Adolescent physical activity: the role of parental social support and the level of physical activity. Social Support and Physical Activity of Parents and Adolescents.

doi:10.21203/rs.2.16556/v1

Background: To verify the relationship between the level of moderate to vigorous physical activity of parents and that social support with the level of moderate to vigorous physical activity in adolescents.

Methods: Cross-sectional study that selected 1390 (59.6% female) adolescents. The questionnaires IPAQ, QAFA and ASAFA were used. Binary logistic regression was used to test the relationship between the study variables. The direction and magnitude measurement were verified.

Results: In relation to girls, the fact of receiving incentives from parents (OR=1.589 – CI95%=1.060-2.382) and having parents/legal guardians who meet the vigorous moderate physical activity recommendations (OR=2.038 – CI95%=1.424-2.918) was associated with meeting the vigorous moderate physical activity recommendations. Regarding boys, the support of parents related to transportation (OR=1.741 – CI95%=1.114- 2.719), parents who comment on physical activity (OR=0.440 – CI95%=0.266-0.729) and parents who meet the vigorous moderate physical activity recommendations (OR=2.739 – CI95%=1.700-4.14) were associated with meeting the recommendations for adolescents.

Conclusions: The social support from parents increased to practice physical activity contributes to adolescents chances of achieving moderate to vigorous physical activity recommendation. Adolescents who have physically active parents (who comply moderate to vigorous physical activity recommendations) are almost twice as likely to comply with the recommendations.

Pediatrics

motor activity

parents

adolescents

social support

The increase in the prevalence of physical inactivity, both in developed and developing countries, is of great concern since it is the fourth leading cause of death in the world¹, besides increasing the risk of suffering from 35 chronic diseases². It is estimated that, on average, every fourth one in the world population is not active enough^3,4. Therefore, if current trends continue, the WHO (World Health Organization) goal of achieving an insufficient 10% relative reduction in physical activity (PA) in the population by 2025 will not be achieved^4,5. In Brazilian adolescents, physical inactivity in free time reaches 54.3%^6,7. The factors that can influence these data are very varied^8–13, including sociodemographic, economic or social/family support indicators, among others^14,15.

In this sense, numerous national and international studies indicate that the level of social support (SS) in the family context, as well as in the peer group, is linked to higher levels of PA in adolescents^15–19. In addition, the fact that parents perform PA at the same time is a good model for children to perform PA^20–22. Furthermore, a longitudinal study that included 13.000 students observed that PA performed by parents showed an association with that performed by their children²³.

To date, the studies have presented the association of the PA level of parents or legal guardians and SS in isolation^14,15,21,23. The present study seeks to investigate the chance that an adolescent has to comply with the MVPA (vigorous moderate physical activity) recommendations if parents or legal guardians also comply with it; in parallel, it investigates the SS received from parents or legal guardians to practise PA (encourage, practice together, transport, assist and comment on how well the adolescent is doing his/her PA).

With these results it will be possible to verify the meaning of the variables mentioned about the level of MVPA in adolescents. Once investigated, this gap can contribute to a better understanding of how to maximize the levels of MVPA in adolescents, with the support and example coming from parents (father, mother, caregiver).

Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the relationship between the level of MVPA of parents or legal guardians and that of SS with the level of MVPA in adolescents.

The study followed the standards of research involving human beings of the National Health Council (resolution number 466/2012), having been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paraná (CAAE: 98133218.8.0000.0102) and authorized by adolescents’ the parents or legal guardians by means of a free and informed consent form.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 with a representative sample of adolescents aged 15 to 17 enrolled in high school in the public school.

For the preliminary sample calculation, an association of OR = 1.49 was considered between SS and PA²⁴, a prevalence of being insufficiently active of 50%²⁵, a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05) with a power of 80% (β = 0.20), resulting in a minimum sample of 804 subjects. However, an increase of 30% was considered for possible losses and refusals, which estimated a minimum sample required for the study of 965 subjects. The sample was selected from the process of sampling by multiple stages, conglomerates, in three stages: 1st stage - all state schools were stratified according to each of the nine administrative regions of the city of Curitiba; 2nd stage - a draw was made among the nine administrative regions of the city, being two of them the one chosen; 3rd stage - a simple random selection of a class of each year was performed, according to the number of students, separated by sex, required for a given region. Finally, all students in each class were invited to participate in the study.

