Transcriptomic analysis of cadmium stressed Tamarix hispida revealed novel transcripts and the importance of ABA network

Aim Cadmium (Cd) pollution is widely detected in soil and has been recognized as a major environmental problem. Tamarix hispida is a woody halophyte, which can form natural forest on desert and the soil with 0.5–1% salt content, making it an ideal plant for research investigating the effects of various stresses on plants. However, no systematic study has investigated the molecular mechanism of Cd tolerance in T. hispida. Methods In this study, the RNA-seq technique was applied to analyze the transcriptomic changes in T. hispida treated with 150 µmol L − 1 CdCl 2 for 24, 48 and 72 h compared with control. Results In total, 72764 unigenes exhibited similar sequences in the NR database, while 41528 unigenes (36.3% of all the unigenes) did not exhibit similar sequences, which may be new transcripts. In addition, 6778, 8282 and 8601 DEGs were detected at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Functional annotation analysis indicated that many genes may be involved in several aspects of the Cd stress response, including ion bonding, signal transduction, stress sensing, hormone responses and ROS metabolism. A ThUGT gene from the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway can enhance the Cd resistance ability of T. hispida by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species under Cd stress and inhibiting T. hispida absorption of Cd. Conclusion The new transcriptome resources and data that we present in this study for T. hispida may substantially facilitate molecular studies of the mechanisms governing Cd resistance.


Introduction
Heavy metal pollution in soil has become a worldwide problem. This pollution not only inhibits crop growth and reduces yield and quality but also poses a considerable threat to human health through the food chain (Wu et al., 2007). The heavy metal cadmium is a biologically nonessential element. Cd is highly toxic and migratory with a biological half-life of 10 to 30 years (Suwazono et al., 2001). Therefore, Cd can easily enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate in the body, causing injury to the kidneys, lungs, liver, testicles, brain, bones and blood system (Hamada et al., 1991).
A high concentration of Cd can cause a great toxic effect on plants, but some plants have been determined to grow under high Cd stress without exhibiting toxic phenotypes. Approximately 10%-33% of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera can accumulate more than 100 ppm of Cd in contaminated soil (Bert et al., 2002). Yang et al. (2004) showed that no reduction in shoot and root dry matter yields was noted when Sedum alfredii Hance were grown at Cd supply levels of 200 µmol L − 1 in nutrient solution. Under natural conditions, the aboveground part of Noccaea caerulescens can accumulate up to 164 mg/kg Cd (Baker et al., 1994). Thlaspi praecox Wulfen is a hyperaccumulator plant of zinc, cadmium and lead, and the aboveground part can accumulate up to 5030 mg/kg of Cd (Vogel-Mikus et al., 2005). Under the Cd pollution level of 25 mg/kg, the Cd content of stems and leaves in Solanum nigrum L. exceeded 100 mg/kg. The Cd content in shoots was greater than that in roots, and the Cd enrichment factor in the Page 3/25 shoots was greater than 1 (Wei et al., 2005). These studies suggested that these superenriched plants have good cadmium tolerance, and these ndings provide an important theoretical basis for the study of plant remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
At present, it is generally believed that the accumulation of Cd in plants is primarily re ected in two aspects. On the one hand, from the cellular level, Cd primarily accumulates in the vacuoles and apoplasts of plants. On the other hand, at the organizational level, this process is manifested in the epidermal cells, subepithelial cells and epidermal hairs of plants. According to Küpper et al. (2000), mustard mesophyll cells are an important site for Cd accumulation. In addition, Salt and Wagner (1993) found that a large amount of Cd was found in the leaf epidermis and epidermis hairs in the mustard. Recently, Zhang's research team, through research on rapeseed and Arabidopsis, discovered that the regulation of the ion channel protein activity of NO 3 − and Cd in the vacuolar membrane provides a means of synergistically improving the NUE and Cd toxicity of rapeseed. At the same time, the vacuolar compartmentalization and cell wall xation of Cd may be the main physiological reasons for the difference in Cd toxicity resistance between Cd-resistant cultivar Z11 and Cd-sensitive cultivar W10 of rapeseed (Zhang et al., 2019b). In Arabidopsis, the defensive protein AtPDF2.5 may chelate cytoplasmic Cd and mediate its e ux, promote Cd accumulation in apoplasts, and regulate plant detoxi cation and accumulation of Cd (Luo et al., 2019). Therefore, plant accumulation of Cd in cell walls, vacuoles, epidermal cells, or epidermal hair is likely to be one of the ways in which plants achieve detoxi cation.
