DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-768552/v1
Background
Although not common, coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) can develop to over 8 mm in diameter to become giant CAAs. In the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoantibody- and immune complex-mediated atherosclerosis is believed to be the most prevalent cause of aneurysm.
Case presentation
we report the case of a 53-year-old female SLE patient who presented to our hospital with radiating chest pain. Coronary angiography revealed a giant aneurysm in the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and distal subtotal occlusion in the left circumflex artery (LCX). Laboratory testing also identified risk factors such as an abnormal pulmonary enzyme profile, dyslipidemia, and nephritis parameters.To prevent thromboembolism, anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy were administered. In addition, one stent was implanted at the distal end of the LCX and repeated coronary angiography verified restoration of TIMI grade III flow.The patient was discharged with resolved chest pain. During 6 months of follow-up, the patient is in good health.
Conclusions
Our case study, together with 16 recent comparable reports, emphasizes the need for coronary aneurysm screening in SLE patients. It is necessary that thromboembolism, anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy were administered for CAA.
While atherosclerosis is the most prevalent cause of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) and atherosclerosis is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), CAA formation in SLE patients is rare 1, 2. The prognosis and treatment of CAA are significantly impacted by complications such as thrombosis, distal occlusion, and aneurysm rupture 1. Currently, however, there is no formal guide for the optimal treatment of CAAs in patients with SLE, and thus, validated clinical studies are urgently needed. Here, we present the a case study of a patient with active SLE who presented with a giant CAA.
A 53-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital due to chest pain radiating to the throat. This symptom had developed 1 month previously, and episodes lasted approximately 30 minutes before temporarily relief was achieved by oral nitroglycerin administration. The patient had been diagnosed with SLE at the age of 33 years and treated with oral corticosteroids (12.5 mg/day prednisone), leflunomide, and hydroxychloroquine thereafter. However, no records of periodic interviews or comprehensive documents were available. She denied a history of smoking or drinking Thirteen years after the diagnosis of SLE, she was diagnosed with hypertension with a blood pressure of 180/90 mmHg and began treatment with oral nitrendipine at a dose of 10 mg/day. Physical examination on the current admission revealed a heart rate of 88 beats per minute, a respiration rate of 18 breaths per minute, and a blood pressure of 118/62 mmHg with regular heart rhythm and no positive signs, suggesting the hypertension was well controlled by the medication. An electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm, right axis deviation, and no ST-T abnormality, but did reveal fractional shortening by 29%, an ejection fraction of 56%, a small amount of pericardial effusion, and a decreased amplitude of the ventricular septum and left ventricular inferior wall, indicating heart dysfunction. Coronary angiography then revealed a giant aneurysm in the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery (LAD; Figure 1A and B). In the left circumflex artery (LCX), proximal cystic-like dilatation and distal subtotal occlusion with TIMI grade I flow were observed (Figure 1B). In addition, varying degrees of dilatation were detected in the middle segment of the right coronary artery (RCA; Figure 1C).
Laboratory examination results for creatine kinase-muscle/brain (2.00 ng/ml, normal range 0–4.3 ng/ml) showed that oral nitroglycerin was effective in the early stage. However, elevated serum levels of myoglobin (155.00 ng/ml, normal range 0–107 ng/ml), cardiac troponin I (0.62 ng/ml, normal range 0–0.05 ng/ml), and aspartate aminotransferase (75.4 U/L, normal range 13–35 U/L) indicated irreversible myocardial infraction. In the meantime, the presence of active SLE was verified by the autoimmune profile results, including normal complement C3 (0.82 g/L, normal range 0.7–1.4 g/L) and complement C4 (0.27 g/L, normal range 0.1-–0.4g/L) levels as well as positive detection of anti-dsDNA (IIF) at 1:10, homozygous antinuclear antibodies (ANA) at 1:100, and nuclear membrane type ANA at 1:320 along with a high C-reactive protein concentration (16.20 mg/L, normal range 0–3.5 mg/L) and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (44 mm/1 h, normal range 0–20 mm/1 h). Two risk factors for both SLE and cardiovascular disease also were identified in this case. First, renal parameters were abnormal with a 1+ positive urine protein, positive urinary nitrite , and elevated levels of urea nitrogen (20.59 mmol/L, normal range 2.6–7.5 mmol/L) and creatinine (167.8 µmol/L, normal range 41–73 µmol/L). Additionally, elevated lipid levels including a cholesterol level of 7.17 mmol/L (normal range 2.6–6.0 mmol/L) and triglyceride level of 2.86 mmol/L (normal range 0.28–1.8 mmol/L) implied dyslipidemia. Finally, The patient had been diagnosed with SLE, CAA ,hypertension and acute coronary syndrome.
Therapeutic Intervention
To prevent thromboembolic complications and further myocardial infarction, anticoagulation (low-molecular-weight calcium heparins, 5,000 U subcutaneously every 12 h) and antiplatelet therapy (oral aspirin 100 mg/day and oral clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate 75 mg/day) were administered. At the same time, one stent was implanted at the distal end of the LCX to effectively limit further expansion of the affected coronary segments (Figure 2A). Repeated coronary angiography revealed that the occlusion was recanalized and TIMI grade III flow was restored (Figure 2B). Finally, the patient was discharged with resolved chest pain. During 6 months of follow-up, the patient is in good health.
