DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.17487/v1
Lung cancer is so far the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for an estimate of 690, 000 deaths in China and 1,761,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 [1,2]. The standard of care for patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the curative-intent anatomic surgical resection, whereas tumor metastasis or recurrence leads to the treatment failure and mortality after surgery [3]. Reported locoregional recurrence rates elevated with advancing pathological stage (5%-19%, 11%-27%, 24%-40% for stage I, II, and IIIA respectively) and range with various surgical resection modalities (lobectomy, 4.9%-7%; segmentectomy, 9.1%-16%; and wedge resection, 11%-27.8%) [4]. Previous studies have reported that recurrence rates, based on the primary stage and follow-up time, varied between 18.5% and 75% for resected NSCLC patients with stage I to III [5-7]. According to outcomes of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and the Nelson trials for screening computed tomography (CT) scans, the improvements in the early diagnosis and the reduction in the mortality of lung cancer have been greatly anticipated [8-9]. Appropriate surveillance strategies such as CT scans is therefore of great importance to screen and identify the early detection of recurrent patients who have the high probability of mortality. Hence, identification of prognostic variables for recurrence in lung cancer after surgery is of great significance for screening high-risk patients for further and better treatments.
NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer, including the primary subtypes such as lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), squamous carcinoma (LUSC), and adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC) [10]. LUAD is the most common histologic type of NSCLC, which, based on the predominant subtype, is classified into adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), lepidic-, acinar-, papillary-, micropapillary-, and solid-predominant invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) in accordance with IASLC/ATS/ERS and 2015 WHO classifications [11-12]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the predominant histologic patterns were strongly associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) [13, 14]. Up to date, several studies have reported the role of the new classification on the prognostic value to predict mortality and recurrence mainly on LUAD or non-LUAD. Nevertheless, few studies were found to focus on LUSC, LASC or other lung cancer subtypes [15-17]. Among these limited number of studies, even fewer evaluated the predictive value of such classification with regard to recurrence modalities and post-recurrence survival (PRS) in NSCLC, especially LUSC [5,6 18-20]. To mend this inadequacy, we set out to investigate the prognostic value of clinicopathologic factors and histologic subtypes on the overall survival, overall recurrence, and PRS. Our study involved a large and homogenous cohort of resected stage-I patients with NSCLC, not limited to lung adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. By focusing on recurrent patients following the curative-intent surgery, we could explore and identify the risk factors on the overall survival, overall recurrence, and PRS in resected stage-I NSCLC patients.
In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who had undergone anatomic resection for pathologically diagnosed stage I NSCLC including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), squamous carcinoma (LUSC), adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC) and other histologic subtypes. The medical clinicopathologic data were taken from West China Hospital (WCH), Sichuan University between January, 2009 through December, 2015. Lobectomy was deemed to be as the standard surgical modality for early-stage NSCLC patients at WCH. Sublobar resection, including segmentectomy or wedge resection, was regarded as the surgical option for patients with comorbidities, poor pulmonary function, or very small nodules that made lobectomy inappropriate. The clinicopathologic variables were retrieved from our prospectively established Lung Cancer Database of West China Hospital as follows: age (operation age and recurrence age), sex, smoking history, surgery modality, tumor histology, pathologic TNM stage, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), visceral pleural invasion (VPI), EGFR status, adjuvant therapy, post-recurrence survival (PRS). Exclusion criteria were that patients had received preoperative chemotherapy, or/and radiation therapy, or had multiple metachronous or metastatic lesions, or had positive surgical margin. A total of 1,387 patients who had the complete follow-up were eligible for the study.
