PIVKA-II Combined with Alpha-Fetoprotein for the Diagnostic Value of Hepatic Tumors in Children: A Multicenter, Prospective Observational Study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-726715/v2

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Research Article

PIVKA-II Combined with Alpha-Fetoprotein for the Diagnostic Value of Hepatic Tumors in Children: A Multicenter, Prospective Observational Study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-726715/v2

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Background: To investigate whether protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) combined with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) can improve the diagnostic and differential diagnostic accuracy of childhood hepatic tumors.

Methods: A multi-center prospective observational study was performed at nine regional institutions around China from October 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020, 257 eligible patients were enrolled. Children with hepatic mass (Group T, n=144) were divided into hepatoblastoma group (Group T_HB, n=98) and hemangioendothelioma group (Group T_HE, n=46), children with extrahepatic abdominal mass (Group C, n=113). Peripheral blood was collected from each patient prior to surgery or chemotherapy. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUROC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of PIVKA-II and the combined tumor markers with AFP.

Results: The mean level of PIVKA-II and AFP were both significantly higher in Group T than Group C (P=0.001, P＜0.001), in Group T_HB than Group T_HE(P=0.018, P=0.013). For the diagnosis of childhood hepatic tumors, AUROC of PIVKA-II (cut-off value 32.6 mAU/ml) and AFP (cut-off value 120ng/ml) was 0.867 vs. 0.857. The differential diagnostic value of PIVKA-II and AFP in hepatoblastoma from hemangioendothelioma were further assessed, AUROC of PIVKA-II (cut-off value 47.1mAU/ml) and AFP (cut-off value 560ng/ml) was 0.876 vs. 0.743. The combined markers showed higher AUROC (0.891, 0.895 respectively) than PIVKA-II or AFP alone.

Conclusions: The serum level of PIVKA-II was significantly higher in children with hepatic tumors, especially those with malignant tumors. The combination of PIVKA-II with AFP further increased the diagnostic performance.

Trial registration: Clinical Trials, NCT03645655. Registered 20 August 2018, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03645655

Alpha-fetoprotein

Biomarker

Children

Diagnostic

Hemangioendothelioma

Hepatic tumor

Hepatoblastoma

Histopathology

Protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-II

Malignant tumor

Although hepatic tumors rarely occur during childhood, they are associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality in affected patients. Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant hepatic tumor in children under the age of 3 years (1), and comprise approximately 5% of the total neoplasms of various types occurring in young children(2). The clinical features of HB are nonspecific but include the presence of an upper abdominal mass, loss of appetite, weight loss, anemia, jaundice, and ascites, all of which can seriously endanger the lives and health of children.

Hemangioendothelioma (HE) is the most common hepatic vascular tumor in infants less than 6 months of age, with a prevalence of 1% (3). Most patients with HE present with an asymptomatic abdominal mass and hepatomegaly, but these tumors may be associated with high-output cardiac failure due to the presence of arteriovenous shunts within the tumor.

Monitoring and early diagnosis play a vital role in the treatment of childhood hepatic tumors. In some clinical practices, ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) are used as the primary modalities for the evaluation of palpable abdominal masses and the screening of hepatic masses (4, 5).

Although alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been recognized as a biomarker of hepatic tumors (6), it is not always elevated in all hepatic tumor cases. Elevated AFP levels alone are not sufficient for the diagnosis of hepatic tumors due to the physiological elevation seen in normal infants during the first 2 months and because of their association with other primary tumors .

The protein induced by the vitamin K antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) is also known as des-γ-carboxyprothrombin (DCP) or carboxy prothrombin and is an abnormal form of prothrombin induced by the absence of vitamin K or antagonist-II(7). Motohara, K reported PIVKA-II levels were highly elevated in all three hepatoblastoma patients in 1987; plasma PIVKA-II might be useful as a new marker of hepatoblastoma (8).

