Literature Reviews
Back to nature by tourism village
According to Bali Provincial Regulation number 2 of 2012 concerning cultural tourism, a tourism village is defined as a tourism activity aimed at tourists to be able to enjoy the rural natural atmosphere that is used for resting, as well as studying the life of the local community and paying attention to the uniqueness of an area (Utama & Junaedi, 2020). Tourism Village is a form of integration between attractions, accommodation, and supporting facilities that are presented in a structure of community life that is integrated with the prevailing procedures and traditions.
A tourism village is a form of tourism with tourist groups living and interacting in or near traditional life or in remote villages and studying village life and the local environment (Arida & Pujani, 2017). This can be interpreted as an area with a certain area and has the potential for a unique tourist attraction that is unique to its community (Arida & Pujani, 2017) which can create a combination of various tourist attractions and supporting facilities to attract tourist visits. The development of a tourist village can be an effort to foster local entrepreneurial potential, diversify tourism products, support the economy of the local community, and revitalize local culture.
Tourism villages are a form of rural tourism, which is a trip that is oriented to enjoying the atmosphere of rural life, respecting and obtaining added value to life from the culture and traditions of the local community. t and the natural environment also improves the welfare of the local community (Arida & Pujani, 2017). What becomes the object and attraction, in this case, is the daily life of the local community and its environment. The main attraction of rural tourism is the overall atmosphere that reflects the authenticity of the countryside, social life, economy, local community customs, building architecture, and distinctive village layouts (Depbudpar, 2001) The scope of rural tourism can be in the form of nature such as mountains, rice fields, forests, cliffs, landscapes, flora, and fauna, as well as marine parks; cultures such as historical relics, customs, traditions, daily life, and architectural works.
Furthermore, research by (Arida & Pujani, 2017) requires eight (8) criteria for tourist villages are expected in a tourist village that is:
- Nature or bio conservation, among others, includes landscape natural/ geographically unique and beautiful, and the phenomenon of biological uniqueness.
- Physical environment, among others, includes the relatively unspoiled physical environment and traditional settlement patterns.
- Culture, among others, includes village myths/legends, unique and distinctive traditional rituals, and sacred dance arts that are still alive.
- Amenities, among others, include residents' houses that can be used as homestays.
- Institutions include, among other things, a tourism village management agency that is working effectively.
- Human resources, among others, include members of the community of productive age who are quite large and live in the village (> 30%).
- Attitudes and community lifestyles, including residents having positive perceptions of village tourism, and having an open mindset and friendly to outsiders, especially tourists.
- Accessibility, among others, includes connecting roads to outside areas that are in good condition.
The main requirement for a tourism village is an appointment from the Regent. In its development, there are 4 (four) types or stages of tourism villages, namely pilot tourism villages, developing tourism villages, advanced tourism villages, and independent tourism villages. This classification is based on the number of visits, the tourism industry that is developing in the village, diversification of tourist attractions and activities, as well as growing amenities.
Local ownership by community empowerment
According to the Sustainable Tourism Charter, sustainable tourism development must be supported ecologically in the long term as well as being economically viable, ethically, and socially just to society (Charter for Sustainable Tourism, 1995). Recognition of local wisdom and support for the identity, culture, and interests of local communities must be the main basis for the formation of a sustainable tourism strategy. One form is empowerment through community-based tourism, rural tourism, and village tourism. Tourism that empowers the community is tourism which in its function and role is to support job creation, raise the economic level of the community, side with the poor, and side with environmental conservation.
In essence, empowerment is the creation of an atmosphere that allows the potential of the community to develop. This logic is based on the assumption that no society is completely powerless. Every society must have power, but sometimes they do not have it, or the power is still not known explicitly. Therefore, power must be explored, and then developed. So empowerment is an effort to build power, by encouraging, motivating and raising awareness of its potential and trying to develop it. In addition, empowerment should not trap the community in a dependency trap (charity), empowerment should instead lead to a process of independence.