A total of 2506 adolescents were evaluated, but those who presented physical and/or cognitive limitations that could restrict the practice of PA (informed by the school) (n = 12) and were 18 years old (n = 125) were excluded. Adolescents who did not present the informed consent form signed by their parents or legal guardians (n = 104), those who refused to participate in the study, or missed the day of collection (n = 56), as well as those who answered the questionnaires incorrectly (n = 66) and those who did not answer the PA level (n = 753) when the questionnaire was sent home, were considered as sample loss. Thus, the analytical sample of the study was 1390 adolescents.

Statistical analyses carried out subsequently showed that this sample could identify statistically significant ratios above 1.36 and below 0.73, considering a power of 80% (β = 20%), a confidence level of 95% (α = 5%) and considering a prevalence of 34% of adolescents with low SS and who did not meet the minimum recommendations for PA.

Physical Activity - Parents / Legal Guardians and Adolescents

The MVPA level of parents or legal guardians was measured through the IPAQ questionnaire - short version (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), in which parents or legal guardians reported “how many days a week” and “how long a day” they practiced MVPA, over a normal week²⁶. The time dedicated to each PA practice (leisure and displacement) per week was categorized according to the current recommendations of MVPA practice²⁶.

The PA level of adolescents was evaluated by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (QAFA)²⁷. This questionnaire was first developed in the checklist format by Sallis et al, 1996²⁸ for North American adolescents, translated and adapted for Brazilian adolescents by Farias-Júnior et al, 2012.The questionnaire consists of a list of 24 moderate to vigorous physical activities, with the possibility of adolescents adding activities beyond those listed. In Brazilian adolescents, the questionnaire showed good reproducibility (CCI = 0.88; CI_95% = 0.84–0.91) and concurrent validity when compared to 24-hour recall (r = 0.62; p<0.001)²⁷. To analyse the MVPA level, it was classified as “it meets the recommendations” (≥420 minutes per week of MVPA practice) and “it does not meet” (<420 minutes per week of MVPA practice).

SS received from parents or legal guardians for the practice of PA

The SS of the adolescents’ parents or legal guardians to practise PA was measured by the scale of 5 items Social Support for Physical Activity Practice for Adolescents (ASAFA), which has satisfactory consistency (SS of parents α ≥ 0.77 and IFC ≥ 0.83) ²⁹. Adolescents reported the frequency (never = 1, rarely = 2, frequently = 3, always = 4) with which parents offered some type of SS for the practice of PA (encourage, practice, transport, assist, comment) during a typical or normal week²⁹. For purposes of analysis, and with the aim of ensuring comparability with similar studies³⁰, the response options “rarely” and “frequently” were grouped and classified as “sometimes”. Thus, the weekly frequency categories of SS were classified as never, sometimes and always. For the creation of the median variable, we considered the sum of the values assigned to each item (5 to 20 points) and computed an overall score of parents’ SS, categorized by the median: “low SS” and “high SS”.

Sociodemographic Information and Health

Gender was self-reported (“male”, “female”) and age was calculated from the date of birth (informed by the adolescent) subtracted from the date of data collection and divided by 365, resulting in: “15 years”, “16 years”, “17 years”. The nutritional status was calculated with the measured data on body mass and size (kg/m²) and adolescents were classified as “not excess of weight” and “excess of weight”³¹. The education level of the main family breadwinner and his/her socioeconomic status (SES) were evaluated with a standardized questionnaire³². The Education level was classified as: Elementary School, Secondary School or higher Education levels. SES was classified into three categories: “low” (class C+D), “medium” (class B1+B2) and “high” (class A1+A2) (ABEP, 2016)³².

Data Analysis

After having identified the data distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, descriptive statistics were used to distribute absolute and relative frequencies and the chi-square test (χ²) was used to verify differences in proportions in relation to sex and recommended levels of MVPA in adolescents. Binary logistic regression was used to test, in an exploratory manner, the relationship between the study variables. Three blocks of analysis were established to this aim. Firstly, the sociodemographic variables and health were included: gender, age, BMI, the main breadwinner’s education level and SES. In the second block it was inserted the SS received from parents/legal guardians for the practice of PA, while in the third block the information on MVPA of parents/legal guardians was included. The variables that presented p<0.20 in this exploratory analysis were inserted and tested again in the model. The results were tested according to gender (male and female), using the command “divided file”. To avoid bias related to the complex sample selection process (cluster stratification), the association analyses were corrected by the complex design using the SPSS software version 23.0 “complex sample” command.