Postoperative assessment contained health checkup, serum tumor markers (CEA, CA125, CA199, NSE, CYFRA21-1), chest/upper-abdominal CT scans, and bone scintigraphy. Histologic subtypes of NSCLC were identified according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS and 2015 WHO classifications. LUAD was classified into minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (IA), the latter of which was subdivided into solid-, micropapillary-, papillary-, acinar-, and lepidic-predominant subtypes [11,12]. Tumors were divided into 3 groups including high grade group of micropapillary- and solid-predominant IA, intermediate group of acinar- and papillary-predominant IA, low group of MIA and lepidic-predominant IA [13, 21]. Disease stage was determined in accordance with the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee (AJCC) on Cancer Staging Manual [22]. The following factors were also included in this study: pathologic stage, visceral pleural invasion (VPI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and EGFR status. Routine follow-up of postoperative lung cancer was carried out on the basis of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines [23]. Medical examination, blood examination (serum tumor biomarkers), chest or and abdomen CT scans were performed every 6 months for the first 2 years after resection. The clinic follow-up and routine CT scans were carried out annually from the 3rd to 5th year after surgery. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), abdominal and cervical/supraclavicular ultrasonography, or bone scintigraphy were done if abnormal symptoms occurred to be noticed in the corresponding regions. All the data were extracted from the Lung Cancer Database of West China Hospital, which covered the clinicopathological characteristics and complete follow-up information of included patients. The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and informed consent was waived by the board because of its retrospective nature.
This study had two main endpoints: (1) recurrence after initial surgery and (2) death with or without recurrence. The identification of recurrence was determined by using the imageological examination such as CT, PET/CT, MRI or obtaining the histological specimen when necessary. Second independent primary lung cancer was distinguished from recurrent or metastatic foci via histologic profile of available biopsy specimen or image omics in accordance with the proposed criteria of the IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project [24]. Local recurrence was regarded as second loci in the ipsilateral containing the ipsilateral hilus and ipsilateral mediastinum. Distant metastasis or recurrence was deemed as the new lesion in the opposite lung, or elsewhere outside the mediastinum and hemithorax [5].
To investigate the prognostic value of clinicopathologic variables on the overall survival and overall recurrence, we adopted both univariable and multivariable analyses. The length of overall survival (OS) was calculated between the initial operate date and the time of either death or last contact. The length of overall recurrence was measured from the date of resection to the time of initial recurrence. Length of post-recurrence survival (PRS) was deemed as the interval between the initial recurrence date and death date or last contact. Patients were censored at the last available follow-up when they had not experienced death or relapse. We performed the Kaplan-Meier approach on the basis of log-rank test to estimate the overall survival and post-recurrence survival. Cumulative incidence of recurrence (CIR) was calculated by adopting the probability of recurrence after surgery based on competing risks approaches [25]. We performed the Gray method for univariable nonparametric tests and used Fine-Gray model for multivariable analyses to assess the differences in CIR between groups [26, 27]. SPSS software (version 21.0) and R version 3.6.0 were used to perform the statistical analyses, and two-sided P values < 0.05 were regarded as the statistical significance.
This study cohort consisted of 1,387 patients with resected stage I NSCLC, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them were 1,028 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 276 squamous carcinoma (LUSC), 49 adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC), and 34 other tumor histology subtypes (Others). In the current study, no recurrent disease was observed in adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or in minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA). Of the 1028 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 447 patients who had the available subtypes were classified as lepidic predominant (n=183), acinar predominant (n=178), papillary predominant (n= 48), micropapillary predominant (n=2), and solid predominant (n=24). Detailed clinicopathologic characteristics are delineated in Table 1. The median overall survival was more than 60 months and the median follow-up for the identified 1,387 patients with NSCLC was 63.6 months (range: 61.6-65.5 months) (Figure 1a). At the end of the study period, 251 patients had died. The older age (HR: 1.169, 95%CI: 1.010-1.352; P=0.036), p-stage IB (HR: 1.217, 95%CI: 1.106-1.461; P=0.001), sublobar resection(HR: 1.548, 95%CI: 1.280-1.871; P<0.001) and histologic subtype (P<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P<0.001) were significantly associated with overall survival.
Of the 1,387 patients identified, 301 (21.7%) had developed the recurrence or relapse. The 5-year overall recurrence for all stage I patients was 20.2% (Figure 1b). The 5-year overall recurrence for all stage I patients were about 20.2%. Table 1 presented results of univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival and overall recurrence according to clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with stage I NSCLC. For univariate analysis, p-stage IB (versus IA) (HR: 2.048, 95%CI: 1.547-2.710; P<0.001), LVI (HR: 3.364, 95%CI: 2.247-5.038; P<0.001), visceral pleural invasion (VPI) (HR: 1.779, 95%CI: 1.408-2.248; P<0.001) were significantly correlated with the higher incidence of lung cancer recurrence.