A model of community empowerment with a 7D approach according to Dhamotharan (Kartika et al., 2019), begins by giving appreciation to the potential and achievements of the community as well as the pure values that exist in the community, followed by encouraging them to be aware of the availability of the resources they have. and analyze their strengths and weaknesses. The 7D approach consists of the following systematic steps:
- D1–Developing relationship
- D2–Discovering capacities
- D3–Dreaming of community future
- D4–Directions of community actions
- D5–Designing community actions
- D6–Delivering planned activities
- D7–Documenting outputs, outcomes and learning
Development of tourism villages based on community-based tourism
Tourism exists and grows due to differences, uniqueness, localities in the form of landscapes, flora, fauna, and the form of culture as a result of creativity, initiative, taste, and the human mind. Without that distinction, there would be no tourism, no people traveling or traveling. Preserving nature and culture and upholding diversity are the main functions of tourism. Nature and culture with all their uniqueness and differences are tourism assets that must be preserved. The loss of the uniqueness of nature and culture means that tourism is also lost, based on the principle of uniqueness and locality, Indonesian tourism is based on the philosophy of life of the Indonesian nation itself, namely the concept of a sustainable life. Balanced human relations with God, balanced human relations with each other, balanced relations humans with the natural environment. This concept teaches us to uphold the noble values of religion and to be able to actualize them, respect human values, tolerance, equality, togetherness, brotherhood, preserving the natural environment.
Currently, Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has become a potential contributor in developing tourism. A clear example is when tourism is managed by involving the activities of the village community, the income from tourism activities has a direct impact on the economy of the village community, among others, their homeroom as a homestay (Utama & Junaedi, 2020). CBT as a form of tourism that integrates environmental, social, and cultural aspects that are managed by local communities, provides opportunities for tourists to learn about the local community's lifestyle, spend time in areas rich in culture and biodiversity, as well as immerse themselves in the daily lives of residents (Susanto, 2016). Ideally, the CBT development process can empower the local community by building the skills, knowledge, and confidence needed for tourism development in the community directly.
There are many elements involved in developing CBT, which is often referred to as the Pentahelix. This is an interaction and synergy between the five elements in tourism development, namely the government, the community (especially the driving force of tourism villages), industry/business, academia, and the media. The following is the role of each Penta helix element in community-based tourism development (Rizkiyah et al., 2019):
- Government: the role of policy regulation, guidance, implementation, and supervision.
- Local community: as business actors engaged directly / indirectly in the tourism industry, monitoring the impact of tourism on the culture and social community.
- Business/industry: sources of business capital, creating jobs, recruiting local human resources as players in the tourism industry.
- Academics: implementing training and developing tourism human resources, implementing scientific studies, implementing socialization, and mentoring community groups.
- Media: promotional instruments, information distribution, and tourism image enhancement.
Community Management Project Assistance Methods
Empowerment of tourism village communities based on the mentoring program by higher education institutions carried out in Catur Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali Province. The distance between Dhyana Pura University and Catur Village is around 55-60 km with a distance of 1 hour 30 minutes if it is taken using a car.
The college-based tourism village assistance model implemented by Dhyana Pura University does not regardless of the pattern of assistance and empowerment of tourism village communities mandated by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. This model begins with the identification of the potential of a tourism village, which is then analyzed from its various elements (4A: Attraction, Access, Amenity, Ancillary) to find problems which are then examined through various studies (Astuti & Puspaningrum, 2019; Darmawijaya et al., 2019; Krisnayanthi et al., 2019; Kutschenreuter et al., 2020; Sukarsih & Erfiani, 2019; Susanto et al., 2018; Suyasa et al., 2018; Suyasa & Widyastuti, 2020; Waruwu et al., 2020; Wulandari et al., 2018; al., Zeckel et al., 2020). The results of the research are used as recommendations, which are then realized for community empowerment in the form of training and mentoring while still paying attention to and developing networks with elements to Pentahelix and other support community-based tourism development.
As development and application of a university-based tourism village assistance model, the Dhyana Pura University tourism village assistance team compiled a community empowerment model design based on college mentoring in Catur Tourism Village. This design is made based on the mentoring goals that have been set together with the elements of village leaders and tourism village managers, which include: (a) homestay managers, (b) tourism village managers, (c) Pokdarwis, (d) PKK and KWT. The issues raised are also relevant to conditions in Catur Village, in line with the Ministry of Tourism's vision of tourism development in the Covid-19 namely CHSE, development of holistic tourism packages (exploring, packaging, presenting), excellent service, Sapta Pesona, and the development of tourism products in the form of physical products and services.
