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Xiaodong Guan
Peking University Health Science Centre
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-3827
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Background: This study was aimed to explore the secular trends of antibiotic sales over an 8-year period.
Methods: We retrospectively analysed aggregated monthly surveillance data on antibiotic sales to 586 hospitals from 28 provinces in China from January 2011 to December 2018. Information including generic name, sales amount, dosage form, strength, the route of administration, and geographical data were collected. Population weighted antibiotic sales were expressed in DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). WHO’s ‘Access, Watch, Reserve’ categorization was also adopted to analyse antibiotic sales.
Results: Between 2011 and 2018, total antibiotic sales in China’s hospitals increased by 39.6% (from 4.8 DID in 2010 to 6.7 DID in 2018). Antibiotic sales were stable or had moderately decreased in 13 provinces, while in the other 15 provinces they had substantially increased. Cephalosporins were the most consumed antibiotics, accounting for 26.9% of the total antibiotic sales (1.8 DID/6.7 DID). In 2018, antibiotics in the Access category comprised 19.4% of the total sales (1.3 DID/6.7 DID), where antibiotics in the Watch category comprised the largest proportion of 71.6% (4.8 DID/6.7 DID). Population-weighted antibiotic sales were greater in secondary hospitals than in tertiary hospitals (7.3 DID vs 6.6 DID). The antibiotics sales of oral form were almost two times the sales of parenteral forms in secondary hospitals, whereas in tertiary hospitals the amounts were about the same.
Conclusions: Although efforts were made towards restricting antibiotics in the past decade by the Chinese government, antibiotic sales demonstrated an upward trend during the study period. More efforts are needed to explore whether the antibiotics are prudently used.
Keywords
trend, antibiotic, sales, hospitals, China
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 23 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 20 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 19 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 19 Mar, 2020
Version 2
Posted 19 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 09 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 18 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 17 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 17 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 27 Jan, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 01 Jan, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 01 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 29 Nov, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 20 Nov, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Nov, 2019
Editor assigned
On 06 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 05 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 05 Nov, 2019
First submitted
On 01 Nov, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Xiaodong Guan
Peking University Health Science Centre
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-3827
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 23 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 20 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 19 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 19 Mar, 2020
Version 2
Posted 19 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 09 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 18 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 17 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 17 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 27 Jan, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 01 Jan, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 01 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 29 Nov, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 20 Nov, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Nov, 2019
Editor assigned
On 06 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 05 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 05 Nov, 2019
First submitted
On 01 Nov, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.
Background: This study was aimed to explore the secular trends of antibiotic sales over an 8-year period.
Methods: We retrospectively analysed aggregated monthly surveillance data on antibiotic sales to 586 hospitals from 28 provinces in China from January 2011 to December 2018. Information including generic name, sales amount, dosage form, strength, the route of administration, and geographical data were collected. Population weighted antibiotic sales were expressed in DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). WHO’s ‘Access, Watch, Reserve’ categorization was also adopted to analyse antibiotic sales.
Results: Between 2011 and 2018, total antibiotic sales in China’s hospitals increased by 39.6% (from 4.8 DID in 2010 to 6.7 DID in 2018). Antibiotic sales were stable or had moderately decreased in 13 provinces, while in the other 15 provinces they had substantially increased. Cephalosporins were the most consumed antibiotics, accounting for 26.9% of the total antibiotic sales (1.8 DID/6.7 DID). In 2018, antibiotics in the Access category comprised 19.4% of the total sales (1.3 DID/6.7 DID), where antibiotics in the Watch category comprised the largest proportion of 71.6% (4.8 DID/6.7 DID). Population-weighted antibiotic sales were greater in secondary hospitals than in tertiary hospitals (7.3 DID vs 6.6 DID). The antibiotics sales of oral form were almost two times the sales of parenteral forms in secondary hospitals, whereas in tertiary hospitals the amounts were about the same.
Conclusions: Although efforts were made towards restricting antibiotics in the past decade by the Chinese government, antibiotic sales demonstrated an upward trend during the study period. More efforts are needed to explore whether the antibiotics are prudently used.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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