The sample was composed by 1390 adolescents (59.6% female) and their respective parents/ legal guardians. Tables 1 and 2 show the variables of the study stratified by gender, where: BMI (p = 0.001), NSE (p = 0.015) and the level of MVPA of parents (p = 0.021) showed significant differences. Likewise, when stratified by adolescents who “comply with the MVPA recommendations” and “do not comply”, we found that the main breadwinner’s education level (p = 0.004) and level of MVPA of parents (p = 0.000) were significant.

In relation to girls, the fact of receiving incentives from parents (OR = 1.589—CI_95% = 1.060–2.382) and having parents/legal guardians who meet the MVPA recommendations (OR = 2.038—CI_95% = 1.424–2.918) was associated with meeting the MVPA recommendations. Regarding boys, the support of parents related to transportation (OR = 1.741—CI_95% = 1.114- 2.719), parents who comment on PA (OR = 0.440—CI_95% = 0.266–0.729) and parents who meet the MVPA recommendations (OR = 2.739—CI_95% = 1.700–4.14) were associated with meeting the recommendations for adolescents (Table 3).

Table 1. Sociodemographic information and health, social support and data on physical activity stratified by sex (n = 1390).

BMI: body mass index; SES: socioeconomic status; SS: Social Support; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; *Statistically significant for the chi-square test for continuity correction; ǂ Statistically significant for the linear association by chi-square test; p<0.05.

Table 2. Sociodemographic information and health, social support and level of physical activity of parents / guardians, stratified by the recommendation of physical activity for adolescents (n = 1390).

BMI: body mass index; SES: socioeconomic status; SS: Social Support; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; *Statistically significant for the chi-square test for continuity correction; ǂ Statistically significant for the linear association by chi-square test; p<0.05.

Table 3. Association of the sociodemographic information, the social support and the level of physical activity of parents/legal guardians with regards to recommended MVPA levels in adolescents (n = 1390).

SS: Social Support; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; *Statistically significant for the test;p<0,05.

Numerous studies indicate that the level of SS in the family context, as well as recommended levels of PA from parents or legal guardians are linked to higher levels of PA in adolescents^15–23. However, scientific literature has analysed these variables independently. Aiming at this, the present study sought to investigate the variables in the same sample of adolescents, in order to analyse how much the fact of having parents or legal guardians physically active and receiving their support for the practice of PA could contribute to achieve the recommendations of MVPA in adolescents.

In the present study, for girls, the fact of receiving incentives from parents and having parents/legal guardians who comply with the MVPA recommendations was associated with complying the MVPA recommendations. In the case of boys, the support of parents related to transportation and the fact of having parents who meet the MVPA recommendations were associated with meeting recommended MVPA levels. A systematic review³³ published in 2014 consistently observed that adolescents who received greater SS reported higher levels of PA, reinforcing the importance of this support in adolescent participation in PA³³. However, the low number of studies made it impossible to analyse the association among different types of SS, PA intensities and adolescent characteristics, such as gender and age³³.

On the importance of SS “encouraging” (encouraged you to do PA) for girls and “transporting” (transported or provided transportation to get you to the place of your PA) for boys, other studies also noted how positive these reinforcements can be in the adolescent phase.

Piola et al³⁴, in the city of Curitiba (Brazil), in a study of adolescents found that the fact that parents “always” commented positively on the activities was absolutely associated with the practice of PA (OR = 2.60—CI_95% = 1.01–6.10). Variations in associations between different types and sources of SS can also be observed according to the age of adolescents.

In this sense, Duncan et al³⁵ observed that older adolescents have greater perception from family members when this comes in the form of encouragement and talk about PA. Similarly, Yao and Rhodes³⁶ also noted that parental encouragement was the SS most strongly related to their children’s PA. In the study by Prado et al¹³, the fact of always receiving positive reinforcement from parents was associated with PA of boys. In the same way, there are other studies that show encouragement as a way of SS most commonly reported by adolescents, regardless of their source^33–36. Most of the types of SS explored in this study did not present a significant association with the practice of PA. This finding was also observed in the multivariate analyses by Fermino et al²⁴, Prado et al³⁰ and Piola et al³⁴, who also did not observe significant associations between most types of SS and PA.