Of the 301 patients who underwent the recurrence, 230 (76.4 %) had distant recurrence, 71 (23.6%) had local recurrence, and 141 died during the at least 5-year follow-up. The most commonly involved organs for distant recurrence were the lung (n=193), brain (n= 82), bone (n=85) and liver (n= 30). The majority of recurrences were diagnosed by CT scans. A total of 194 recurrent patients received the post-recurrence therapy (PRT), including chemotherapy for 67 patients, surgery plus chemotherapy or and targeted therapy for 34, targeted therapy alone for 22, surgery alone for 3 (Table 2). On the whole, 1-,2- and 5-year PRS was 75.1%,55.1%, and 16.6% respectively. Median PRS time for the recurrent patients was 25.5 months (range: 22.2-28.9 months) (Figure 1c). We further the explored risk factors associated with post-recurrence survival. Taking the clinicopathological variables on PRS into the account, smoking history (HR:1.266, 95%CI: 1.008-1.569; P= 0.043), non-adenocarcinoma (HR: 1.357, 95%CI: 1.074-1.762; P=0.013), high architectural grade of LUAD (HR: 2.795, 95%CI:1.181-6.615; P=0.019), EGFR wild status (HR:2.140, 95%CI: 1.307-3.503; P=0.002), brain metastasis (HR: 1.442, 95%CI:1.013-2.051; P=0.040) and bone metastasis (HR: 1.443, 95%CI:1.017-2.048; P=0.042) were significantly related with worse PRS (Figure 2) . Multivariate analysis revealed that high architectural grade of LUAD (HR: 3.740, 95%CI:1.405-9.953; P=0.008), brain metastasis (HR: 3.557, 95%CI:1.354-9.340; P=0.010) and bone metastasis (HR: 2.397, 95%CI:1.026-5.601; P=0.043) were independently and significantly associated with PRS.
Although previous studies have reported molecular and clinicopathologic variables for the recurrence for NSCLC after initial resection especially in LUAD [28,29], the recurrence pattern of LUSC, LASC or other NSCLC subtypes still needs to be investigated. To our knowledge, this present study is the first to comprehensively explore the clinicopathologic factors on overall survival, overall recurrence and post-recurrence survival based on a largest cohort of patients with NSCLC having LUAD, LUSC, LASC and other subtypes. The median follow-up period of all resected lung cancer patients was more than 60 months.
The prognostic value of the new IASLC/ATS/ERS classification system on the overall survival and the overall recurrence has been reported and discussed in several previous studies [15,16,21,30]. Warth et al reported that solid-, micropapillary-, and papillary-adenocarcinoma patients who experienced the operation (the frequencies: 37.6%, 6.8%, and 4.7% respectively), compared to lepidic- and acinar-predominant histologic patterns (the frequencies: 8.1% and 42.5%, respectively), were significantly related with lower disease-free survival (DFS) and poorer OS [15]. Yoshizawa et al showed that LUAD patients with stage I having high-grade tumors including solid- and micropapillary-predominant subtypes were significantly associated with worse overall survival and a higher incidence of recurrence [21]. Hung et al demonstrated that LUAD patients with resected stage I-III owing the high architectural grade including solid- (13.6%) and micropapillary- (19.5%) predominant patterns, compared with papillary- (27.1%), acinar- (33.7%), and lepidic- (6.1%) predominant subtypes, were remarkably associated with worse overall survival, poorer disease- specific survival and higher incidence of recurrence [16,31]. Our outcomes also demonstrated that the solid-predominant patients of LUAD had the higher possibility of recurrence similar to the reported results despite the limited number of corresponding patients. According to the regular CT surveillance protocol, we could find it was within the first two years after the curative-intent surgical section that the most recurrences or disease progression appeared, which indicated that the regular CT surveillance was of great significance for the postoperative lung cancer patients. However, the best interval time for postoperative follow-up is still to be warranted to investigated and validated in case of excessive medical treatment or delayed the illness due to insufficient diagnosis. In addition, the current study also demonstrated that high architectural grade including solid-predominant LUAD was significantly associated with poor PRS, which needed more medical care for the postoperative clinical contact.