Models, designs, and roadmaps for community empowerment programs through university assistance by Dhyana Pura University at Catur Tourism Village can be summarized in a matrix which can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Matrix of Community Empowerment Concepts in Catur Tourism Village
Component
|
CHSE
|
Exploring, Packaging, Presentation
|
Excellent Service
|
Sapta Pesona
|
Concept
|
Somewhere
To Stay
|
Something
To See
|
Something
To Do
|
Something
To Buy
|
Problems
|
CHSE management in homestays is not optimal and must comply with the Covid-19 health protocol
|
The concept of Catur Village tourism has not been structured holistically
|
No local tourism actors
|
Not many people are aware of tourism and take the opportunity to provide tourism products
|
Solution/ Activities
|
CHSE training, health standards in the pandemic era, homestay management
|
Travel itinerary
|
All understand about the concept
|
Tourism awareness concept training, development of local souvenir products (coffee, herbal, culinary)
|
Objective
|
Homestay manager, Tourism Village Manager, Pokdarwis
|
Assistance in exploration, packaging, and presentation of tourism packages and promotion
|
Excellent service training
|
Pokdarwis, PKK, UP2K, KWT
|
Target
|
Capacity building of human resources in Tourism Villages according to Sapta Pesona, 8 ASEAN CBT Criteria, CHSE protocol, excellent service principles, and concepts of exploring, packaging, presentation.
|
Impact for Tourism Village
|
Grade of Chess Tourism Village so that it is growing, approaching the Advanced Tourism Village. There is a multiplier effect through the implementation of TOT for key persons for each component.
|
Impact for Village
|
Increased support from various stakeholders. The welfare of the community through the existence of the Tourism Village has increased.
|
Results of Community Empowerment
Tourism Village Catur, Kintamani, Bali
The Bali Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS, 2018) noted that Bali had 110 tourist villages based on the latest calculations during 2018. This number increased to 124% compared to data collection four years ago. In addition, BPS also reported that the number of villages with tourist objects increased by 32% in 2018, considering that there were 162 villages with tourist objects, previously in 2014 there were only 122. These data were obtained from the implementation of village potential data collection which was usually carried out three times. for ten years. The last data collection was carried out in May 2018.
Catur Village located in Kintamani is the 28th Tourism Village based on the Bangli Regent Regulation number 4 concerning Tourism Villages in 2018 (Bangli Regency, 2018). The village, which is located at an altitude of 1,250 m above sea level, is located at the western end of Kintamani District, which is famous for Arabica coffee and the area geopark Lake Batur, directly adjacent to Badung and Buleleng regencies. Its strategic location and adequate provincial road access are one of the strengths of Catur Tourism Village as an alternative stopover destination for Denpasar-Singaraja or Denpasar-Batur trips (Susanto et al., 2018). Catur Tourism Village is 60 km from Denpasar city (travel time 90 minutes), 24 km from the Geopark Lake Batur (45 minutes), and 35 km from Singaraja (70 minutes).
The main attraction (anchor) of Catur Tourism Village is coffee agro-tourism. The coffee produced by Catur Village has been under the protection of the Geographical Indication "Kintamani Bali Arabica Coffee" since 2008 (Ardana, 2019). There are eight farmer groups (Subak) in the village, three of which have processed their coffee cultivation to the processing, drying, roasting, packaging, and marketing stages with the labels Jempolan Coffee, Kecak Dance, and Mount Catur (Suyasa et al., 2018). The cultivation and processing of coffee specialty can be developed as a tourist and single origin, as in the era of coffee third-wave coffee lovers are increasingly interested in the origin of coffee, how coffee is processed, and how its presentation (Susanto et al., 2019).
Apart from coffee tourism and beautiful mountain nature, Catur Village is unique in terms of culture with the acculturation between Balinese Hindu and Buddhist-Chinese cultures. The acculturation community lives harmonies with the Hindu community as the majority, and even gets a special place of worship (kongco) in the middle of the temple area Penyagjagan and a special grave for Chinese citizens from Catur which has the potential to be developed into tourism heritage (Susanto et al., 2018).
