Permaculture: Smart Growth Strategies for Juniper Forest

Permaculture creates an integrated system by incorporating those parameters which are often viewed as separate entities such as smart growth, low-impact development, habitat protection, complete streets, and other initiatives. Its gives better planning options and give policies a line of coherence and directions which provides basis for the real concept of sustainability. Presently in Pakistan, forest management policies suffer from a number of drawbacks and especially the Juniper forests in Pakistan are under constant pressure due to natural as well as anthropogenic pressures. To conserve the Juniper Forest Ecosystem a proposed Smart Growth Strategies based on Permaculture’s principles are designed to protect the Ziarat Juniper Forest that offers an unequivocal vision and strategy to gain valid sustainability in forest management.

suffer from a number of drawbacks. Conventional forest management practices adopted in Pakistan are generally based on short sighted approach which reduces the capacity of forest management and are not capable to adapt the philosophy of sustainable development. In practice; sustained yield of wood was the only concern of sustainability and policy makers gave priority to economic factor and other parameters such as environment and social issues are viewed as apart from society. Thus it has become an urgent priority to modify traditional management systems that have lack of strategy management structure, measures and approaches. Therefore to protect the Juniper Forest ecosystem new Permaculture based Smart Growth Strategies are needed that will combine economics, ecological and social factors for effective and sustainable development.

2: Permaculture An Introduction
The word Permaculture means permanent agriculture that presents up-to-date aboriginal ecological knowledge for the creation of a consciously-designed, integrated, self-su cient system that intend to increase biodiversity, reduce energy requirements and to recycle resources within the system. Permaculture principles are based on ethics, equitable interaction with environment and system design principles that offers an unequivocal vision and strategy for valid sustainable management (Mogen, 2006;King, 2008). These principles are grounded on the study of natural systems and provide source for continuous evaluation and creation of the unequivocal solutions essential to modi cation away from the unsatisfactory execution of sustainable management to a balanced interaction of human and environment.
The Permaculture focuses on small scale management that promote sharing, escort by a lack of concern with market recognized forest certi cation. The key objectives of Permaculture are environmental exibility and vital rehabilitation which makes it suitable for over-exploited, marginal and degraded soils and water areas. A fully functioning and well planned Permaculture design is suitable to area where, as an effect of over population, family bear a large number of dependents, making time and energy for household fuel, fodder and food production is a vital consideration (Akhtar et al., 2015;Akhtar et al., 2016). These principal features differentiate Permaculture from other management systems.

Principles of Permaculture
Basically; the Permaculture promotes the concept of sustainability through the conceptualization of balancing human interaction with each other and nature. The ethical origin of the theory is "care for people", "care for the Earth" and "redistributes assets excess to one's own requirements" (Mollison, 2002). The fundamentals of permaculture are the ethics that are placed at centre which guide the implementation of the design principles, con rming that they are used in proper ways. These principles are universal thinking tools and can easily be utilized to ingeniously re-design our environment, society and economy in a world of less energy and meagre resources.The strategies used to apply these principles differ extensively reliant on the social, economic and ecological site conditions and available resources. The principles of Permaculture are divided into three categories: The principles of energy and living emphasize on observation of natural cycles to determine energy ows and process to lesser the establishment and maintenance inputs. Cautious and extended observation earlier to action can reduce on-going energy inputs and the systems that develop should sustain and take least maintenance. Key energy source within permaculture systems is the sun. It produces wind, precipitation and biomass. By developing systems that collect incoming energy (sun, wind, rain, manure etc.) at peak abundance before they degraded and lost to entropy, can be utilized in times of need. In permaculture systems e cient energy design is developed through zone, sector, appropriate placement of elements and structure. Most creatively and originality comes from the edges of society (Identify, create and utilize edges) that consumed by the masses. The three ethical doctrines are measured the same in precedence, with a stress on value for all living organisms. It also signi es that human kind should be ready to give back what is taken from nature to conserve it for upcoming generations. Permaculture alleges to inquire about the environmental crisis as a whole; examine how the elements are interrelated; and propose enduring sustainable ways to x the systematic problems. These comprise identifying natural patterns in environmental structure, natural web of life and learning from history mistakes. Therefore the key aim of the philosophy of Permaculture is to produce sustainable human environment by following ecological patterns' (Burnett, 2008). The suggestion to observe natural patterns is not an anti-technological standpoint, while Permaculture incorporates to explore the alternative appropriate skills and technologies that work with natural system.
The Permaculture methodical design that provides guidelines to developed policy is shown in the gure-2