The present study also investigated the clinicopathological factors influencing the PRS of stage I NSCLC patients. Although surgical resection with curative intent is the most effective treatment modalities for patients having stage I NSCLC, previous studies have reported the incidence of recurrence in stage I NSCLC ranging from 14% to 36%, with 1- and 2-year PRS rates of 38%-88%, and 19%-72.3% respectively (Table 3). In this study, overall incidence of recurrence during the postoperative 5 years was 20.2% and median PRS time was 25.5 months. We examined the clinicopathological variables on overall survival and overall recurrence in stage I NSCLC and identified a number of risk factors: the older age (P=0.036), p-stage IB (P=0.001), sublobar resection(P<0.001), histologic subtype (P<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (P=0.042) were significantly associated with worse overall survival. Smoking history (P=0.043), non-adenocarcinoma (P=0.013), high architectural grade of LUAD (P= 0.019), EGFR wild status (P=0.002), bone metastasis (P=0.042) and brain metastasis (P=0.040) were marginally correlated with worse PRS. Some risk factors such as sublobar resection and high architectural grade of LUAD were consistent with previous studies.
Previous research reported that the recurrence sites might be a risk factors for PRS, which was consistent with our findings. Yoshino et al showed that bone metastasis was reported to be the remarkably significant unfavorable factor for PRS in the NSCLC patients with resected stage I-III [32]. Shimada et al demonstrated that liver metastasis (P<0.001) and bone metastasis (P=0.001) were independently and significantly correlated with worse PRS. Ujiie et al showed that solid predominant adenocarcinoma was marginally associated with higher recurrence or metastasis incidence of brain (P=0.007), adrenal gland (P=0.034), and liver (P=0.038) than the non-solid predominant tumors [5]. Hung et al reported that the higher incidence of distant metastasis occurred in adenocarcinoma and higher probability of local recurrence existed in non-adenocarcinoma [33]. Zhang et al confirmed that adenocarcinoma histology, compared to squamous cell carcinoma, had the higher incidence of bone or brain recurrence [34]. The present study also indicated that the non-LUAD histology, brain metastasis and bone metastasis were significantly associated with worse PRS.
With the rapid development of management of lung cancer, molecular target therapy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has exerted survival benefit for the NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations [35, 36]. Shimada et al demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), compared with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, were significantly associated with favorable PRS (HR=0.460, 95%CI 0.245-0.862, P=0.015), which also facilitated the quality of life and survival benefit [6]. The current study also suggested that NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, having received the EGFR-TKIs, obtained a favorable PRS. However, since no EGFR mutations accounts for the majority of the lung cancer, the most appropriate treatment modality for resected lung cancer with no mutations is needed to be investigated.
Nonetheless, the present study had three limitations. First, the retrospective nature of the current study had its limitation to assess the influence of clinicopathological factors on the post-recurrence survival. Prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more appropriate in this regard. Second, our sample may not be largely representative because all patients involved in the study were Chinese. A multi-center investigating targeting non-Asian populations will certainly validate the results. Finally, not all LUADs had the predominant histologic subtypes due to insufficient records data. Despite these limitations, this current study is, to our knowledge, the first to investigate comprehensively the impact of clinicopathologic factors on post-recurrence survival based on the largest cohort of patients diagnosed with NSCLC with a median follow up of more than 5 years.
In patients with resected stage I NSCLC, the older age, p-stage IB (versus IA), sublobar resection, histologic subtype, LVI were significantly associated with worse overall survival. P-stage IB (versus IA), LVI, and VPI were significantly correlated with the higher incidence of recurrence. High architectural grade of LUAD, brain metastasis, and bone metastasis were independent risk factors with PRS.
AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; CIR: cumulative incidence of recurrence; LASC, lung adenosquamous carcinoma; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous carcinoma; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PRT: post-recurrence therapy; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; VPI, visceral pleural invasion.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and informed consent was waived by the board because of its retrospective nature.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Availability of data and materials
The original data that support the results of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
This work was supported by grant 81871890 from National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant 2017-CY02-00030-GX from the Science and Technology Project of Chengdu, and grant 2017YFC0910004 from National Key Development Plan for Precision Medicine Research.
Authors’ contributions
WL and DL contributed to conceptualization and supervision. CW, YW performed data acquisition and statistical analysis. CW and Jun Shao wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All the authors approved the final version.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the staff of the West China Hospital for their assistance in conducting this research.