In a systematic review³⁷of studies that examined the Both children’s and parents’ PA, conducted in countries with high development index (United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, France and Portugal) all with cross-sectional design, it was showed that fathers’ MVPA was associated with that of children, as well as the participation in vigorous activities of children was associated with the practice of VPA (vigorous physical activity) of parents³⁷. For mothers, the practice of MPA (moderate physical activity) was associated with that of children³⁷. Both associations were confirmed for weekdays and weekends³⁷. The physical activities reported by parents in their childhood and adolescence were also associated with higher levels of PA among adolescents³⁸. Adolescents with physically active parents in the past and currently, were six times (OR = 6.670—CI_95% = 1.940–2.790) more likely to be physically active compared to adolescents whose parents/legal guardians were not physically active in the past³⁸. Therefore, it seems necessary to understand these parental constructions that measured PA since childhood^37–41.

Complying with the MVPA recommendations established for parents contributes to increasing the chance of adolescents complying with the MVPA recommendation by almost twice as much. Bound together, these findings demonstrate that the regular practice of parents’ PA, combined with the support they provide to their children for the practice of PA, are important factors not only for adolescents in PA, but also for the continued practice. When close people are present and value their behavior, adolescents’ self-esteem tends to rise; thus, it increases their perception of self-efficacy^{3,14,15,37,38}; what can contribute, inexorably, to higher levels of PA^{3,14,15,37,38}. Consequently, more studies are needed to assess the relationship between SS and PA over a broader age group. Some points should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. The fact that the sample is formed only with students from the public school system makes it impossible to extrapolate the results to higher classes. However, the representative sample and the statistical analyses ensure an interpretation of the data for large populations from public schools.

The results confirm the importance of the family environment for adolescent’s PA. It indicates that the influence of the family environment (receiving support from parents or legal guardians and having active parents or legal guardians) in the dynamic behaviour of adolescents, operates, in a way, through the attitudes they receive from parents or legal guardians, such as support and especially the example of being physically active. Parental or legal guardian encouragement can have a direct influence on the active participation of adolescents, since it can lead adolescents to participate in a more automatic process, establishing routines.

The SS (encouraging, transporting, commenting) from parents to practice PA contributes to adolescents’ chances of achieving MVPA recommendations. Furthermore, adolescents who have physically active parents/legal guardians (who comply with the MVPA recommendations) are almost twice as likely to comply with the recommendations. For boys, the association values are higher when compared to girls. The repeated encouragement and forms of support from parents/legal guardians, in addition to the example of being physically active, can initiate and build confidence so that the perceived behavioural control is improved and becomes a routine in the adolescents’ lifestyle.

PA = Physical Activity

SS = Social Support

MVPA = Vigorous Moderate Physical Activity

IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire

QAFA = Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents

ASAFA = Social Support for Physical Activity Practice for Adolescents

SS = Socioeconomic Status

VPA = Vigorous Physical Activity

MPA = Moderate Physical Activity

Ethics approval and consent to participate (attached statements)

The study followed the standards of research involving human beings of the National Health Council (resolution number 466/2012), having been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paraná (CAAE: 98133218.8.0000.0102) and authorized by adolescents’ the parents or legal guardians by means of a free and informed consent form.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable

Availability of data and material

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available, the data are part of a doctoral thesis, which will be defended in February 2020. But are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

EMC- This work was supported by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES) - Financing Code 001. JAPSM - It was supported by grants: FCT: SFRH / BSAB / 142983/2018 and UID / DTP / 00617/2019 as well as the Santander Universities 2018 Scholarship Program

Authors’ contributions

EMC, Responsible for all aspects of the work. JFLG, Writing the manuscript. TSP, Writing the manuscript. JAPSM, Relevant critical content review. WC, Relevant critical content review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not Applicable.

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Table 1. Sociodemographic information and Health, social support and data on physical activity stratified by sex (n=1390).