3.1: Methodological implications of the Permaculture
To apply Permaculture a "site" or location is selected. The physical space or site consists of urban or rural area, woodland, home or any selected place. The process of incorporating permaculture's ethics and principles is referred as "site design". The Methodological implications of the Permaculture is shown in the gure-3 3.1.1 Observe and analyze the site Every site is unique and has dissimilar social, economic and ecological conditions. The key to developing an effective, balanced and self-sustained system without a lot of human intercession requires extended periods of observation and analysis of the speci c site conditions. Permaculture accentuates the interrelation among all social, economic and ecological elements in a system. It is not something that is created in isolation, but through constant and shared collaboration with the site elements. For effective functioning of a management system components must be placed in the right place (Mollison and Slay, 1991). The following steps are taken to analyze the site conditions: Specify the ecological characteristics of the site: -Analyze the physical, biological and chemical parameters of the site such as its climate, precipitation, wind, energy topography, soils, water, exotic and native species and biological diversity.
Analyze the social factors: -Such as indigenous community, their quality of life, their material and non-material resources, how dependent they are on their natural resources, con icts between stakeholders, public rights, law, legislation, institutional arrangements, infrastructure, pedestrian tra c and means of transportation etc.
Evaluate the economic factors: -Investigate about the cash income, non-market income, survival values, and asset trades, per capita income, poverty, unemployment, obtain ability and access of life existing facilities and source of energy etc.
Analyze according to zones: -Zones are a further concept concerning to put ecological, social and economic essentials on a right place. Zones are gured as of 0 to 5. Each zone is determined on the basis of the frequency of use and requirements. Elements which are used most frequently or need more consideration would be positioned in zones 1 and 2. Less in uential elements are farther away.
Examine consumption and production of the site's elements: -What will all components generate or add to the location? How many assets will it use? What type and how much effort are required to sustain it? Permaculture is a holistic and dynamic approach and focused on enhancing valuable links between elements and synergy of the ultimate plan. However, Permaculture seeks to reduce labor, waste and energy input by structuring systems with maximal settlement among proposed essentials to accomplish a high level of synergy. The Government Forest Department only consider the conservation of juniper forest and not its management. The structure of the department is more focused on command and control. In forest department the majority of the staff is unskilled and have lack of motivation. The major aw in existing management system is corporation among various government departments such as agriculture, environment, livestock, wildlife and irrigation etc., to developed and implements sectorial policies. The activities of these departments are mainly focus on unsustainable land utilization such as encroachment and conversion of forest land into fruit orchards, excessive water mining for irrigation, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase the yielding and income etc. these unsustainable practices not only give threat to juniper forest ecosystem but also to the natural environment. In the past; management issues are not considered adequately by these departments.
In Juniper forest of Ziarat the biodiversity and their habitat particularly the predators have been reduced and threatened signi cantly. The birds such as the "Dark throated" are being exterminated. These birds are of vital importance in germination of seeds in the Juniper forest ecosystem. Nevertheless, there is no serious efforts are made to protect these biodiversity either through public or government departments or any non-government organizations. Only management action plan that is taken to protect these biodiversity is watch-n-ward action and build protective fencing. Another sector that is neglected eld in Ziarat is Tourism. Tourism plays an important role in increasing public consciousness about the signi cance and conservation of JFE as well as can be develop as a source of livelihood diversi cation. It can also be a good source of revenue generation and this revenue can be consumed on sustainable development and protection Juniper Forest Ecosystem.

