See the published version of this preprint at Retrovirology.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
A new preprint design is coming!
We have improved readability, clarity, accessibility, and opportunities for engagement.
Research
Etheresia Pretorius
Stellenbosch University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-2384
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prone to systemic inflammation and pathological clotting, and many may develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of this dysregulated inflammatory profile. Coagulation tests are not routinely performed unless there is a specific reason.
Methods. We recruited ten healthy control subjects, 35 HIV negative patients with deep vein thrombosis (HIV negative-DVT), and 13 HIV patients with DVT (HIV positive-DVT) on the primary antiretroviral therapy (ARV) regimen- Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Efavirenz. Serum inflammatory markers, haematological results, viscoelastic properties (using thromboelastography-TEG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of whole blood (WB) were used to compare the groups.
Results. DVT patients (HIV positive and HIV negative) have anaemia with raised inflammatory markers which are more pronounced in HIV positive patients. HIV positive-DVT patients also have a microcytic hypochromic anaemia. DVT patients have a hypercoagulable profile on the TEG but no significant difference between HIV negative-DVT and HIV positive-DVT groups. The TEG analysis compared well and supported our ultrastructural results. Scanning electron microscopy of HIV positive-DVT patient’s red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets demonstrates inflammatory changes including abnormal cell shapes, irregular membranes and microparticle formation. All the ultrastructural changes were more prominent in the HIV positive-DVT patients.
Conclusions. HIV positive patients have an increased hypercoagulability and DVT prevalence. Our results point to the importance of looking at the coagulation system function in HIV infected individuals with DVT. Parameters like haematological markers, coagulation tests (activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time / International normalized ratio), thromboelastography and global clotting tests should be used as standard indicators of hypercoagulation and part of standard clinical practice.
Keywords
Hypercoagulability, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), inflammation
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Loading...
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Retrovirology.
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 14 Jun, 2020
Editor assigned
On 21 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 20 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 20 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 16 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 18 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 17 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 17 Feb, 2020
Version 1
Posted 14 Nov, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 Jan, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 03 Jan, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 20 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 18 Dec, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 10 Dec, 2019
First submitted
On 11 Nov, 2019
Editor assigned
On 11 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 10 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 10 Nov, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Virology
Learn more about our company.
A new preprint design is coming!
We have improved readability, clarity, accessibility, and opportunities for engagement.
See the published version of this preprint at Retrovirology.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Etheresia Pretorius
Stellenbosch University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-2384
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Retrovirology.
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 14 Jun, 2020
Editor assigned
On 21 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 20 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 20 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 16 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 18 Feb, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 17 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 17 Feb, 2020
Version 1
Posted 14 Nov, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 Jan, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 03 Jan, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 20 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 18 Dec, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 10 Dec, 2019
First submitted
On 11 Nov, 2019
Editor assigned
On 11 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 10 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 10 Nov, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Virology
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Retrovirology.
Background. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prone to systemic inflammation and pathological clotting, and many may develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of this dysregulated inflammatory profile. Coagulation tests are not routinely performed unless there is a specific reason.
Methods. We recruited ten healthy control subjects, 35 HIV negative patients with deep vein thrombosis (HIV negative-DVT), and 13 HIV patients with DVT (HIV positive-DVT) on the primary antiretroviral therapy (ARV) regimen- Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Efavirenz. Serum inflammatory markers, haematological results, viscoelastic properties (using thromboelastography-TEG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of whole blood (WB) were used to compare the groups.
Results. DVT patients (HIV positive and HIV negative) have anaemia with raised inflammatory markers which are more pronounced in HIV positive patients. HIV positive-DVT patients also have a microcytic hypochromic anaemia. DVT patients have a hypercoagulable profile on the TEG but no significant difference between HIV negative-DVT and HIV positive-DVT groups. The TEG analysis compared well and supported our ultrastructural results. Scanning electron microscopy of HIV positive-DVT patient’s red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets demonstrates inflammatory changes including abnormal cell shapes, irregular membranes and microparticle formation. All the ultrastructural changes were more prominent in the HIV positive-DVT patients.
Conclusions. HIV positive patients have an increased hypercoagulability and DVT prevalence. Our results point to the importance of looking at the coagulation system function in HIV infected individuals with DVT. Parameters like haematological markers, coagulation tests (activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time / International normalized ratio), thromboelastography and global clotting tests should be used as standard indicators of hypercoagulation and part of standard clinical practice.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Loading...