In recent years, with the expansion of available transcriptional data, a growing body of knowledge regarding the genetic basis underlying Cd stress physiological processes has formed, which has greatly increased our understanding of the molecular mechanism of Cd transcription and toxicity in some Cd hyperaccumulating plants, such as A. halleri (Herbette et al., 2006), Brassica juncea (Farinati et al., 2010), S. alfredii , and Noccaea caerulescens (Halimaa et al., 2014;Milner et al., 2014). At the same time, the molecular mechanism of Cd affecting some cultivated plants was also studied.  (Oono et al., 2014), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Martin et al., 2012), ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) (Liu et al., 2015) and pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) (Zhou et al., 2016).
Tamarix hispida is a woody halophyte that grows in arid and semiarid regions. In a previous study, the transcriptome of T. hispida treated with NaHCO 3 was constructed and analyzed to detect the response of T. hispida to alkaline treatment (Wang et al., 2013). Some transcript factor, including ThNAC7, ThCRF1, ThZFP1 and ThbHLH1, were cloned and identi ed which involved in the process of reducing ROS and confer transgenic plant salt or osmotic tolerance (He et al., 2019;Qin et al., 2017;Zang et al., 2015;Ji et al., 2016). At the same time, recent studies have found that multiple T. hispida genes can enhance its tolerance to Cd. For example, the transfer of the metallothionein gene ThMT3, increases the resistance of transgenic tobacco and yeast to Cd (Zhou et al., 2014;Yang et al., 2011). Overexpression of vacuolar membrane H + -ATPase c subunit gene ThVHAc1 improved the Cd tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis and T. hispida. ThWRKY7, the possible upstream gene of ThVHAc1, exhibited similar expression patterns as ThVHAc1 under CdCl 2 treatment and improved Cd tolerance Gao et al., 2011).
Therefore, studying the transcriptome of Cd-stressed leaves would be particularly useful for furthering the genetic improvement of T. hispida to Cd stress. To elucidate the initial perception mechanism in response to Cd stimuli in T. hispida leaves, we examined gene expression changes over 72 h (control, 24, 48 and 72 h) and identi ed Cd-speci c regulatory networks. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism of Cd tolerance in T. hispida and provides a useful reference for further exploration in woody plants and using to remediation of heavy metals (Cd) from contamination soils. content in the leaves after Cd stress was detected by 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. Brie y, the above mentioned samples were placed in PBS (pH 7.0) solution containing 1 mg/mL DAB and treated in the dark for 12 h at 37°C. After exposure for 1 h, samples were decolorized with ethanol, and nally, the seedlings were photographed. Each sample contains three separate biological replicates. RNA extraction, sequencing and de novo assembly

Materials And Methods
Total RNA was extracted from the leaf tissues of each sample. The degradation degree and whether there is pollution of RNA samples was veri ed by RNase-free agarose gel electrophoresis, and the purity of RNA was detected by Nanodrop. The RNA concentration was detected by qubit, and the RNA integrity was accurately detected with an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Equal quantities of high-quality RNA from the samples was employed for the subsequent RNA sequencing.
