The Effect of Iron Deficiency and Supplementation on Players Performance: In Case of Lemo and Ambericho Super League Football Clubs.


 This study was aimed to examine the effect of iron deficiency and supplementation on player’s performance: in case of lemo and Ambericho super league football clubs. Experimental study design was employed. Sampling size determination and sampling technique was used purposive sampling technique method and sampling size was determined by classifying player’s age level. The instrument of data collection were anthropometric (age, height, weight and BMI) measured by meter and kilogram, cardiovascular endurance test measured by 12 minute run test and Astrand tridmile test resting heart rate measured by counting heart beat after interval training. The analyses were carried out by using paired sample T test to analyze player’s hematological change and performance change before and after supplementations by using. The result show that there is significant change was scored on hematological and performance efficiency after supplementation of Iron and 12 week training. Based on the result football players in addition to daily food menu they should have supplement iron with managed training intensity.


Introduction
Good performance in soccer consists of many factors, including excellence in games skills, cognitive abilities to make correct decisions within the game, moderate to high aerobic and anaerobic power.
Endurance performance at reduced exercise intensities, however, is more closely related to tissue iron concentrations because of the strong association between the ability to maintain prolonged sub maximal exercise and the activity of iron-dependent oxidative enzymes (Beard et al., 2001).having to this idea football player mostly used cardiovascular endurance or high aerobic capacity during extensive training and loses minerals via sweeting so they need iron supplementations to maintain performance.
Several studies have examined the effect of iron supplementation on iron stores and on parameters characterizing changes in aerobic capacity or physical tness (Beard J, Tobin B.2000;Dressendorfer RH.et.al, 1990;Karamizrak SO .et.al.1996).
As far as individuals with iron de ciency anemia are concerned, there is no question as to the bene t of iron-containing medications, because even mild anemia decreases the capacity for performance of physical exercise substantially and mainly cardiovascular endurance of football players decrease dramatically (Gardner GW.et.al.1987;Schoene RB.et.al.1983).
Some investigators also identi ed objective signs of improved tness such as increased VO2max (LaManca JJ.et.al, 1993;Magazanik A.et.al, 1991)longer endurance time to exhaustion (LaManca JJ.et.al, 1993;Rowland TW.et.al,1983 ), and decreased blood lactate levels and subjective parameters, for example increased training motivation (Nachtigall D.et.al,1996;Risser WL,et.al,1988). However, it is possible that some of the athletes were slightly anemic at study entry and that the positive effects noted in these studieswere evaluated the baseline iron and randomly and equally categorized in to high and moderate intensity groups before iron supplement and endurance trainings.
The physiological roles of minerals are importance to the athletes muscle contraction, normal heart rhythm, nerve impulse conduction, oxygen transport, oxidative phosphorylation, enzyme activation, immune functions, antioxidant activity, bone health, and acid-base balance of the blood (Speich M ,et.al,2001).
In elite athletes daily iron losses are often increased and especially daily iron losses of football players increased due to extensive training and competitions, but this is usually compensated by enhanced absorption of dietary iron (Scobie BA, 1985).
The concentration of myoglobin in skeletal muscle is drastically reduced (40-60%) following iron de ciency, thus limiting the rate of oxygen.Therefore, iron de ciency may have detrimental effects, especially on endurance performance which is susceptible to, and negatively affected by disturbances in skeletal muscle's iron concentrations Hood...et al., (1992).
Thus, we hypothesized that iron supplement and daily training could have positive effects on iron de ciency and increasing hemoglobin concentration which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the working tissues. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of iron de ciency and supplementation on player's performance.

Study Design.
The researcher uses experimental research design to test iron supplement then before and after a evaluate player's performance. The researcher used experimental research design because participants are tested than one test and trained for 12 weeks.

Study Population
The study population includes football players which are found in Hadiya-lemo and Ambericho football clubs. The number of study population found in each football clubs 30, then which is equal to (n = 60) 2.3 Sampling size and sampling techniques 2.3.1 Purposive sampling. . Ten (10) players selected purposively from total population (n = 10) .The selection based on age category of the football players and the range of age min 22 -max 26

Data collection instrument
The data collection instrument was used to collect from player's performance e ciency of cardiovascular endurance measured by using Astrand Treadmill Test and cooper test measured by 12 minute run test of Vo2 max of football players. The objective of this test is to monitor the development of the athlete's general endurance (VO2max). Iron status was measured by taking blood from the players and tested by laboratory of hematological test. Resting heart rate measured by counting pulse rate of sample players. The instrument used to measure the BMI meter and weight mashen.