Elevation of PIVKA-II, due to an excess production by tumor cells, has been shown to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (7, 9, 10). Many studies have demonstrated the clinical value of PIVKA-II for HCC surveillance, and PIVKA-II has been recommended by the guidelines of the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) (11).

Theoretically, AFP and PIVKA-II are independently produced by tumors and are not correlated with one another. The diagnostic accuracy was better when using a combination of the biomarkers, AFP and PIVKA-II, compared to each marker alone for detecting HCC and early HCC in cirrhotic patients (12–14). Measurement of both PIVKA-II and AFP levels may yield useful information on the treatment response and prognosis in HCC patients (15, 16).

Given their application in HCC, we intend to investigate whether PIVKA-II combined with AFP can also improve the diagnostic and differential diagnostic accuracy of childhood hepatic tumors.

Study design

This is a multicenter prospective observational study sponsored by the Shanghai Children’s Medical Center and joined by eight regional institutions around China, including the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, the Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, the Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, the Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, the Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, the Sun Yat-Sen University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participating centers obtained the relevant Institute Review Board ethics committee approval before patient enrollment. The study was registered in http://register.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03645655.

Eligible population

Children (age ≤ 144 months) diagnosed with an abdominal mass firstly in the pediatric general surgery inpatient department from October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2020 were consecutively enrolled in this study. The clinical diagnoses and differential diagnoses were based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), histopathology, or both according to the International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group (SIOPEL) protocols (17). A cavitation ultrasonic surgical aspirator (Soering GmbH) was used for tumor biopsies and resections, which was safe and reliable. Children confirmed to have a hepatic mass were placed in the testing group (Group T) and were further divided into the hepatoblastoma group (Group T_HB) and the hemangioendothelioma group (Group T_HE); the other children confirmed to have an extrahepatic abdominal mass were placed in the control group (Group C). Informed consent was obtained from each child’s legal guardian. Children with extra-abdominal tumors, ongoing vitamin K or warfarin treatment or lacking informed consent were excluded from this study.

Laboratory measurements

Peripheral blood was collected from each patient prior to any treatment (surgery and/or chemotherapy). Blood samples were centrifuged, and serum was aliquoted and stored at −80°C. All serum samples were tested in a single center to decrease the possibility of bias. Serum levels of AFP and PIVKA-II were determined by a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) (ARCHITECH 2000, Abbott Laboratory, US) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Abbott Laboratory, US) per the manufacturer’s instructions. All samples were analyzed in duplicate.

Sample size calculation

A sample size calculation was performed using PASS 15.0 (Power Analysis and Sample Size software, NCSS, Kaysville, UT, US) using the log-rank test. The planned sample size was determined after assuming the use of a 2-sided log-rank test with a type I error rate of 0.05 and a statistical power of 90%. A dropout rate of up to 20% was factored into the computations. Ninety-three patients in each group were asked to participate in this study.

Statistical analysis

Student’s t test (or Wilcoxon test) was used to compare the continuous variables, and the chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test) was used for the categorical variables. The average tumor marker levels were compared between Group T and Group C and between Group T_HB and Group T_HE. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) and area under the ROC curve (AUROC) were used to assess the diagnostic and differential diagnostic efficiencies of PIVKA-II, AFP and the combination of the two tumor markers. A two-sided P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., an IBM Company, Chicago, IL, US).