6: Permaculture Principles Based Smart Growth Strategies To Protect The Juniper Forest Ecosystem
Permaculture smart growth strategies are connecting system that integrates latest technologies, politics, society, psychology, and the diverse experiences and resources available in any community. It integrate the sustainable elements (e.g. water catchment, renewable energy, district heating, food growing, waste recycling, transportation, etc.) into a whole system that operates e ciently. In Permaculture the numbers of inputs are minimized and outputs attained are maximized. The goal of permaculture is to create an ecosystem that provides as many useful products and functions out of the system while healing the planet. Due to this integration Permaculture differs from other management systems. Ziarat's Juniper Forest Ecosystem faces number of management issues that represent the overall situation in terms of periodic evaluation, amendments, asset availability, threats etc. therefore synchronized Permaculture based smart growth strategies are applied to save the national heritage.
Permaculture can be implemented effectively in Ziarat valley through the design concept of zones and guilds to maximize resources and create a self-regulating system that functions with nature to produce both the foodstuff and natural resources essential for all living and non-living organisms' existence.
By implementing community based management system, participatory culture and indigenous knowledge of economic, ecological and social governance, individuals feel much more a part of their communities, and feel as though they have some in uence on the things that directly affect them. It is also a guiding Strategy for social change. Through cooperation, combining their indigenous skills, assets and learning form one another; communities harness their fortes and collaborate, instead of current nancial systems established on competition prompts. Everyone in a society has diverse skills, abilities; ideas and interest. These are all assets that can be employed to bene t the society as a whole.
By applying the energy and living principle of Small and Slow Solution create more resilient ecosystem, Permaculture promote community participation to increase vegetation cover through developing community forests on Sailaba land ( ooded land) and encourage the low delta forest trees such as Robinia, Tamarix, Sinjid, Ash, Acacias and Prunes. The Tomagh (Ziarat) site has better recovery potential of range vegetation due to occurrence of both winter and monsoon rains.
Permaculture provokes all components within a system to collaborate for the bene t of the society as a whole. It advocate to developed smallholder farming systems such as Community Gardens, Community Supported Agriculture and intercropping. In smallholder farming systems, the local community will be able to increase their nancial position; particularly women can have more time to follow other activities. The main features of the designed are based on partnership between farmers and customers who share the risks and bene ts in food production. Through this process, customers expect to bene t by receiving healthy, organic victuals and farmers advantage through possible ways of marketing.
Rainwater harvesting is one example of applying permaculture principles of energy and living. Permaculture site design provide guidelines in developing sustainable systems by collecting and utilizing natural resources when they are copious, it can be used in periods of needs such as by storing rain water in mini dams, rooftop systems and from dew or fog with nets or other tools can be developed with the co-ordination of local community, private and public sector with minimal skills, to mechanized structures that entail modern system and installation. It is potable water and can also be utilized for irrigation, livestock, and groundwater recharge (karezes) in arid environments. GIS maps can be developed and utilized to identify the sources and for the estimation of community's water needs especially in drought periods.
The Permaculturist Compost management systems (Compost basket) can also be practiced as a joint venture of government and local community in Ziarat valley to increase vegetation cover and to conserve JFE because the compost is rich in nutrients and bene cial for the acreage. It can be tilled directly into the soil to increase the fertility of the soil and also works as a soil conditioner, an organic fertilizer, addition of humic acids, creating habitat for soil organisms, suppressing weed growth and seed germination, moderating diurnal temperature swings, a natural pesticide, protecting against frost and reducing erosion and as watercourse retrieval.
Establish Monitoring & Evaluation System, baseline data on social, economic, and ecological indicators should be integrated into a comprehensive Permaculture site design. Limited data might not help decision makers in policies formulation and improved legislation for forest land, encroachment, conversion and land tenure system. The institutional system for successful execution of the plans and policies to assess the impact of the natural and anthropogenic pressures on JFE suffered due to inadequate monitoring and reporting systems and for lack of skilled staff. Trying to introduce quick, major modi cation usually results in failure, because social, economic and ecological systems are multifaceted webs of integrated phenomena, slow and small modi cations allow the whole web to adapt the change before the next is made. Small and slow solutions also allows for monitoring and assessment.
Permaculture promotes latest techniques in monitoring and evaluation. The GIS monitoring system, Remote Sensing System, directory, inventory system should be developed and monitored on regular basis for the evaluation of social, economic and ecological perspectives. The systematic and scienti c monitoring system provide baseline data for the development of criteria and indicators, information about the consumption, exploitation, forest land, encroachment, conversion, demarcation of forest land and policy initiatives. This data can also be compared with the established national and international standards and planned targets (Solaimani and Shokrian, 2011). The evaluation will warn if the equilibrium is disturbed or the sustainability of the asset is threatened. This information should be discussed on national forums and it will enable the decision makers to review their policies according to the provided information or to offer new amendments to improve the planning, targets, con ict resolution and implementation.
Traditional dependence of indigenous communities and over consumption of JFE for construction houses or as energy source can be minimized by developing various strategies under the attitudinal and functional design principles of PC such as change in local construction style of houses. Strawbale houses construction system can be adopted because it offer bene ts such as seismic reinforcing, reproo ng, healthier living through higher levels of thermal insulation and regulation of humidity levels or as an aesthetic element for a more natural look.
There are con icts between local communities on natural resources consumption, responsibilities and bene ts. Problem solving, con ict resolution, and improved stewardship are necessary for indigenous communities to sustain. Permaculture incorporates care for people aspect by approaching con ict resolution through ecology, systems thinking, and comprehensive analysis. A Permaculturist concentrates at nurturing human interactions also, as in garden designs. It focuses on nature patterns and relates those patterns for care for earth. Similarly it looks for social patterns and applies those patterns on care for people. Hierarchy is a common social pattern of command and control system, by working collectively we come across with various con icts and challenges. Identifying and removing them can develop effective social structures. To develop a collaborative culture of respect, trust, feeling of belongingness and shared responsibilities help in resolving con icts of land ownership and resource utilization of the people of Ziarat. All the stakeholders are involved with responsibilities before the implementation of any community based management interventions. The attitudinal principles are information intensive and depend heavily on indigenous social and cultural knowledge, information and observation about the societies that we are designing with. Community based discussion programme also be arranged to resolve the con icts. It will really helpful especially in speci c cultural circumstances (Jirga system-communities/ local people to solve the problems with mutual cooperation) of Ziarat. Aboriginal people practice customary laws, which often contradict with the regulations followed by forest sector. These and other community con icts can be solved through frequent interaction and community based discussion programmes. Nomads should be the part of these programs.
The social, economic and political sustainability articulates well with the help of permaculture based smart growth strategies that encourage modern individuals to take responsibility for their own actions, reduce their consumption and waste, and live a more ecological lifestyle, thereby enacting a more democratic and fair division of and access to the world's environmental resources. The systematic presentation of Smart Growth Strategy based on Permaculture Principles in Ziarat, Pakistan is shown in gure-4