A cDNA library was constructed for each of the samples and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform (Illumina Inc., CA, USA). For the original sequenced reads or raw reads containing reads with adapters or low quality, to ensure the quality of information analysis, the raw reads were ltered to obtain clean reads. Before assembly, reads with adapters were removed. Then, over 10% of unknown bases (N bases) and/or low-quality reads (the number of bases with a mass value of Qphred ≤ 20 accounts for more than 50% of the total reads) were removed from each data point to improve the reliability of the results. Then, the clean reads of the twelve samples with high quality were spliced using the Trinity package (Grabherr et al., 2011) to construct unique sequences as the reference sequences. At the same time, gene numbers estimated by FPKM (expected number of fragments per kilobase of transcript sequence per million base pairs sequenced) value to assess the quality of transcripts. Normalization of gene expression levels and identi cation of differentially expressed genes The clean reads of each sample were remapped to reference sequences using RSEM software (Li et al., 2009). RSEM counts the results of the bowtie comparison and further obtains the number of read counts for each sample that is aligned to each gene and performs FPKM conversion to analyze gene expression levels. For genes with more than one alternative transcript, the longest transcript was selected to calculate the FPKM.
To infer the transcriptional changes over time under Cd stress conditions, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 24, 48 and 72 h of Cd treatment were identi ed by comparing the expression levels of the control. The false discovery rate (FDR) was calculated to adjust the threshold of the p-value to correct for multiple testing (Rajkumar et al., 2015). Transcripts with a minimal 4-fold difference in expression (|log 2 Ratio| ≥ 2) and an FDR ≤ 0.001 were considered differentially expressed between the two time points (Audic et al., 1997). For convenience, DEGs with higher expression levels at 24, 48 and 72 h than those of the control were denoted as "upregulated", whereas those with the opposite were denoted as "downregulated". At the same time, Venn diagrams of these differentially expressed genes were made to distinguish the differences between them using online software  et al., 2006). To further explore the temporal expression patterns in the data, K-means clustering was applied to the identi ed DEGs. It is proposed that DEGs belonging to the same cluster have expression patterns similar to each other. For each genotype, the clustering pro les of DEGs with p-values < 0.05 were considered to be signi cantly different from the reference group. Validation of DEGs with qRT-PCR Eight genes were randomly selected for quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to identify different expression patterns revealed by RNA sequencing. RNA was extracted from the leaves of control, 24, 48 and 72 h samples. The PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit (Takara) was used for rst-strand cDNA synthesis. Primers for qRT-PCR analysis are listed in Table S2. β-actin (FJ618517) was used as an internal control (Vandesompele et al., 2002). qRT-PCR was performed using a real-time PCR instrument (qTOWER 2.0) (analytik jena). The reaction mixture (20 µl) consisted of 10 µl of TransStar R Top Green qPCR SuperMix (TRANS), 2 µl of cDNA template (equivalent to 500 ng of total RNA), 0.5 µmol L − 1 of forward and reverse primers. The reaction procedure was as follows: one cycle at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 58°C for 15 s, 72°C for 30 s. Three independent replicates were performed to ensure the reproducibility of results. The data were treated using the 2 −ΔΔ(Ct) method (Livak et al., 2001). Then, qRT-PCR results and sequencing results are analyzed together to verify the accuracy of the sequencing results.
Sequence annotation, functional classi cation, and biological pathway analysis The obtained unigenes were analyzed for functional annotation and functional classi cation. After splicing, the unigene sequences were compared with the protein database by blast, and the annotation included the NCBI Nonredundant nucleic acid database (NR) and the Swiss-port protein sequence database (Swiss-Prot) with a threshold of e-value < 0.000 01. The GO annotation information was obtained by Blast2GO analysis based on the NR annotation information. (Conesa et al., 2005). The GO functional classi cation of all unigenes was performed by WEGO (Ye et al., 2006). At the same time, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed to further characterize the metabolic pathways and biological functions of DEGs in the transcriptome.
Cloning of the ThUGT gene in the ABA signaling pathway and analysis of cadmium stress function The abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway gene ThUGT was successfully cloned, and an overexpression vector was constructed, and the vector construction method reference Wang et al., (2020). Afterwards, the overexpression strain was transiently transformed into T. hispida according to the method of Ji et al.