ORCID
Chengdi wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-2889
Yuxuan Wu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-4627
Jun Shao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9520-9653
Dan Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6791-1704
Weimin Li https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0985-0311
Table 1 Patient characteristics and univariable analysis of overall survival and overall recurrence
|
Overall Survival (n=1,387) |
Overall Recurrence |
||||||||||||
|
Univariate Analysis |
Multivariate Analysis |
Univariate Analysis |
Multivariate Analysis |
||||||||||
|
N |
HR 95%CI |
P value |
HR 95%CI |
P value |
5-yr CIR |
SHR 95% CI |
P value |
SHR 95% CI |
P value |
||||
Primary tumor factor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Age at surgery, years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
≤65 |
971 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
19.9% |
1 |
|
|
|
||||
>65 |
416 |
1.169(1.010-1.352) |
0.036 |
1.112(0.898-1.376) |
0.330 |
21.0% |
1.063(0.826-1.368) |
0.633 |
|
|
||||
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Male |
772 |
1 |
|
|
|
21.7% |
1 |
|
|
|
||||
Female |
615 |
0.965(0.930-1.220) |
0.364 |
|
|
18.3% |
0.821(0.647-1.041) |
0.104 |
|
|
||||
Smoking history |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Never |
783 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
18.9% |
1 |
|
|
|
||||
Ever |
604 |
0.875(0.762-1.004) |
0.057 |
1.152(1.026-1.432) |
0.043 |
21.9% |
1.192(0.944-1.506) |
0.105 |
|
|
||||
Pathologic stage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
IA |
488 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
12.8% |
1 |
|
1 |
|
||||
IB |
899 |
1.217(1.106-1.461) |
0.001 |
1.318(1.071-1.621) |
0.010 |
24.2% |
2.048(1.547-2.710) |
<0.001 |
1.123(0.633-1.994) |
0.692 |
||||
Surgery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Lobectomy |
1223 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
20.6% |
1 |
|
|
|
||||
Sublobar |
164 |
1.548(1.280-1.871) |
<0.001 |
1.196(0.914-1.564) |
0.192 |
20.7% |
1.053(0.590-1.274) |
0.468 |
|
|
||||
Tumor histology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
LUAD |
1028 |
1 |
|
|
|
19.1% |
1 |
|
|
|
||||
LUSC |
276 |
0.693(0.576-0.835) |
|
|
|
22.3% |
1.198(0.901-1.593) |
|
|
|
||||
LASC |
49 |
0.775(0.520-1.155) |
|
|
|
30.6% |
1.757(1.040-2.970) |
|
|
|
||||
Others |
34 |
1.081(0.700-1.669) |
0.001 |
|
|
20.6% |
1.115(0.525-2.369) |
0.145 |
|
|
||||
Carcinoma type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
LUAD |
1028 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
19.1% |
1 |
|
1 |
|
||||
Non-Non-LUAD |
359 |
0.735(0.623-0.867) |
<0.001 |
1.041(0.140-1.733) |
0.929 |
23.3% |
1.262(0.978-1.629) |
0.074 |
1.987(0.837-2.344) |
0.073 |
||||
Predominant subtype of LUAD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
MIA |
12 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
8.3% |
1 |
|
1 |
|
||||
Lepidic |
183 |
0.580(0.322-0.994) |
|
1.446(0.587-3.562) |
|
10.9% |
1.293(0.174-9.636) |
|
0.961(0.127-1.261) |
|
||||
Acinar |
178 |
1.084(0.603-1.950) |
|
1.119(0.615-2.035) |
|
20.7% |
2.603(0.357-8.974) |
|
1.833(0.247-3.623) |
|
||||
Papillary |
48 |
0.877(0.464-1.659) |
|
1.487(0.574-3.856) |
|
25.0% |
3.178(0.413-4.443) |
|
1.984(0.251-5.702) |
|
||||
Micropapillary |
2 |
0.478(0.107-2.137) |
|
0.807(0.800-6.262) |
|
50.0% |
10.576(0.661-16.154) |
|
9.424(0.559-10.928) |
|
||||
Solid |
24 |
1.501(0.746-3.023) |
<0.001 |
1.611(0.786-3.300) |
<0.001 |
33.4% |
4.911(0.614-9.268) |
0.070 |
2.979(0.368-4.104) |
0.030 |
||||
EGFR status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Wild-type |
206 |
1 |
|
|
|
33.0% |
1 |
|
|
|
||||
Mutated |
277 |
1.032(0.849-1.255) |
0.753 |
|
|
27.0% |
0.789(0.568-1.095) |
0.157 |
|
|
||||
LVI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Absent |
1336 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
19.0% |
1 |
|
1 |
|
||||
Present |
51 |
1.414(1.013-1.975) |
0.042 |
1.086(0.601-1.996) |
0.790 |
51.0% |
3.364(2.247-5.038) |
<0.001 |
1.586(1.339-2.936) |
0.037 |
||||
VPI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Absent |
818 |
1 |
|
|
|
15.9% |
1 |
|
1 |
|
||||
Present |
569 |
0.899(0.783-1.033) |
0.132 |
|
|
26.4% |
1.779(1.408-2.248) |
<0.001 |
1.217(1.073-1.833) |
0.006 |
||||
Adjuvant chemotherapy (stage IB) |
899 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
No Chemotherapy |
555 |
1 |
|
|
|
13.5% |
1 |
|
1 |
|
||||
Chemotherapy |
344 |
1.038(0.870-1.238) |
0.678 |
|
|
41.3% |
3.925(2.952-5.219) |
<0.001 |
4.433(2.736-7.813) |
<0.001 |