Sociodemographic Information and Health		Boys		Girls			TOTAL
Sociodemographic Information and Health		n	%	n	%	p	n	%
Age	15	175	37.7	289	62.3	0.090	464	100.0
	16	203	40.5	298	59.5		501
	17	184	43.3	241	56.7		425
BMI	Not Excess of Weight	469	38.8	741	61.2	0.001*	1210	100.0
BMI	Excess of Weight	93	51.7	87	48.3	0.001*	180	100.0
The main breadwinner’s education level	Elementary School	217	40.3	322	59.7		539	100.0
	Secondary School	192	38.8	303	61.2	0.490	495
	Higher Education levels	153	43.0	203	57.0		356
SES	Low SES	93	35.8	167	64.2		260	100.0
	Medium SES	348	40.1	520	59.9	0.015ǂ	868
	High SES	121	46.2	141	53.8		262
SS Parents/Legal Guardians		n	%	n	%	p	n	%
Encourage	Never	104	37.5	173	62.5		277	100.0
	Sometimes	313	40.3	463	59.7	0.168	776
	Always	145	43.0	192	57.0		337
Practice together	Never	205	37.4	343	62.6		548	100.0
	Sometimes	288	42.0	398	58.0	0.060	686
	Always	69	44.2	87	55.8		156
Transport	Never	268	40.5	394	59.5		662	100.0
	Sometimes	176	40.1	263	59.9	0.955	439
	Always	118	40.8	171	59.2		289
Assist	Never	239	39.4	367	60.6		606	100.0
	Sometimes	235	40.4	346	59.6	0.355	581
	Always	88	43.3	115	56.7		203
Comment	Never	209	38.7	331	61.3		540	100.0
	Sometimes	232	43.9	296	56.1	0.992	528
	Always	121	37.6	201	62.4		322
Level of MVPA		n	%	n	%	p	n
Parents/Legal Guardians	It does not meet	411	42.5	557	57.5	0.021*	968	100.0
Parents/Legal Guardians	It meets	151	35.8	271	64.2	0.021*	422	100.0
Adolescents	It does not meet	367	39.4	564	60.6	0.296	931	100.0
Adolescents	It meets	195	42.5	264	57.5	0.296	459	100.0

BMI: body mass index; SES: socioeconomic status; SS: Social Support; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; *Statistically significant for the chi-square test for continuity correction; ǂ Statistically significant for the linear association by chi-square test; p<0.05.

Table 2. Sociodemographic information and health, social support and level of physical activity of parents / guardians, stratified by the recommendation of physical activity for adolescents (n=1390).

			It meets		It does not meet			TOTAL
	Sociodemographic Information and Health		n	%	n	%	p	n	%
Gender		Masculino	195	34.7	367	65.3	0.296	562	100.0
Gender		Feminino	264	31.9	564	68.1	0.296	828	100.0
	Age	15	164	35.3	300	64.7	0.349	464	100.0
		16	157	31.3	344	68.7		501
		17	138	32.5	287	67.5		425
BMI		Not Excess of Weight	397	32.8	813	67.2	0.672	1210	100.0
BMI		Excess of Weight	62	34.4	118	65.6	0.672	180	100.0
The main breadwinner’s education level		Elementary School	188	34.9	351	65.1		539	100.0
		Secondary School	183	37.0	312	63.0	0.004ǂ	495
		Higher Education levels	88	24.7	268	75.3		356
SES		Low SES	87	33.5	173	66.5		260	100.0
		Medium SES	284	32.7	584	67.3	0.975	868
		High SES	88	33.6	174	66.4		262
	SS Parents/Legal Guardians		n	%	n	%	p	n	%
	Encourage	Never	105	37.9	172	62.1		277	100.0
		Sometimes	234	30.2	542	69.8	0.679	776
		Always	120	35.6	217	64.4		337
	Practice together	Never	185	33.8	363	66.2		548	100.0
		Sometimes	213	31.0	473	69.0	0.635	686
		Always	61	39.1	95	60.9		156
	Transport	Never	242	36.6	420	63.4		662	100.0
		Sometimes	120	27.3	319	72.7	0.112	439
		Always	97	33.6	192	66.4		289
	Assist	Never	209	34.5	397	65.5		606	100.0
		Sometimes	169	29.1	412	70.9	0.682	581
		Always	81	39.9	122	60.1		203
	Comment	Never	171	37.1	369	68.3		540	100.0
		Sometimes	171	32.4	357	67.6	0.184	528
		Always	117	36.3	205	63.7		322
	Level of MVPA		n	%	n	%	p	n	%
	Parents/Legal Guardians	It does not meet	371	38.3	597	61.7	0.000*	968	100.0
	Parents/Legal Guardians	It meets	88	20.9	334	79.1	0.000*	422	100.0

BMI: body mass index; SES: socioeconomic status; SS: Social Support; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; *Statistically significant for the chi-square test for continuity correction; ǂ Statistically significant for the linear association by chi-square test; p<0.05.