(2014) and treated with 100 µmol L − 1 CdCl 2 for 24 h (According to the pre-experimental results, under this CdCl 2 concentration and treatment time, the relative expression level of ThUGT gene had the largest difference (Fig. S1), and the pROKII empty vector transiently transformed seedlings were used as a control. Each treatment contained three separate repeats with at least 45 seedlings. Then the expression levels of ThUGT in transient overexpression T. hispida and the control seedlings were analyzed by qRT-PCR. At the same time, the Cd content, ABA content and H 2 O 2 content of the samples were determined.
DAB, NBT and Evans Blue staining were also performed on each sample (Zhang et al., 2011). Each experiment was repeated three times.

Results
Changes in Cd and H 2 O 2 concentrations in T. hispida subjected to Cd stress In this study, the Cd and H 2 O 2 contents were detected after T. hispida was treated with 150 µmol L − 1 CdCl 2 . The results showed that the Cd concentration showed an upward trend after Cd stress compared to the control. Especially at 72 h, the concentration reached a peak with an absolute value of 41.6 mg/kg, which was 227 times that of the control (Fig. 1A). The H 2 O 2 concentration was also signi cantly increased after Cd stress and reached the highest level at 24 h (20.2 times that of the control) ( Fig. 1B). At the same time, the results of DAB staining showed that the leaves of T. hispida were dyed the deepest at 24 h (Fig. 1C).

Pairwise comparisons of transcriptome between control and Cd stressed leaves
To determine the gene expression changes resulting from Cd stress, DEGs between control samples and each treated sample (24, 48 and 72 h) were identi ed. Using a cutoff of 4-fold difference in gene expression as methodological description, 3505, 3983 and 4443 upregulated genes and 3273, 4299 and 4158 downregulated genes were identi ed at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, compared with those in the control ( Fig. 2A). Among these genes, 2673, 3058 and 3077 DEGs at 24, 48 and 72 h had no similar sequences in the NR database, respectively (Table S1). Interestingly, the expression of many DEGs changed signi cantly only at a certain time point, for example, there were 5012 DEGs at 72 h. And there were 1069 DEGs common to all three treatment time points compared with the control (Fig. 2B).
To validate the expression data obtained from RNA sequencing, eight genes were randomly selected from the identi ed DEGs to perform qRT-PCR analysis. The results showed a strong correlation between the RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR data (Fig. S2), which supports the reliability of the expression results generated by RNA sequencing.
Through GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the function of the DEGs was characterized. GO annotation suggested that biological processes and molecular functions related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) functions and biosynthetic and metabolic processes were enriched among the DEGs at different time points ( Fig. 3A and 3B). In biological processes, biosynthetic and metabolic processes DEGs were enriched at all three time points (Fig. 3A). In addition, the molecular function term "phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity" was enriched at 24 h and 72 h. The term "methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity" occurred at all three time points (Fig. 3B). These results indicated that substances participate in hormone and ROS metabolism play crucial roles in the T. hispida response to Cd stress.
KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results showed that 90, 91 and 105 pathways were categorized from the pairwise comparisons between 24 h vs control, 48 h vs control, and 72 h vs control, respectively. Based on these results, the DEGs involved in the biosynthetic pathways of seven hormones and one pathway for "plant hormone signal transduction" were enriched (Fig. 3C). At the same time, we observed that the gene numbers of six hormone synthetic pathways were the highest at 72 h, whereas brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathways peaked at 24 h. Interestingly, six hormone synthetic pathways were included in the top 30 pathways from 24 h vs control (Table 1). In the top 20 pathways from 24 h vs control, ve hormone synthesis pathways were found. These results demonstrated that the expression of genes involved in hormone synthesis may play an important role in the Cd response in T. hispida.