||||
Abbreviations: CIR: cumulative incidence of recurrence; AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; VPI,visceral pleural invasion; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous carcinoma; LASC, lung adenosquamous carcinoma, NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.
Table 2 Patient characteristics and PRS analysis
Overall |
Univariate Analysis |
Multivariate Analysis |
||||
Recurrent Patients |
No. (%) |
HR (95% CI) |
P value |
HR (95% CI) |
P value |
|
Primary tumor factor |
301 |
|
|
|
|
|
Age at recurrence, years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤65 |
195 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
>65 |
106 |
1.187(0.936-1.506) |
0.157 |
|
|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
178 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Female |
123 |
0.861(0.683-1.085) |
0.204 |
|
|
|
Smoking history |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never |
163 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
Ever |
138 |
1.266(1.008-1.589) |
0.043 |
1.847(0.541-6.313) |
0.328 |
|
Pathologic stage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
IA |
70 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
IB |
231 |
1.113(0.718-1.725) |
0.633 |
|
|
|
Surgery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lobectomy |
284 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Sublobar resection |
17 |
1.183(0.724-1.933) |
0.502 |
|
|
|
Tumor histology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) |
210 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Squamous carcinoma (LUSC) |
65 |
1.344(1.016-1.778) |
|
|
|
|
Adenosquamous carcinoma (LASC) |
19 |
1.319(0.823-2.113) |
|
|
|
|
Others |
7 |
1.889(0.886-4.025) |
0.068 |
|
|
|
Carcinoma type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) |
210 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
Non-Adenocarcinoma (Non-LUAD) |
91 |
1.375(1.074-1.762) |
0.013 |
7.421(0.861-8.323) |
0.909 |
|
Architectural grade of LUAD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low/immediate grade |
76 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
High grade |
9 |
2.795(1.181-6.615) |
0.019 |
3.740(1.405-9.953) |
0.008 |
|
EGFR status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mutated |
80 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
Wild-type |
77 |
2.140(1.307-3.503) |
0.002 |
0.385(0.115-1.284) |
0.120 |
|
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
284 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Present |
17 |
0.749(0.451-1.245) |
0.749 |
|
|
|
Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
115 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Present |
186 |
1.068(0.729-1.566) |
0.735 |
|
|
|
Type of recurrence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Local |
71 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Distant |
230 |
1.009(0.772-1.318) |
0.949 |
|
|
|
Recurrence pattern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intrathoracic |
62 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Extrathoracic |
87 |
0.756(0.543-1.053) |
|
|
|
|
Both |
152 |
0.762(0.566-1.027) |
0.165 |
|
|
|
Recurrence pattern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single site |
137 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Multiple site |
164 |
1.004(0.728-1.148) |
0.439 |
|
|
|
Recurrence site |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lung |
193 |
1.198(0.837-1.715) |
0.324 |
|
|
|
Brain |
82 |
1.442(1.013-2.051) |
0.042 |
3.557(1.354-9.340) |
0.010 |
|
Bone |
85 |
1.443(1.017-2.048) |
0.040 |
2.397(1.026-5.601) |
0.043 |
|
Liver |
30 |
1.139(0.685-1.893) |
0.617 |
|
|
|
Initial therapy of recurrence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Single therapy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Surgery |
3 |
0.746(0.239-2.331) |
0.614 |
|
|
|
Chemotherapy |
67 |
0.896(0.681-1.179) |
0.432 |
|
|
|
Radiation therapy |
20 |
1.041(0.660-1.640) |
0.863 |
|
|
|
Targeted therapy |
22 |
0.998(0.891-2.380) |
0.095 |
|
|
|
Multimodality |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chemotherapy+ radiation therapy/ targeted therapy |
48 |
0.821(0.602-1.120) |
0.213 |
|
|
|
Surgery + Chemotherapy/radiation therapy/targeted therapy |
34 |
0.758(0.530-0.984) |
0.046 |
0.663(0.174-2.533) |
0.548 |
|
Abbreviations: LVI, lymphovascular invasion; VPI,visceral pleural invasion; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous carcinoma; LASC, lung adenosquamous carcinoma
Table 3 Post-recurrence survival of patients with stage I NSCLC in previous studies.