Patient characteristics

A total of 257 eligible patients were enrolled in this study from October 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020 (Fig. 1). Table 1 shows the demographics of the participants. A total of 144 patients (mean age 24.4 ± 28.5 months) were confirmed to have hepatic masses (Group T), 98 patients (mean age 28.4 ± 31.6 months) were diagnosed with hepatoblastoma (Group T_HB), 46 patients (mean age 16.0 ± 18.2 months) were diagnosed with hemangioendothelioma (Group T_HE), and the other 113 patients (mean age 35.8 ± 28.9 months) were confirmed to have extrahepatic abdominal masses (Group C). There were no significant differences in age (P = 0.156), sex (P = 0.159), aspartate amino transferase (AST, P = 0.262), alanine amino transferase (ALT, P = 0.442), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, P = 0.924), total protein (TP, P = 0.604), albumin (ALB, P = 0.083) or total bilirubin (TBIL, P = 0.897) between Group T and Group C. Patients in Group T_HE were younger than Group T_HB (P = 0.014); except for AST (P = 0.035), there were no significant differences in sex (P = 0.075), ALT (P = 0.218), GGT (P = 0.779), TP (P = 0.564), ALB (P = 0.378), or TBIL (P = 0.092) between Group T_HB and Group T_HE.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients
	Group T	Group C	P	Group T_HB	Group T_HE	P
Sample size	144	113		98	46
Age (Month)	24.4 ± 28.5	35.8 ± 28.9	0.156	28.4 ± 31.6	16.0 ± 18.2	0.014
Sex			0.159			0.075
Male n(%)	79 (54.9)	52 (46.0)		53 (54.1)	26 (56.5)
Female n(%)	65 (45.1)	61 (54.0)		45 (45.9)	20 (43.5)
AST (UI/l)	52.944 ± 30.352	50.575 ± 35.833	0.262	56.591 ± 31.500	45.174 ± 26.421	0.035
ALT (UI/l)	31.458 ± 18.987	30.832 ± 32.638	0.442	32.800 ± 21.471	28.609 ± 11.816	0.218
GGT (UI/l)	31.479 ± 25.966	25.319 ± 45.375	0.924	31.898 ± 21.287	30.587 ± 34.126	0.779
TP (g/l)	63.217 ± 7.428	69.133 ± 8.352	0.604	63.462 ± 6.522	62.694 ± 9.123	0.564
ALB (g/l)	41.522 ± 5.553	42.412 ± 6.390	0.083	41.241 ± 4.783	42.120 ± 6.941	0.378
TBIL (µ mol/l)	17.172 ± 14.139	15.988 ± 22.637	0.897	18.534 ± 14.287	14.272 ± 13.516	0.092
Group T: hepatic mass group, Group C: extrahepatic abdominal mass group, Group T_HB: hepatoblastoma group, Group T_HE: hemangioendothelioma group. AST: aspartate amino transferase, ALT: alanine amino transferase, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, TP: total protein, ALB: albumin, TBIL: total bilirubin.

Serum levels of PIVKA-II and AFP

Serum PIVKA-II and AFP levels were compared between the patients in the hepatic mass group and the patients in the control group and between the patients in the hepatoblastoma group and the patients in the hemangioendothelioma group. The mean level of PIVKA-II in Group T was 717.687 ± 3026.936 mAU/mL, which was significantly higher than that of Group C (29.954 ± 24.924 mAU/mL, P = 0.001) (Fig. 2A). The mean level of AFP in Group T was significantly higher than that in Group C (6982.617 ± 17833.972 ng/mL vs 226.368 ± 772.413 ng/mL, P<0.001) (Fig. 2B).

A similar trend was found in serum PIVKA-II and AFP levels between Group T_HB and Group T_HE. Serum levels of PIVKA-II and AFP were both significantly higher in Group T_HB than Group T_HE (PIVKA-II: 1025.091 ± 3634.021 mAU/mL vs 62.467 ± 68.900 mAU/mL, P = 0.018; AFP: 9504.202 ± 21023.325 ng/mL vs 1610.545 ± 3825.377 ng/mL, P = 0.013) (Fig. 2C, 2D).