Table 3. Association of the sociodemographic information, the social support and the level of physical activity of parents/legal guardians with regards to recommended MVPA levels in adolescents (n=1390).

Variables		RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF MVPA (420 minutes per week)
		BOYS					GIRLS					TOTAL
		n	%	OR	CI_95%	p	n	%	OR	CI_95%	p	n	%	OR	CI_95%	p
Age
15		175	37.7	1			289	62.3	1			464	100	1
16		203	40.5	1.463	0.926-2.311	0.103	298	59.5	1.329	0.920-1.920	0.130	501		1.335	1.006-1.772	0.045*
17		184	43.3	1.507	0.945-2.405	0.085	241	56.7	1.285	0.869-1.901	0.209	425		0.969	0.969-1.745	0.080
The main readwinner’s education level
Elementary School		217	40.3	1			322	59.7	1			539	100	1
Secondary School		192	38.8	1.197	0.781-1.834	0.410	303	61.2	0.979	0.690-1.389	0.905	495		1.024	0.784-1.337	0.863
Higher Education levels		153	43.0	1.959	1.200-3.196	0.007*	203	57.0	1.247	0.829-1.875	0.290	356		1.490	1.094-2.029	0.011*
SS parents/legal guardians
Encourage	Never	104	37.5	1			173	62.5	1			277	100	1
	Sometimes	313	40.3	0.970	0.568-1.658	0.912	463	59.7	1.589	1.060-2.382	0.025*	776		1.341	0.971-1.851	0.075
	Always	145	43.0	0.690	0.361-1.316	0.260	192	57.0	1.599	0.956-2.673	0.073	337		1.128	0.757-1.681	0.553
Pratice togheter	Never	205	37.4	1			343	62.6	1			548	100	1
	Sometimes	288	42.0	1.034	0.661-2.399	0.883	398	58.0	1.000	0.693-1.445	0.998	686		1.028	0.775-1,363	0.848
	Always	69	44.2	1.162	0.563-1.620	0.685	87	55.8	0.709	0.398-1.261	0.242	156		0.934	0.596-1,463	0.765
Transport	Never	268	40.5	1			394	59.5	1			662	100	1
	Sometimes	176	40.1	1.741	1.114-2.719	0.015*	263	59.9	1.428	0.977-2.088	0.066	439		1.465	1.092-1.964	0.011*
	Always	118	40.8	1.231	0.745-2.033	0.418	171	59.2	1.340	0.848-2.118	0.210	289		1.250	0.887-1.762	0.202
Assist	Never	239	39.4	1			367	60.6	1			606	100	1
	Sometimes	235	40.4	1.558	0.952-2.548	0.077	346	59.6	1.160	0.785-1.713	0.456	581		1.224	0.903-1.658	0.193
	Always	88	43.3	0.885	0.456-1.716	0.717	115	56.7	1.038	0.595-1.811	0.895	203		0.882	0.579-1.343	0.558
Comment	Never	209	38.7	1			331	61.3	1			540	100	1
	Sometimes	232	43.9	0.440	0.266-0.729	0.001*	296	56.1	1.035	0.687-1.560	0.870	528		0.756	0.549-1.040	0.085
	Always	121	37.6	0.573	0.313-1.048	0.071	201	62.4	0.724	0.448-1.170	0.188	322		0.513	0.513-1.094	0.135
Parents–MVPA Recommendations
No		411	42.5	1			557	57.5	1			968	100	1
Yes		151	35.8	2,739	1.700-4.414	0,000*	271	64.2	2.038	1.424-2.918	0.000*	422	100	2.28	1.721-3.022	0.000*

SS: Social Support; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; *Statistically significant for the test; p<0,05.

Adolescent physical activity: the role of parental social support and the level of physical activity. Social Support and Physical Activity of Parents and Adolescents.

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Background

Methods

Physical Activity - Parents / Legal Guardians and Adolescents

SS received from parents or legal guardians for the practice of PA

Sociodemographic Information and Health

Data Analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate (attached statements)

Consent for publication

Availability of data and material

Competing interests

Funding

Authors’ contributions

Acknowledgements

References

Tables

Status:

Version 1