Series |
Year |
No. of patients |
Histologic profile |
Recurrence |
Incidence of Recurrence (%) |
PRS, % (y) |
Independent factors of poor PRS |
Current study |
2019 |
1387 |
LUAD: 1028 LUSC: 276 LASC: 49 Others: 34 |
LUAD:210 LUSC: 65 LASC: 19 Others: 7 |
301 (21.7%) Locoregional recurrence: 71 (23.6%); Distant metastasis: 230 (76.4%) |
75.1% (1-year) 55.1%(2-year) 37.2%(3-year) 16.6%(5-year) |
architectural grade (micropapillary and solid predominant); recurrence site of brain or bone |
Ujiie et al 5 |
2014 |
1120 |
LUAD: 1120 |
LUAD: 188 |
188 (17%) Locoregional recurrence: 59 (31%) Distant metastasis: 129 (69%) |
67% (1-year) 45% (2-year) 36% (3-year) 14% (5-year) |
Older age (>65yr) at the time of recurrence ; sublobar resection; solid predominant; distant metastasis; |
Shimada et al 6 |
2013 |
919 |
LUAD: 919 |
LUAD: 46 Non-LUAD: 46 |
170 (18%) Locoregional recurrence: 43 (25%) distant metastasis: 113 (66%) locoregional recurrence + distant metastasis :14 (9%) |
73% (1-year) 51% (2-year) |
PRT; male sex; poorly differentiated |
Hung et al 16 |
2013 |
283 |
LUAD: 283 |
LUAD: 283 |
57 (20%) |
72.3% (2-year) 31.6% (5-year) |
Micropapillary and solid predominant |
Song et al 20 |
2013 |
475 |
NSCLC |
LUAD: 46 LUSC: 15 Other: 11 |
72 (15%) Locoregional recurrence: 36 (50%) distant metastasis: 36 (50%) |
88% (1-year) 53% (3-year) |
Bad response for treatment; Recurrence-free interval<12 months |
Hung et al 7 |
2010 |
933 |
NSCLC |
LUAD: 95 LUSC: 46 Other: 25 |
Distant metastasis: 166 (17.8%) Single organ metastasis: 106 Multiple organ metastasis: 60 |
37.7% (1-year) 18.9% (2-year) |
Disease-free interval more than 16 months |
Hung et al 19 |
2009 |
933 |
NSCLC |
LUAD: 45 LUSC: 60 Other: 18 |
Locoregional recurrence: 123 (13.2%) Local only: 74 locoregional recurrence + distant metastasis: 49 |
48.0% (1-year) 18.7% (2-year) |
PRT (chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiotherapy) |
Nakagawa et al18 |
2008 |
397 |
LUAD:300 LUSC: 89 Other: 8 |
87 |
87 (21.9%) Locoregional recurrence: 30 (34.5%) Distant metastasis: 57 (65.6%) |
67.7% (1-year) 34.4% (3-year) |
Symptoms at recurrence: liver or cervico-mediastinum; PRT (non-surgery/surgery) |
Abbreviations: LASC, lung adenosquamous carcinoma; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous carcinoma; PRT: post-recurrence therapy