[1] Siegel R, Miller K and Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2020; 70: 7-30.
[2] Miller K, Nogueira L, Mariotto A, Rowland J, Yabroff K, Alfano C, Jemal A, Kramer J and Siegel R. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2019; 69: 363-385.
[3] Lao V and Grady W. Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2011; 8: 686-700.
[4] Okugawa Y, Grady W and Goel A. Epigenetic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer: Emerging Biomarkers. Gastroenterology. 2015; 149: 1204-1225.e1212.
[5] Quail D and Joyce J. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nature medicine. 2013; 19: 1423-1437.
[6] Belli C, Trapani D, Viale G, D'Amico P, Duso B, Della Vigna P, Orsi F and Curigliano G. Targeting the microenvironment in solid tumors. Cancer treatment reviews. 2018; 65: 22-32.
[7] Kamińska K, Szczylik C, Bielecka Z, Bartnik E, Porta C, Lian F and Czarnecka A. The role of the cell-cell interactions in cancer progression. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2015; 19: 283-296.
[8] Bussard K, Mutkus L, Stumpf K, Gomez-Manzano C and Marini F. Tumor-associated stromal cells as key contributors to the tumor microenvironment. Breast cancer research : BCR. 2016; 18: 84.
[9] Ngiow S and Young A. Re-education of the Tumor Microenvironment With Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies. Frontiers in immunology. 2020; 11: 1633.
[10] Lei X, Lei Y, Li J, Du W, Li R, Yang J, Li J, Li F and Tan H. Immune cells within the tumor microenvironment: Biological functions and roles in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer letters. 2020; 470: 126-133.
[11] Zhang Y and Zhang Z. The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cellular & molecular immunology. 2020; 17: 807-821.
[12] Van den Eynde M, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Fredriksen T, Church S, Lafontaine L, Haicheur N, Marliot F, Angelova M, Vasaturo A, Bruni D, Jouret-Mourin A, Baldin P, Huyghe N, Haustermans K, Debucquoy A, Van Cutsem E, Gigot J, Hubert C, Kartheuser A, Remue C, Léonard D, Valge-Archer V, Pagès F, Machiels J and Galon J. The Link between the Multiverse of Immune Microenvironments in Metastases and the Survival of Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancer cell. 2018; 34: 1012-1026.e1013.
[13] Yoshihara K, Shahmoradgoli M, Martínez E, Vegesna R, Kim H, Torres-Garcia W, Treviño V, Shen H, Laird PW, Levine DA, SL C, G G, K S-H, GB M and RG V. Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data. Nature communications. 2013; 4: 2612.
[14] Langfelder P and Horvath S. WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis. BMC bioinformatics. 2008; 9: 559.
[15] He X, Hang D, Wu K, Nayor J, Drew D, Giovannucci E, Ogino S, Chan A and Song M. Long-term Risk of Colorectal Cancer After Removal of Conventional Adenomas and Serrated Polyps. Gastroenterology. 2020; 158: 852-861.e854.
[16] Li T, Fan J, Wang B, Traugh N, Chen Q, Liu J, Li B and Liu X. TIMER: A Web Server for Comprehensive Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells. Cancer research. 2017; 77: e108-e110.
[17] Efstathiou J, Mouw K, Gibb E, Liu Y, Wu C, Drumm M, da Costa J, du Plessis M, Wang N, Davicioni E, Feng F, Seiler R, Black P, Shipley W and Miyamoto D. Impact of Immune and Stromal Infiltration on Outcomes Following Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. European urology. 2019; 76: 59-68.
[18] Ozpiskin O, Zhang L and Li J. Immune targets in the tumor microenvironment treated by radiotherapy. Theranostics. 2019; 9: 1215-1231.
[19] Giraldo N, Sanchez-Salas R, Peske J, Vano Y, Becht E, Petitprez F, Validire P, Ingels A, Cathelineau X, Fridman W and Sautès-Fridman C. The clinical role of the TME in solid cancer. British journal of cancer. 2019; 120: 45-53.