Experimental Design procedures
Before starting the test Participant cheeked risk factors associated with injury and were not engaged in other regular training program. Other exclusion criteria included medication usage and smoking.
Step 1:-Giving all necessary information about exercise protocol performing performance e ciency of cardiovascular endurance to test Vo2 max of football players. Astrand Treadmill test used treadmill mashed which is found in gymnasium. From the total running time an estimate of the athlete's VO2max can be calculated as follows: VO2max = (Time x 1.444) + 14.99 Step 2 -Measuring football players Vo2 Max by using Astrand Treadmill and cooper test of Vo2 max of football players before iron supplementation and recording data carefully. Resting heart rate measured by using counting pulse rate.
Step 3:-checkup iron status from sample football players. Iron status was carefully checked by laboratory technicians to test hematology by taking blood from sample football players. Wachemo University specialized hospital certi ed laboratory technicians conducted all the laboratory test procedures including collection and handling of materials carry out in accordance with standard protocols. The researcher and laboratory technician checked the expired date of all the reagents and keep them from contamination when using and store in favorable temperature.
Step 4:-Iron was Supplied 3mg of iron with folic acid in tablet form three days per week for 12 weeks of the study period.
Step 5 -After they supplied iron with folic acid measured cardiovascular endurance Vo2 Max by using Astrand Treadmill.
Step 6:-Comparing the result before and after iron supplement of sample football players of Vo2 Max performance and effect of iron supplement on player's performance by comparing the result with hypothesis of this study.

Methods of Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation and paired sample t test was employed to analyze the data gathered before and after from hematological changes and performance e cacy by using SPSS statistical software version 20.with A p-value < 0.05.

Ethical Issues
The study was conducted under the auspices of Wachemo University rules, policies and code of conduct Endurance athletes with normal hemoglobin status who attempt to increase their red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin levels may bene t from iron supplementation (12). Iron absorption is the main mechanism through which iron balance is maintained. Iron plays a critical role in oxygen transport as it is necessary for the formation of Hb, the oxygen transport protein that is critical for aerobic capacity.
Above graph 1 explain that RBC of sample football players has 4.28 mm3 before supplementation and 5.26 after supplement. Hb of sample football players has 14.38g/dl before supplementations and 17.7g/dl after supplements. Mean ± SD in the same columns in each parameter with different * superscripts are signi cantly different (p<0.05), RHR (beat/min) = resting heart rate in beat per minute.
Above H0: There is no difference on the effect of iron de ciency and supplementation on player's performance.
Ho hypothesis set goal that there is no difference on the effect of iron de ciency and supplementation on player's performance. This fact is rejected according to the result of this study there is iron de ciency on Hadiya lemo and Ambericho sample players and effect of iron supplementation on player's hematology and physiology.
HI: There is difference on effect of iron de ciency and supplementation on player's performance According to the result alternative hypothesis is accepted. The result shows that there is effect of iron de ciency on player's performance and effect of iron supplementation on player's hematology and physiology.

Conclusion
Iron is important for optimal sports performance, and assuring adequate body stores is a critical issue for athletes. Severe iron de ciency with anemia is uncommon, but low ferritin concentrations with normal hemoglobin levels are frequent, particularly in athlete. At least a quarter of any group of such athletes can be expected to demonstrate hypoferritinemia, a consequence of low dietary iron intake, and the training process itself.
The result show that sample football players measuring data has change RHR, Hb after supplementing iron and it show increase .Astrand treadmill test and Cooper 12 minute test increse than they test before iron supplement.
Athletes with normal hemoglobin status who attempt to increase their red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin levels may bene t from iron supplementation. Iron absorption is the main mechanism through which iron balance is maintained. Iron plays a critical role in oxygen transport as it is necessary for the formation of Hb, the oxygen transport protein that is critical for aerobic capacity.
Lack of adequate amounts of iron for the formation of Hb due to iron de ciency, can strongly affect physical work capacity, by reducing oxygen conveyance to the exercising muscles Beard, (2001). Iron is also a vital component for the formation of myoglobin, the iron-storage protein within the muscle that regulates the diffusion of oxygen from the erythrocytes to the cytoplasm and on to the mitochondria where it is used as the nal acceptor of electrons processed by the respiratory chains producing water and forming energy in the process.
Therefore Hadiya hosanna and Ambericho football players has extensive training and competition this can strongly affect physical work capacity, by reducing oxygen conveyance to the exercising muscles.
The result showed that change on hematology and physiology after them supplementing iron.
Football coaches should have to aware that players performances enhanced and keeping performance iron by supplementing side by side with their food menu. Different ions leave from the body via sweeting this may affect players performances. Further research has to be done on the role of iron on female long distance running athlete and acquiring pick performance.

Declarations
Fkreyesus Daniel (PhD) contributed in analysis and interpretation of data. DagleShamoro (PhD) contributed in conception and a critical revision of the article. All authors read and approved the nal manuscript.
14. Speich M, Pineau A, Ballereau F. Minerals, trace elements and related biological variables in athletes and during physical activity. Clinical Chemistry Acta.Research Letter.2001; 28: 311-314. Figure 1 Graph 1 RBC and Hb mean value before and after iron supplementations.

Figure 2
Graph.2 RHR of players before and after supplementation  Graph.4 Astrand Treadmill test before and after supplementations.