7: Conclusion
Utilization of natural assets to the best e cient level without changing natural balance has become a critical issue for researchers as awareness on climate change takes central position in global debate. Conventional sustainable resource management systems are based on neoclassical economic approach that ignores the nature's pattern and therefore are not actually capable of sustainable management of resources. The relationships between decline in Juniper Forest Ecosystem and its related driving features are often obscure and nonlinear. In future if this situation continues over-exploitation of forest asserts will di cult to control. Therefore Environmentalists are lately advocating incorporation of permaculture as holistic approach based on ethics, equitable interaction with eco-systems to obtain sustainability.
Smart Growth Strategies based on Permaculture Principles are grounded in the sustainable management of systems ecology, landscape geography and socio-economic development. The overall aim of these Strategies is to develop closed-loop, symbiotic, self-sustaining social environments and production systems that do not result in environmental degradation or socio-economic inequality. While the strategy of such systems is essentially dependent on the speci c indigenous environment, therefore Permaculture based strategies provides general guidelines for considering socio, economic and ecological indicators and arrangements in designing forest ecosystem, farms, livestock operations, aquaculture systems, community, and urban areas. The key aim of Permaculture based Smart Growth Strategies is to create a self-managed system and provide quality of life by designing a contained the natural systems. In modern societies the policy are designed by the policy makers who have little indigenous knowledge, that why people often feel that they have no role in decision making. By implementing community based management system, promoting participatory culture and utilization of indigenous knowledge of economic, ecological and social governance, individuals feel much more a part of their communities, and feel as they have some in uence on the things that directly affect them. Thus Permaculture's Smart Growth Strategies promotes ingenuous human system based on natural ecosystems which are selfsu cient and self-regulatory.
The Permaculture's Smart Growth Strategies can set new guidelines for eco-management that will address the missing gaps to provide a sustainable management system of the Ziarat Juniper Forest Ecosystem. The Approach involves all stakeholders at all levels (federal, provincial, local) in policy development, implementation and review process. Stakeholders active and lively participation will help in con icts management among the governments (provincial, federal) such as excise duty on interprovincial movement of wood, remunerate for watershed conservation, harmful effects of the ban on logging in protected areas, and biological diversity protection, reduced con ict between the forest and other departments. It also alters the traditional forest management system with ecosystem-based classi cation and help in establishing the sustainable forest management system according to the global scenario.