The expression of the G1 group showed a down-regulated expression trend, and reaching its lowest value at 48 h, then slightly increased at 72 h. The G2 group mainly showed a waveform trend, reaching a peak at 24 h, then showing a downward trend and slightly increasing at 72 h. The G3 group showed an upregulated expression trend at the beginning (24 h) followed by stable expression in the subsequent stage.
The G4 group showed a continuous increasing trend at 24 h and 48 h. Interestingly, the G5 group showed an increasing expression trend during the whole stage and peaks at 72 h. The G6 group showed an upregulated trend at 24 h and 48 h and a slight decrease at 72 h. From these results, we can assume that the G3 and G5 group genes can be rapidly induced by Cd stress, and the G2, G4 and G6 group genes show a time-dependent trend in the process. In contrast, the G1 group genes show inhibition trend in response to cadmium stress.
Furthermore, GO functional annotation analysis of the genes in the six groups was performed. The number of genes in each group based on their biological pathway, molecular function and cellular component were counted. The results showed that all selected DEGs were involved in 282 biological pathways. Among them, DEGs involved in protein binding, ATP binding, DNA binding were relatively large number (88, 52 and 45, respectively) ( Table 2).
In total, the K-means/hierarchical clustering and GO function annotation results indicated that the genes related to hormones were signi cantly affected during Cd stress in T. hispida leaves. Hence, the DEGs involved in the metabolism of hormones and their signaling pathways were further explored systematically.

DEGs involved in hormone biosynthetic pathways
To further explore the genes involved in hormone biochemical pathways following Cd stress treatment, the DEGs involved in the seven hormone biosynthesis or metabolism KEGG pathways (ABA, ETH, IAA, SA, GA, BRs and JA) were analyzed (Table 1). Analysis results indicated that the number of genes in the ABA, SA, ETH, IAA, GA and JA biosynthetic or metabolism pathways primarily increased, while BR biosynthesis showed decreasing trends (Fig. 3C).
Thirty DEGs in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway were detected. Among the metabolic processes, nine genes were involved in beta-eliminating lyase, four genes were involved in hypothetical protein, two genes were involved in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase and two genes were involved in 5methyltetrahydropterin glutamate homocysteine methyltransferase. The expression of these 17 genes was upregulated. In contrast, genes involved in homocysteine S-methyltransferase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, ARD/ARD' family and S-adenosyl-methionine synthase were downregulated.
These results indicated that the key regulatory components of the biosynthetic pathways in ABA and ethylene changed signi cantly during the T. hispida response to Cd stress. In addition, there are also many genes participate in hormone processes, such as BRs, JA, GA, IAA and SA, which can respond to Cd stress.
ThUGT-overexpressing T. hispida increased ABA content and Cd tolerance To further explore the genes involved in hormone pathways following Cd stress treatment, the ABA-related KEGG pathway after each stress treatment point was analyzed. The results showed that ABA pathwayrelated genes mainly participated in phytoene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, abscisate and lutein processes (Fig.   S3). ThUGT, a predicted ABA β-glucosyltransferase gene, was one of the DEGs in the ABA signaling pathway, and the expression levels were obviously induced (3.7 and 4.2 times of the control at 24 h and 72 h, respectively). Therefore, ThUGT was selected and further cloned and constructed into an overexpression vector, which was transiently transformed into T. hispida. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of ThUGT was signi cantly higher in the overexpression plants than in the control plants (Fig. 5A), indicating the transient overexpression transgenic plants were successfully obtained.
The staining analysis showed that the overexpression plants were stained lighter after CdCl 2 stress treatment compared with the control plants (Fig. 5B). The results obtained with physiological indicators showed that the ABA content in ThUGT-overexpressing T. hispida and the control plants was effectively increased under 100 µmol L − 1 CdCl 2 treatment, while in the ThUGT transgenic plants, it increased less than in the control (Fig. 5C). At the same time, the Cd ion content in both the overexpression plants and the control plants increased signi cantly after Cd treatment, but the Cd ion content in the overexpression plants was signi cantly less than that of the control (Fig. 5C). The H 2 O 2 content in overexpression plants was lower than that of the control after Cd treatment (Fig. 5C). These results suggested that the ThUGT transgenic plants eliminated more reactive oxygen species and inhibited the absorption of Cd to a certain extent by T. hispida under cadmium stress, thereby enhancing the cadmium resistance of T. hispida.