Diagnostic values of PIVKA-II and AFP in childhood hepatic tumor patients

To evaluate the diagnostic value of PIVKA-II and AFP in childhood hepatic tumor patients, ROC curves were plotted to identify the cutoff values that would best differentiate hepatic tumor patients from controls. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of PIVKA-II was 0.867 (95% CI 0.822–0.911, P < 0.001), and the AUROC of AFP was 0.857 (95% CI 0.808–0.906, P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value of PIVKA-II was 32.6 mAU/ml, the sensitivity was 86.7%, and the specificity was 81.3%. The optimal cutoff value of AFP was 120 ng/ml, the sensitivity was 84.1%, and the specificity was 81.9%. Serum levels of PIVKA-II and AFP were then combined to obtain a new marker for childhood hepatic tumor diagnosis. ROC analysis showed that PIVKA-II + AFP further increased the diagnostic efficiency. The AUROC was 0.891 (95% CI 0.850–0.933), higher than that of PIVKA-II or AFP alone. The combined sensitivity and specificity were 88.5% and 84.7%, respectively (Fig. 3A).

Differential diagnostic values of PIVKA-II and AFP in hepatoblastoma patients

To further assess the diagnostic value of PIVKA-II and AFP levels in differentiating hepatoblastoma patients from hemangioendothelioma patients, another ROC curve was constructed. The AUROC of PIVKA-II was 0.876 (95% CI 0.818–0.934, P < 0.001), and the AUROC of AFP was 0.743 (95% CI 0.651–0.835, P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value of PIVKA-II was 47.1 mAU/ml, sensitivity was 71.7% and specificity was 88.7%. The optimal cutoff value of AFP was 560 ng/ml, sensitivity was 63.0% and specificity was 78.6%. ROC analysis showed that PIVKA-II + AFP further increased the differential diagnostic efficiency. The AUROC was 0.895 (95% CI 0.841–0.948), which was higher than that of PIVKA-II or AFP alone. The combined sensitivity and specificity were 72.7% and 91.8% (Fig. 3B).

Regular monitoring and an early diagnosis of childhood tumors can improve the clinical course and treatment response, which ultimately improves long-term outcomes (18). The blood tumor markers that are described in this study can be considered good indicators and can provide an acceptable diagnostic accuracy and are convenient and cost-effective.

The results of this study showed that hepatic tumor patients had significantly higher serum levels of PIVKA-II and AFP than extrahepatic abdominal tumor patients.

Prothrombin glutamate carboxylation in the liver gives rise to normal prothrombin, which contains 10-carboxylic glutamate residues. The process depends on the presence of vitamin K. In pathological states when vitamin K is too low or in the presence of a vitamin K-dependent antagonist of carboxylase, the insufficient carboxylation of glutamic acid results in the production of PIVKA-II(19).

Motohara K. et al. reported that vitamin K treatment in two hepatoblastoma patients resulted in only a moderate reduction in PIVKA-II levels. An immunohistochemical study of liver tissue showed the presence of PIVKA-II in hepatoblastoma cells (8). Maha F. et al. reported similar outcomes; after vitamin K administration, PIVKA-II levels decreased in both the chronic hepatitis group (P = 0.022) and the cirrhosis group (P = 0.024) but not in the HCC group (P = 0.187) (20). These findings suggested that the elevation of PIVKA-II in patients with liver tumors was not due to deficiency in the nutrient vitamin K but due to the overproduction of PIVKA-II in tumor cells.

The subgroup analysis showed that PIVKA-II and AFP levels in patients with malignant hepatoblastoma were higher than those in patients with the benign tumor, hemangioendothelioma, in our study.

Imamura et al. reported that serum PIVKA-II levels were significantly elevated in patients with more aggressive tumor characteristics (21). Recently, many studies have demonstrated that elevated serum PIVKA-II is related to larger tumor size, more frequent vascular invasion, more intrahepatic metastasis, and recurrence after treatment(22).

A couple of previous studies reported that the optimal cutoff value of serum PIVKA-II for HCC diagnosis was estimated to range from 30 to 42 mAU/ml(23). The ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value of PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of childhood hepatic tumors was 32.6 mAU/ml and that for differentiating hepatoblastoma from hemangioendothelioma was 47.1 mAU/ml. The cutoff values of serum PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of hepatic tumors in children and adults were similar and were not affected by age.

