi₂O₄ nanorods have high photocatalytic performance at 1 mg/L of the CA solution. According to the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) less than 1 ppb of phenolic compounds like CA is safe for drinking water.

Figure 7d shows the decrement in the dimensionless concentration (C/C₀) of CA using synthesized CuBi₂O₄ nanorods as a function of irradiation time. The degradation of CA increased with the time of irradiation, as observed from the figure. The degradation (%) of CA was higher at lower concentrations (1 mg/L of CA) attributed to the photocatalytic surface of reactive sites might be blocked, thereby less generation of hydroxyl radical at a higher concentration or less degradation efficiency of CA(Le Person et al. 2013).

Based on the data described above, there are some salient observations made that enhanced the photocatalytic performance of CA using CuBi₂O₄ nanorods: (1) synthesis of mesoporous CuBi₂O₄ hierarchical dumbbell-shaped nanorods cluster, (2) the Cu metal incorporation within the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods, (3) narrow bandgap of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods, and (4) the Cu metal incorporation might augment the formation of oxygen vacancy defects (Rao et al. 2019).

Table. 1 shows the bandgap value and degradation (%) efficiency of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalytic material with varying amounts of Cu metal. The bandgap of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods with different amounts of Cu metal (1.0, 0.50, and 0.25 g) was calculated to be approximately 1.04, 1.02, and 0.94 eV, respectively. The bandgap value decreased with the amount of Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄. The data suggested that the bandgap value was easily tuned by changing the amount of Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄. The decrement of bandgap value might be improved the recombination rate; thereby, degradation efficiency was decreased. Numerous studies suggested that incorporating Cu metal or increasing the Cu metal increased/decreased the bandgap value (Aguilar et al. 2013, Yoong et al. 2009). Therefore, the prepared CuBi₂O₄ nanorods-based photocatalytic materials might be a promising material for the degradation of CA compounds from the wastewater.

Table 1

The bandgap value of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods (with varying amounts of Cu metal) and its effect on degradation efficiency.
Photocatalyst materials	Bandgap (eV)	Degradation (%) at 10 mg/L
CuBi₂O₄-1 g	1.04	58
CuBi₂O₄-0.5 g	1.02	49.3
CuBi₂O₄- 0.25 g	0.94	32.9

3.2.1. Effect of pH on CA degradation

Figure 8a shows the degradation (%) of CA at different pH (2–8) of the CA solution. As observed from the figure, the degradation (%) of CA increased with the pH of the CA solution. Similarly, the degradation (%) of CA increased with the irradiation time. The maximum 78% degradation was observed at pH 8, whereas the lowest 31% degradation was observed at pH 3. The data suggested that the surface charge of CA and CuBi₂O₄ nanorods photocatalyst material was the dominant factor for the degradation of the CA mechanism.

Radical scavenger capture experiments were also carried out. Figure 8b shows the radical capture experiments. The ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and p-benzoquinone (BQ) were adopted as h⁺, hydroxyl radical (· OH), and superoxide radical (·O₂⁻) respectively; it was observed from the data that maximum degradation was achieved with no scavenger. The addition of IPA and BQ. were not exhibiting any significance on CA degradation. However, on adding EDTA, h⁺ concentration increases in the solution, which subsequently increases the degradation of CA (Zheng et al. 2019).

Figure 9 shows the two possibilities for degradation, (1) vinyl catechol (2) protocatechuic acid. Usually, the expected product is vinyl catechol formed after the first deprotonation from the COOH functional group occurred during the first pKa1. CA degradation could be explained based on species distribution. The CA pKa was mainly located between pKa₁ and pKa₂, which were 4.43 and 8.6. During the first degradation, deprotonation occurred from -COOH functional group to form CA₂₋ species (loss of two protons from CA), that generate hydroxyl radical which further acted as an oxidizing agent for CA The pKa₂ of CA was around 8.6 suggesting the second degradation occurred from the catechol group to form anionic species, which was attracted by the surface of the CuBi2O4 nanorods and further increased the degradation percentage of CA The Cu(II) ions also have a promoter effect on the degradation of CA as they enhanced the positive surface charge over the catalyst surface (Abdelkader et al. 2015, Elaziouti et al. 2015, Le Person et al. 2013). Therefore, the degradation of CA was higher at a pH value of ~ 8, which was also confirmed from the pH study discussed earlier in the text.

In this study, efficient CuBi₂O₄ nanorods were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation method. The SEM images showed that nanorods were packed together to form a dumbbell-shaped hollow structured cluster. The synthesized nanorods were further tested for the CA degradation in the wastewater. The XRD showed that the Cu partly replaced the Bi atom from Bi₂O₄. The DRS calculation was used to determine the bandgap of CuBi₂O_4, and the lowest bandgap value was 0.94 eV, which suitably degraded the CA. The maximum degradation using CuBi₂O₄ nanorods was 95.8% at 1 ppm of the CA concentration, while 58% was achieved using 10 ppm. Further, three different amounts of Cu within the CuBi₂O₄ were used to determine the effect of photocatalyst over the photodegradation of the CA, and it was found that 1 g Cu metal within the CuBi₂O₄ nanorods was the best amount to degrade CA from the wastewater. Additionally, the pH study was done for the prediction of the mechanism. A proposed CA degradation pathway was given based on the pH. Therefore, the synthesis of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods is facile, and these nanorods are promising photocatalyst materials or options further to develop the visible-light-driven for the degradation of CA.

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the financial support of ANID, the Government of Chile, through FONDECYT project No. 3190515 and 3190581.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable

Consent to Participate

Not applicable

Consent to Publish

Not applicable

Authors Contributions

M.A & N.T design, performed experiments and writing the manuscript. D.C draws the figures, writing the manuscript and performs some characterizations. C.A.R & A.C.M provides lab facilities to conduct research. R.V.M revised the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The materials were available subject to availability.

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published 15 Mar, 2022

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Editorial decision: Minor Revision
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You are reading this latest preprint version

A Facile Synthesis of CuBi2O4 Hierarchical Dumbbell-Shaped Nanorods Cluster: A Promising Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Caffeic Acid

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Material And Method

2.1. Chemicals

2.2. Synthesis of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods

2.4. Photocatalytic degradation of CA.

2.5. Characterization of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods

3. Results And Discussion

3.1. Material charcterization

3.1.1. SEM and EDX analyses

3.1.2. XRD analysis

3.1.3 BET surface area and pore size distribution

3.1.4. FTIR analysis

3.2. Photocatalytic performance

3.2.1. Effect of pH on CA degradation

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

A Facile Synthesis of CuBi2O4 Hierarchical Dumbbell-Shaped Nanorods Cluster: A Promising Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Caffeic Acid

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Material And Method

2.1. Chemicals

2.2. Synthesis of CuBi2O4 nanorods

2.4. Photocatalytic degradation of CA.

2.5. Characterization of CuBi2O4 nanorods

3. Results And Discussion

3.1. Material charcterization

3.1.1. SEM and EDX analyses

3.1.2. XRD analysis

3.1.3 BET surface area and pore size distribution

3.1.4. FTIR analysis

3.2. Photocatalytic performance

3.2.1. Effect of pH on CA degradation

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

2.2. Synthesis of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods

2.5. Characterization of CuBi₂O₄ nanorods