Discussion
When plants are under heavy metal stress, it can produce a series of corresponding functions to relieve the toxic effects of heavy metals. Some reports suggested that the production of glutathione, phytochelatin, and metal chelates or chaperones, which can bind to heavy metal ions and then transport them out of cells. In addition, antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), were produced to scavenge oxygen free radicals generated by heavy metals (Emamverdian et al., 2015).
In this work, we used RNA-seq to explore the time course of the response mechanism in T. hispida under Cd stress. Our study showed that 114292 unigenes were obtained after the transcriptome data were spliced and 36.3% of the unigenes were novel transcripts under Cd stress. Further detailed analysis found that 6778 DEGs were detected at 24 h and then increased to 8282 and 8601 at 48 h and 72 h, respectively ( Fig. 2A) H 2 O 2 is a product of aerobic metabolism of cells, and its production is increased under various stresses.
It not only has the effect of damaging biological macromolecules and thereby harming cells, it is also an important signal molecule that induces the expression of a series of defense genes in the cell. And improve the activity of protective enzymes to remove active oxygen, prevent its excessive accumulation under adversity conditions and protect plants from damage (Mittler et al., 2002;Molleret al., 2001). Interestingly, the Cd content increased with increasing treatment time (Fig. 1A), while the H 2 O 2 content peaked at 24 h ( Fig. 1B and 1C). At the same time, we also found that many studies reported H 2 O 2 functions a secondary messenger during plant development and defence to abiotic stress (Jiang et al., 2012;Saxena et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2016;Avshalumov et al., 2003;Khalili et al., 2014). Therefore, we speculate that H 2 O 2 may serve as a secondary messenger to induce the expression of stress-related proteins in the early stage of cadmium stress and initiate the development of systemic acquired resistance in T. hispida. This plant synthesizes many ROS-clearing genes, thereby effectively eliminating excess H 2 O 2 to help T. hispida tolerate Cd stress. Consistent with this property, the results of the DEGs at 24 h showed that 1/6 DEGs participated in the redox reaction, the transport of ions, and the synthesis of signal substances (Table S3), which have important functions in plant stress resistance.
In previous studies, multiple transcription factors or proteins were found which involved in the scavenging of ROS or increasing SOD and POD activities in T. hispida to improve the salt tolerance or osmotic stress ability of plants (He et al., 2019;Qin et al., 2017;Zang et al., 2015;Ji et al., 2016). Many studies on transcriptome analyses of Cd-treated plants have found that it is mainly related to the pathways of "ROSscavenging enzymes" Gupta et al., 2017), "cell wall alternation and strengthening" Wan et al., 2012;Xu et al., 2015), "lipid oxidation" , "auxin biosynthesis and metabolism" (Yue et al., 2016), and "nitric oxide-mediated homeostasis" (Zuccarelli et al., 2017).
In T.hispida, the GO analysis showed in the biological pathway that "oxidation-reduction process" was the top enriched term, and "oxidoreductase activity" in the molecular function also ranked in the top 10 ( Fig. 3A and 3B). These results indicated that the expression of antioxidant and redox homeostasisrelated genes plays an important role in the response to Cd stress in T. hispida.
ABA, a widely known phytohormone involved in the plant response to abiotic stress, plays a vital role in mitigating Cd 2+ toxicity in herbaceous species. Studies have found that when plants are exposed to Cd, endogenous ABA levels are increased in plant cells (Sharma et al., 2002). At the same time, several other studies demonstrated that the application of ABA can reduce Cd accumulation in crops (Uraguchi et al., 2009;Fan et al., 2014;Hsu et al., 2005;Hsu et al., 2003). Fan et al. (2014) reported that ABA treatment correlates with the downregulation of ABA-inhibited IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) to decrease Cd accumulation. Through interaction with MYB49, the ABI5 represses MYB49 binding to the downstream genes bHLH38, bHLH101, HIPP22 and HIPP44, which result in the inactivation of IRT1 and reduced Cd uptake (Zhang et al., 2019a).