Another object related to Chinese mythology and cultural influences is Pebini Temple, a worship site for Dewi Danu as the protector of Lake Batur. The myth that still applies today is the prohibition to wear red clothes and jewelry when praying to Pura Pebini, which originated from Dewi Danu's jealousy of Kang Cing We - a Chinese princess who became the honey of King Jayapangus who was Dewi Danu's husband (Krisnayanthi et al. al., 2019; Sukarsih & Erfiani, 2019).
The results of the PESTLE analysis from the political, economic, social, technological, legal and ecological aspects (Susanto et al., 2018) state that there is strong support from the village government, the district government. Bangli, the private sector (tour operators), and academics (Dhyana Pura University) for the development of Catur Tourism Village in the future. This analysis also shows that the main weakness of Catur Tourism Village is the lack of adequate accommodation and sufficient numbers for tourists to stay.
For this reason, Dhyana Pura University has collaborated with the government and the community of Catur Village to accompany the village since 2016. Dhyana Pura University, both lecturers and students, have been actively implementing various programs in Catur Village since 2017 and will continue until 2020. Some of these programs include (1) Community empowerment, especially women, through the cultivation of herbal plants and processing herbal products that are ready to be used and marketed (Program "Healthy, Equal, Prosperous with Herbs"), (2) Assistance for pre-village tourism by the student Community Partnership Program team, (3) Empowerment of the Pokdarwis team in the field of serving food and beverages, (4) Assistance of the Pokdarwis team in the field of tour guides, (5) Assistance of coffee production business units in terms of packaging and branding, and (6) Development of Tourism Villages herbal based. Apart from cooperating in terms of programs, Dhyana Pura University also owns two plots of land in Catur Village covering 50 acres and 60 acres. The land area of 60 acres has been used as a mother garden for herbal plants since 2017.
The results of this study are expected to strengthen-based the CBT homestay in Catur Tourism Village by strengthening the management homestay, so that the attraction of tourism overnight is increasing (providing somewhere to stay) following the standards of hospitality, Cleanliness, Health, Safety, and Environment. CHSE), and health procedures in the adaptation era of new and post-pandemic habits. Lifting, designing, and marketing the potentials for natural, agro (coffee), herbal and cultural, through assistance in exploring, packaging, and presenting tourism tourist attractions as something to see. Empowering and instilling the values of excellent service quality local tour guides in mountain tourism exploration as something to do. Empowering tourism village managers and villagers in developing tourism products based on the principles of Sapta Pesona, including developing and packaging Catur Village souvenir products as something to buy, so that tourists get a thorough tourism experience (Utama, et al., 2021).
Profile of training participants
The implementation of the Catur Tourism Village mentoring program has at least 4 (four) target groups who are training participants and Dhyana Pura University's assisted partners, namely:
- Homestay managers, totaling eight individuals spread over three community groups (Banjar), namely the owners of Sudarma Homestay, Doblet Homestay, Bali Coffee Homestay, Dwija Homestay, Mandra Homestay, Mella Suter Homestay, K'cak Homestay, and Pondok Kenjung Homestay.
- Pokdarwis, which consists of elders (kelihan) or representatives of eight Subak namely Subak Abian (SA) Tri Guna Karya, SA Merta Sari, SA Tiying Seni, SA Pebunut, SA Pujung, SA Tri Karya Nadi, SA Lalang, and SA Wana Sari Kenjung.
- The Tourism Village Manager, which has been formed under Village-Owned Business Units (Badan Usaha Milik Desa; BUMDES). In training and mentoring activities represented by the chairman, secretary, and six other members.
- PKK, UP2K, and the Women Farmers Group, especially in terms of preparing the typical and products of superior Catur Tourism Village (mainly herbal products), which during the pandemic period is limited to no more than 10 to 15 individuals per activity.
In addition to the four main target partners, the Village Head (Perbekel), Bendesa Adat, the Chairperson of the PKK Activator, as well as elements from the youth organization in Catur village were also involved. In every training activity, the team always adheres to the health program that applies nationally, the special protocol in Bali province, as well as the pandemic health protocols that applies at Dhyana Pura University, including special community service protocols in adherence to Covid-19 pandemic mitigation protocols.