In this study, we reported an active SLE patient with a giant LAD aneurysm. CAA is an irreversible coronary vascular dilatation that occasionally grows to become considered giant with a diameter of more than 8 mm. In early studies, the prevalence of giant CAA was only 0.02% among all CAA cases, and the pathogenesis generally involves other diseases, including SLE 1. In SLE-related CAA, autoantibody- and immune complex-mediated arterial media destruction and arterial wall thinning are believed to result in the progressive dilatation of the affected arterial segments 2. However, long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs may also accelerate coronary artery disease 3. Thus, it is not possible to completely exclude the effects of steroid therapy on CAA pathogenesis.
As summarized in Table 1, 16 cases of coronary aneurysm in SLE patients have been reported recently. The average age of these patients was 38 years, and most were women (14 cases). The duration of SLE varied from 1–42 years. Most cases (9 cases) had symptoms of ischemic heart disease caused by embolization or stenosis of the coronary artery. Moreover, more than half (9) of cases had atherosclerosis risk factors in addition to SLE (6 cases with hypertension, 2 cases with hyperlipidemia, and 1 case with a smoking history). It should also be noted that the ANA titer was positive in half of the cases, and only two cases were antiphospholipid antibody positive 6, 7. Similarly, several typical common features were identified in our case. First, 13 years before the patient was diagnosed with hypertension, the diagnosis of SLE was made. Although anti-lupus medication was never discontinued, the ANA test indicated that the SLE was in the active stage when the patient presented to us. Second, although the patient’s hypertension had been controlled, the enzyme profile implied irreversible myocardial infarction. Furthermore, two other clinical markers, hyperlipidemia and nephritis, were also detected.
Table 1 Summary of reports of SLE patients with coronary aneurysm expansion
|
|
Age, years |
Sex |
Duration of SLE, years |
Location(s) |
Symptom(s) |
Risk factor(s) |
ANA |
APLAs |
|
Present case |
53 |
F |
20 |
LAD, LCX, RCA |
CP |
H |
1:320 |
none |
|
Geiser4 |
29 |
F |
6 |
LAD, LCX, RCA |
confusion |
H |
ND |
ND |
|
Ha5 |
21 |
F |
1 |
RCA |
PT |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
Suzuki6 |
31 |
F |
20 |
LCX, RCA |
none |
none |
- |
+ |
|
Hirata7 |
34 |
F |
12 |
LAD, RCA |
CP |
none |
ND |
+ |
|
Monigari8 |
30 |
F |
3 |
LAD |
none |
none |
ND |
ND |
|
Matayoshi9 |
29 |
F |
6 |
LAD, LCX, RCA |
none |
none |
1:160 |
- |
|
Wilson10 |
25 |
M |
8 |
LAD |
CP |
ND |
1:2560 |
- |
|
|
44 |
F |
11 |
LAD |
CP |
H |
1:1280 |
ND |
|
Caracciolo11 |
22 |
F |
4 |
LAD |
CP |
SH |
1:320 |
- |
|
Uchida12 |
55 |
M |
42 |
LCX, RCA |
CP |
H, HL |
1:80 |
ND |
|
Yoshikai13 |
49 |
F |
10 |
RCA |
AMI |
HL |
1:640 |
ND |
|
Anna14 |
65 |
F |
7 |
RCA |
CP |
H |
1:300 |
ND |
|
Famularo15 |
32 |
F |
ND |
LAD, LCX, RCA |
none |
H |
ND |
ND |
|
Nobrega16 |
26 |
F |
12 |
LAD, RCA |
none |
ND |
ND |
- |
|
Nagao17 |
62 |
F |
20 |
LAD |
CP |
ND |
ND |
ND |
LAD: left anterior descending artery, LCX: left circumflex branch, RCA: right coronary artery, AMI: acute myocardial infarction, CP: chest pain, DR: dyspneic respiration, H: hypertension, HL: hyperlipidemia, ND: no description provided, SH: smoking history, PT: pericardial tamponade, ANA: antinuclear antibody, APLAs: antiphospholipid antibodies.
In this case, as in most other cases of SLE patients with coronary artery stenosis, calcium heparins, aspirin, and clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate were used to prevent thromboembolism 16, 18. While the outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with autoimmune disease remains uncertain 19, coronary angiography verified that stent implantation restored the blood supply in our case. However, for most SLE patients with coronary aneurysms, there are currently no official guidelines for the best treatment strategies. Therefore, SLE patients with risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and nephritis, should be offered CAA screening to avoid delays in diagnosis and treatment. At the same time, more clinical trials are required to verify the appropriate therapy for coronary dilatation in the context of SLE, particularly for large aneurysms.
Our case study, together with 16 recent comparable reports, emphasizes the need for coronary aneurysm screening in SLE patients. It is necessary that thromboembolism, anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy were administered for CAA.
CAA=coronary artery aneurysm
SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus
LAD=left anterior descending artery
LCX=left circumflex artery
TIMI = thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
ANA=antinuclear antibodies
- Ethical Approval and Consent to participate
This case is based on retrospective study, so there is no need for ethical approval.
- Consent for publication
The patient has provided informed consent for publication of the case.
- Availability of data and materials
This case is true and effective.
- Competing interests
The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
- Funding
None.
- Authors' contributions
This case was written by Zipeng Yao.
Yanhong Long is responsible for data collection.
Zheng Zong is responsible for data processing.
Lin Wang is responsible for review and typesetting.
- Acknowledgements
Thank the Medjaden Bioscience for editing and proofreading this case.
- Authors' information (Optional)
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