In this study, the results of KEGG pathway analysis showed that seven main phytohormones participate in Cd stress in T. hispida. Among the phytohormones, the input numbers vs background gene numbers for ABA pathways increased over time (Fig. 3C), with ratios of 0.9, 2.7 and 3.5% being observed at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. By GO function analysis, we found that seven DEGs were involved in the ABA signaling pathway, three of which were upregulated (Fig. S3). In particular, the expression of ThUGT gene was clearly induced. The ABA content in transient overexpression ThUGT T. hispida plants was signi cantly increased after cadmium stress treatment, but it increased less compared with the control (Fig. 5C).
Moreover, the H 2 O 2 content and Cd content increased lower in OE plants than the control after Cd stress ( Fig. 5C), indicating that the ThUGT gene has the ability to remove ROS under Cd stress and enhance the tolerance of T. hispida to Cd.
Uridine diphosphate-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) are a family of proteins involved in physiological responses to the inactivation of many glycosylation hormones (Kleczkowski et al., 1995). The overexpression of the UGT74E2 gene in Arabidopsis can improve the resistance of Arabidopsis to drought and salt stress by regulating the IBA dynamic balance (Tognetti et al., 2010). ABA β-glucosyltransferase belongs to the UGT family and is a key enzyme in the ABA catabolism binding pathway. This enzyme plays an important role in maintaining the normal physiological level of ABA. The ABA βglucosyltransferase gene AtUGT71B6 in A. thaliana regulates intracellular ABA balance (Priest et al., 2006;Dong et al., 2014). The Phaseolus vulgaris PvABAGT gene regulates the ABA balance and stress response in adversity during bean development (Xu et al., 2002).
In Beta vulgaris, the ROS produced by a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase may act as a signal to induce BvGT (UGT family gene) expression after wounding and bacterial in ltration (Sepulveda-Jimenez et al., 2004). Oxidative stress and conditions that promote cell death could induce the expression of glucosyltransferase genes and produce transportable glucosides that function as ROS scavengers (Mazel et al., 2002). Therefore, we predicted that ThUGT may play a crucial role in the ABA conjugation pathway and in adaptation to Cd stress by inducing ROS scavengers to deduce H 2 O 2 . The speci c mechanism governing this process warrants further research.

Conclusions
The present study identi ed novel transcripts, gene structures, and DEGs in T. hispida after Cd stress. In total, 114292 unigenes were identi ed. The large number of transcripts identi ed will serve as a global resource for future studies. Among these genes, a large number of genes related to ROS clearance and hormone signals were identi ed, which may facilitate the analysis of ABA signaling pathways and the overexpression of related gene ThUGT reduced the accumulation of Cd in T. hispida under high CdCl 2 stress. These results may help to establish a foundation for future research on cadmium tolerance in T. hispida and further use genetic engineering methods to improve plant cadmium resistance. Farinati, S., DalCorso, G., Varotto, S., Furini, A., 2010. The Brassica juncea BjCdR15, an ortholog of Arabidopsis TGA3, is a regulator of cadmium uptake, transport and accumulation in shoots and confers Zuccarelli, R., Coelho, A.C.P., Peres, L.E.P., Freschi, L., 2017. Shedding light on NO homeostasis, light as a key regulator of glutathione and nitric oxide metabolisms during seedling deetiolation. NITRIC OXIDE-BIOL CH. 68, 77-90. Tables   Table 1 TOP30       The above seedlings were treated with 100 μmol L−1 CdCl2 or control for 24 h. Each treatment contained three separate repeats with at least 45 seedlings. Con: T. hispida plants transformed with empty pROKII.