In previous studies, the sensitivity of PIVKA-II in the diagnosis of HCC was 51.0%-77%, the specificity was 67.8%-91.2%, and the AUROC was 0.701–0.854, all of which were higher than the sensitivity, specificity, and the AUROC of AFP (16, 24). In our study, the sensitivity, specificity and AUROC of PIVKA-II in the diagnosis of childhood hepatic tumors and in the differentiation of hepatoblastoma from benign hepatic tumors were all higher than AFP. PIVKA-II is a good marker with good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of hepatic tumors in both children and adults.

Serum PIVKAII and AFP are produced through different mechanisms. AFP secretion in HCC results from a re-expression of a fetal antigen in the tumor, and PIVKA-II results from an independently acquired posttranslational defect in protein processing(25). Therefore, the two markers are independent from each other in the diagnosis of hepatic tumors(26). A few studies reported that PIVKA-II combined with AFP had great advantages as a biomarker for HCC screening(27, 28). The maximum AUROC was 0.846, which was higher than that of PIVKA-II or AFP alone(29). We further evaluated the diagnostic performance of the combination of the two markers. The results showed that the combination of PIVKA-II and AFP further increase the efficiency for the diagnosis of childhood hepatic tumors (AUROC = 0.891) and for the differentiation of hepatoblastoma from benign hepatic tumors (AUROC = 0.895). Our study was broadly consistent with these findings.

This study demonstrated that the serum level of PIVKA-II was significantly higher in childhood patients with hepatic tumors, especially in those with malignant tumors. As a biomarker, PIVKA-II had superior sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of hepatic tumors, and its cutoff value was not affected by age. The combination of PIVKA-II with AFP further increased the diagnostic performance. Therefore, serum PIVKA-II combined with AFP levels may be considered a screening marker for the clinical diagnosis of childhood hepatic tumors.

AFP: α-fetoprotein; AUROC: area under the curve; CECT: contrast-enhanced computed tomography; CLEIA: chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay; DCP: des-γ-carboxyprothrombin; HB: hepatoblastoma; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HE: hemangioendothelioma; JSH: Japan Society of Hepatology; PIVKA-II: protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-II; ROC: receiver operating characteristics; SIOPEL: International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the study participants.

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Shanghai Children's Medical Center affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine (SCMCIRB-K2017027). All patients’ parents/guardians provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Funding

Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (17441903200，17411950402); Science and Technology Development Fund of Shanghai Pudong New Area（PKJ2017-Y04）; Medium-and long-term clinical research project (3311 project) of Shanghai Children's Medical Center (SCMC)(ZCQ-SCMC2018-6); National Natural Science Foundation of China（81871727）； Joint project of Pudong New Area Municipal Health Commission of Shanghai（PW2019D-10）； National Natural Science Foundation of China（82072375）；Science and Technology Development Fund of Pudong New Area of Shanghai（PKJ2019-Y11）; the national key clinical specialty project (The construction of multidisciplinary cooperative diagnosis and treatment system for children's cancer guided by improving clinical service capacity).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

H.G., C.X., M.X., S.G. conceived of and designed the study. R.D., S.W., Y.F., Y.W., X.Z., X.L., Y.L. and W.L. made substantial contributions to study design. H.G., C.X., R.D., S.W., Y.F., Y.W., X.Z., X.L., Y.L. and W.L. were responsible for collecting data. J.W., J.M. Y.Z. and Q.P. were responsible for laboratory measurement. S.L. and L.X. provided statistical support. H.G. and C.X. drafted the manuscript. All authors were involved in critically reviewing the manuscript, and all gave final approval of the version to be published.

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Reviews received at journal
28 Mar, 2022
Reviewers invited by journal
27 Mar, 2022
Editor assigned by journal
22 Mar, 2022
First submitted to journal
17 Mar, 2022

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PIVKA-II Combined with Alpha-Fetoprotein for the Diagnostic Value of Hepatic Tumors in Children: A Multicenter, Prospective Observational Study

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Abstract

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Introduction

Material And Methods

Results

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