[20] Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Angell H, Maby P, Angelova M, Tougeron D, Church S, Lafontaine L, Fischer M, Fredriksen T, Sasso M, Bilocq A, Kirilovsky A, Obenauf A, Hamieh M, Berger A, Bruneval P, Tuech J, Sabourin J, Le Pessot F, Mauillon J, Rafii A, Laurent-Puig P, Speicher M, Trajanoski Z, Michel P, Sesboüe R, Frebourg T, Pagès F, Valge-Archer V, Latouche J and Galon J. Integrative Analyses of Colorectal Cancer Show Immunoscore Is a Stronger Predictor of Patient Survival Than Microsatellite Instability. Immunity. 2016; 44: 698-711.
[21] Becht E, de Reyniès A, Giraldo N, Pilati C, Buttard B, Lacroix L, Selves J, Sautès-Fridman C, Laurent-Puig P and Fridman W. Immune and Stromal Classification of Colorectal Cancer Is Associated with Molecular Subtypes and Relevant for Precision Immunotherapy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2016; 22: 4057-4066.
[22] Singh P, Sharma P, Krishnan G and Lockhart A. Immune checkpoints and immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology report. 2015; 3: 289-297.
[23] Kalyan A, Kircher S, Shah H, Mulcahy M and Benson A. Updates on immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. Journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 2018; 9: 160-169.
[24] Ganesh K, Stadler Z, Cercek A, Mendelsohn R, Shia J, Segal N and Diaz L. Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: rationale, challenges and potential. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2019; 16: 361-375.
[25] Ben Q, Zhao Z, Ge S, Zhou J, Yuan F and Yuan Y. Circulating levels of periostin may help identify patients with more aggressive colorectal cancer. International journal of oncology. 2009; 34: 821-828.
[26] Dong D, Zhang L, Jia L, Ji W, Wang Z, Ren L, Niu R and Zhou Y. Identification of Serum Periostin as a Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker for Colorectal Cancer. Clinical laboratory. 2018; 64: 973-981.
[27] Li J, Ke J, Fang J and Chen J. A potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target: SPOCK1 promotes the proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2020; 121: 743-754.
[28] Wang T, Liu X, Tian Q, Liang T and Chang P. Reduced SPOCK1 expression inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and migration through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2018; 22: 637-644.
[29] Zhao P, Guan H, Dai Z, Ma Y, Liu X and Wang X. Knockdown of SPOCK1 Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Suppressing the PI3K/Akt Pathway. Oncology research. 2016; 24: 437-445.
[30] Li P, Xiao Z, Luo J, Zhang Y and Lin L. MiR-139-5p, miR-940 and miR-193a-5p inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting SPOCK1. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2019; 23: 2475-2488.
[31] Sun L, Li S, Guo Q, Zhou W and Zhang H. SPOCK1 Involvement in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: A New Target in Cancer Therapy? Cancer management and research. 2020; 12: 3561-3569.
[32] González-González L and Alonso J. Periostin: A Matricellular Protein With Multiple Functions in Cancer Development and Progression. Frontiers in oncology. 2018; 8: 225.
[33] Schwanekamp J, Lorts A, Vagnozzi R, Vanhoutte D and Molkentin J. Deletion of Periostin Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Mice by Altering Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2016; 36: 60-68.
[34] Wang Z, Xiong S, Mao Y, Chen M, Ma X, Zhou X, Ma Z, Liu F, Huang Z, Luo Q and Ouyang G. Periostin promotes immunosuppressive premetastatic niche formation to facilitate breast tumour metastasis. The Journal of pathology. 2016; 239: 484-495.
[35] Domingues P, González-Tablas M, Otero Á, Pascual D, Miranda D, Ruiz L, Sousa P, Ciudad J, Gonçalves J, Lopes M, Orfao A and Tabernero M. Tumor infiltrating immune cells in gliomas and meningiomas. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2016; 53: 1-15.
