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Research
Ulrike Fillinger
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Human Health Theme, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-431X
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background Novel malaria vector control approaches aim to combine tools to work in synergy for maximum protection. This study aimed to evaluate novel and re-evaluate existing, putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour-orientation of malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space.
Methods Anopheles arabiensis outdoor human landing catches and trap comparisons were implemented in large semi-field systems to (1) test the efficacy of citriodiol or transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned in house eave gaps as push components for preventing bites; (2) understand the efficacy of an MB5-baited Suna-trap in attracting vectors in the presence of a human being; (3) assess 2-butanone as a CO2 replacement for trapping; and (4) determine the protection provided by a full push-pull set up. The air-concentrations of the chemical constituents of the push-pull mosquito control tool were quantified.
Results Microencapsulated citriodiol eave strips did not provide any outdoor protection against host-seeking An. arabiensis. Transfluthrin-treated strips significantly reduced the odds of a mosquito landing on the human volunteer (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.12-0.23). This impact was lower (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.52-0.66) during the push-pull experiment which was associated with low night-time temperatures likely affecting the transfluthrin vaporisation. The MB5-baited Suna trap supplemented with CO2 attracted only a third of the released mosquitoes in the absence of a human being, however, with a human volunteer in the same system, the trap caught less than 1% of all released mosquitoes. The volunteer consistently attracted over two-thirds of all mosquitoes released. This was the case in the absence (‘pull’ only) and in the presence of a spatial repellent (‘push-pull’), indicating that in its current configuration the tested ‘pull’ does not provide a valuable addition to a spatial repellent. The chemical 2-butanone was ineffective in replacing CO2. Transfluthrin was detectable in the air space but with a strong linear reduction in concentrations over 5 metres from release. The MB5 constituent chemicals were only irregularly detected, potentially suggesting insufficient release and concentration in the air for attraction.
Conclusion This step-by-step evaluation of the selected ‘push’ and ‘pull’ components led to a better understanding of their ability to affect host-seeking behaviours of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in the peri-domestic space and helps to gauge the impact such tools would have when used in the field for monitoring or control.
Keywords
malaria, vector control, outdoor-biting, spatial repellent, PMD, Citriodiol, transfluthrin, GC-FID, semi-field study
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Parasites & Vectors.
Version 1
Posted 18 Sep, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Minor Revision
On 10 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 29 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 04 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 27 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 20 Sep, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 17 Sep, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Sep, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Sep, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Sep, 2020
First submitted
On 14 Sep, 2020
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HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Parasitology
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See the published version of this preprint at Parasites & Vectors.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Ulrike Fillinger
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Human Health Theme, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-431X
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Parasites & Vectors.
Version 1
Posted 18 Sep, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Minor Revision
On 10 Nov, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 29 Oct, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 04 Oct, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 27 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 20 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 20 Sep, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 17 Sep, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Sep, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Sep, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Sep, 2020
First submitted
On 14 Sep, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Parasitology
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Parasites & Vectors.
Background Novel malaria vector control approaches aim to combine tools to work in synergy for maximum protection. This study aimed to evaluate novel and re-evaluate existing, putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour-orientation of malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space.
Methods Anopheles arabiensis outdoor human landing catches and trap comparisons were implemented in large semi-field systems to (1) test the efficacy of citriodiol or transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned in house eave gaps as push components for preventing bites; (2) understand the efficacy of an MB5-baited Suna-trap in attracting vectors in the presence of a human being; (3) assess 2-butanone as a CO2 replacement for trapping; and (4) determine the protection provided by a full push-pull set up. The air-concentrations of the chemical constituents of the push-pull mosquito control tool were quantified.
Results Microencapsulated citriodiol eave strips did not provide any outdoor protection against host-seeking An. arabiensis. Transfluthrin-treated strips significantly reduced the odds of a mosquito landing on the human volunteer (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.12-0.23). This impact was lower (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.52-0.66) during the push-pull experiment which was associated with low night-time temperatures likely affecting the transfluthrin vaporisation. The MB5-baited Suna trap supplemented with CO2 attracted only a third of the released mosquitoes in the absence of a human being, however, with a human volunteer in the same system, the trap caught less than 1% of all released mosquitoes. The volunteer consistently attracted over two-thirds of all mosquitoes released. This was the case in the absence (‘pull’ only) and in the presence of a spatial repellent (‘push-pull’), indicating that in its current configuration the tested ‘pull’ does not provide a valuable addition to a spatial repellent. The chemical 2-butanone was ineffective in replacing CO2. Transfluthrin was detectable in the air space but with a strong linear reduction in concentrations over 5 metres from release. The MB5 constituent chemicals were only irregularly detected, potentially suggesting insufficient release and concentration in the air for attraction.
Conclusion This step-by-step evaluation of the selected ‘push’ and ‘pull’ components led to a better understanding of their ability to affect host-seeking behaviours of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in the peri-domestic space and helps to gauge the impact such tools would have when used in the field for monitoring or control.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
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