Training and Assistance
Implementation the training and assistance is divided into four series, namely training in trainer (TOT) for lecturers and students, training in villages for target partners, centralized training carried out with the support of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, and advanced training in villages. The training activities can be described as follows:
- Opening of the program: participants consist of the four elements of target partners in the 2020 training and mentoring program but are limited to not exceeding 25 individuals. On this occasion, the team conducted program socialization related to the material on Understanding Tourism Villages.
- Training (TOT) for students and lecturers: Training of Trainers (TOT) for lecturers and students who are involved in various training and mentoring activities in Catur Village, is also opened for students and lecturers who are or will develop a village-based community service program. Thus, it is hoped that the multiplier effect from the assistance activities of the Tourism Village of Catur can be realized and the impact of Dhyana Pura University is truly felt in the community. This activity was carried out on August 8, 2020, online and was attended by as speaker’s/resource persons in activity this, two lecturers who have participated in the TOT and received certificates as trainers of tourism village assistance.
- Training in making herbal oil products as one of the tourism icons in Catur Village: because Catur is in a mountainous area, one of the herbal oils that many people ask for is rheumatic oil, in addition to the healing oil that has been trained in the previous year. This activity has target partners, namely the core cadres of UP2K PKK as supporters of tourism villages in creating products as something to buy, attended by 15 individuals.
- The training on making functional drinks from empon-emponants and natural resources that are widely available in Catur village includes the drink "Sakuntala", which is a traditional herbal drink made from turmeric and betel as a typical drink served to guests/tourists, in addition to Kintamani typical Arabica coffee. In addition, they were also trained how to make the “Sale Manis” drink (lemongrass, lemon, and cinnamon) which was developed by the Chairperson of the PKK Catur Village with the Dhyana Pura University Team. The target of this activity on July 17, 2020, is that there are 15 members of the Women Farmers Group (KWT) who are cultivating the plants used as the basic ingredients of the drink.
- Sapta Pesona and basic English training for KWT members and UP2K PKK core cadres, especially related to the vocabulary of herbal plants that have been cultivated in their respective fields and herbal products that have been produced and trained.
- Training and mentoring for potential exploration, packaging, and presentations with participants from tourism village management elements and Pokdarwis. Due to restrictions on the number of participants in the activity, this training was only attended by 15 participants. In this activity, it was also discussed in depth the direction of developing a tourism village, especially concerning the pillars of existing tourist attractions, how to package them in one unit and how to present/promote.
- Training in making herbal Simplicia using natural drying methods: this activity has target partners, namely UP2K PKK core cadres as supporters of tourism villages in creating products as something to buy. Because the partners have cultivated herbal plants, the crops that are not processed into oil or beverage products can be dried by the partners so that they are not wasted. The result of this drying produces Simplicia which also has economic value so that it can become a souvenir product for the tourist village.
- Homestay management training and assistance during a pandemic and CHSE for homestay managers. In addition to training and mentoring, the Dhyana Pura University team also provided material assistance to homestay managers in the form of new signboards, first aid, and hygiene and sanitation facilities to support the protocol kitsch.
- Training on making Moringa Syrup and anti-mosquito herbal oil using local plants, namely moringa, and lemongrass. In addition to the Gotu kola syrup that was trained last year and has often been served to guests visiting Catur, the UP2K cadres want to diversify the products they can produce from local natural ingredients, so that they can add to the wealth of Catur's signature food and culinary icons, both as treats to guests, as well as souvenirs.
- Financial Management Training in Tourism Village: after training in developing products, managing homestays, and designing tour packages, the Dhyana Pura University team also provided Pokdarwis, tourism village managers, and women elements (KWT and PKK) with financial management and marketing training in the context of tourism village management. Thus, the developed tourism products and service packages can be better managed, professional, and transparent.
After the training activity which was centered in Ubud, Gianyar on September 4, 2020, the Dhyana Pura University team resumed training and mentoring of the Catur tourist village in the village. The team and partners again carried out training and mentoring activities, with a focus at the end of the activity, namely homestay services and tourism village management, with materials on various service SOPs and tourism business management, which included training procedures for cleaning guest rooms and living areas, training in handling guest complaints, and training in providing important information and places of public service to guests. The activity was held on 18-19 September 2020 and was attended by 20 participants, with the main material being products, services, and homestay management. Training and mentoring activities are also filled with discussions between various elements of stakeholders, to further unify vision and cohesion.