[36] Rao H, Chen J, Li M, Xiao Y, Fu J, Zeng Y, Cai M and Xie D. Increased intratumoral neutrophil in colorectal carcinomas correlates closely with malignant phenotype and predicts patients' adverse prognosis. PloS one. 2012; 7: e30806.
[37] Mizuno R, Kawada K, Itatani Y, Ogawa R, Kiyasu Y and Sakai Y. The Role of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Colorectal Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019; 20:
[38] Jedinak A, Dudhgaonkar S and Sliva D. Activated macrophages induce metastatic behavior of colon cancer cells. Immunobiology. 2010; 215: 242-249.
[39] Barbera-Guillem E, Nyhus J, Wolford C, Friece C and Sampsel J. Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by tumor-infiltrating macrophages essentially supports tumor angiogenesis, and IgG immune complexes potentiate the process. Cancer research. 2002; 62: 7042-7049.
[40] Afik R, Zigmond E, Vugman M, Klepfish M, Shimshoni E, Pasmanik-Chor M, Shenoy A, Bassat E, Halpern Z, Geiger T, Sagi I and Varol C. Tumor macrophages are pivotal constructors of tumor collagenous matrix. The Journal of experimental medicine. 2016; 213: 2315-2331.
[41] Kang J, Chen J, Lee C, Chang J and Shieh Y. Intratumoral macrophage counts correlate with tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Journal of surgical oncology. 2010; 102: 242-248.
[42] Zhang Y, Chen Q and Ross A. Retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor-α induced monocytic cell gene expression is regulated in part by induction of transcription factor MafB. Experimental cell research. 2012; 318: 2407-2416.
[43] Zhou W, Ke S, Huang Z, Flavahan W, Fang X, Paul J, Wu L, Sloan A, McLendon R, Li X, Rich J and Bao S. Periostin secreted by glioblastoma stem cells recruits M2 tumour-associated macrophages and promotes malignant growth. Nature cell biology. 2015; 17: 170-182.
[44] Singh P, Sharma P, Krishnan G and Lockhart A. Immune checkpoints and immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology report. 2015; 3: 289-297.
[45] Passardi A, Canale M, Valgiusti M and Ulivi P. Immune Checkpoints as a Target for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. International journal of molecular sciences. 2017; 18:
[46] Enkhbat T, Nishi M, Takasu C, Yoshikawa K, Jun H, Tokunaga T, Kashihara H, Ishikawa D and Shimada M. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Cancer. Anticancer research. 2018; 38: 3367-3373.
[47] Li Y, He M, Zhou Y, Yang C, Wei S, Bian X, Christopher O and Xie L. The Prognostic and Clinicopathological Roles of PD-L1 Expression in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2019; 10: 139.
[48] Wang H, Yao H, Li C, Liang L, Zhang Y, Shi H, Zhou C, Chen Y, Fang J and Xu J. PD-L2 expression in colorectal cancer: Independent prognostic effect and targetability by deglycosylation. Oncoimmunology. 2017; 6: e1327494.
[49] Omura Y, Toiyama Y, Okugawa Y, Yin C, Shigemori T, Kusunoki K, Kusunoki Y, Ide S, Shimura T, Fujikawa H, Yasuda H, Hiro J, Ohi M and Kusunoki M. Prognostic impacts of tumoral expression and serum levels of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2020;
[50] Yu M, Lu B, Liu Y, Me Y, Wang L and Zhang P. Tim-3 is upregulated in human colorectal carcinoma and associated with tumor progression. Molecular medicine reports. 2017; 15: 689-695.
[51] Sun J, Chen L, Zhang G, Jiang J, Zhu M, Tan Y, Wang H, Lu B and Zhang X. Clinical significance and regulation of the costimulatory molecule B7-H3 in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2010; 59: 1163-1171.
[52] Li M, Li W, Wang H, Peng Y, Hu Q, Wei W, Gan C, Wang F, Liu L and Zhao Q. SPOCK1 and POSTN are Valuable Prognostic Biomarkers and Correlate With Tumor Immune Infiltrates in Colorectal Cancer. Research Square [Preprint] 2020;