Impact of treatment with anti-parasitic (Ivermectin) during prepartum period on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-823328/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Impact of treatment with anti-parasitic (Ivermectin) during prepartum period on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-823328/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

The current investigation was designed to determine the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows. Twenty-four of the cows included in this study were split into two groups. The first group (n = 12 cows) was injected two months prepartum with two doses (15 days inter-treatment) of IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kg live body weight as prescribed by the manufacturer, whilst the other group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The present results revealed that the incident rate of mastitis in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%). The conception rate in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (66.7%) compared with (33.3%) in control group. The time from calving to conception in treated cows was significantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days compared to 123.3 ± 13.2 days in the control group. The occurrence rate of anestrous cases was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (8.3%) in treated cows than (control group) (25%). In conclusion, the current study indicates there is an association between treated cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) two months prepartum and incidence rate of mastitis addition an improvement in the reproductive performance in treated cows relative to untreated cows. Therefore, the current study recommends the herdsmen treats their cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) during the prepartum period for less mastitis incidence rate and better reproductive efficiency.

Animal Science

Ivermectin

mastitis

postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements

Baladi cows

Endo-and ecto-parasites infestation causes high economic losses in livestock especially farm animals. Economic losses are represented by costs of anthelmintics drugs, higher mortality rate, decline in meat, milk, growth rate and fertility (Mendes et al., 2008). Economic loss was estimated by US $ 3.2 billion per annum worldwide due to liver worm (Fasciola) in livestock (Spithill et al., 1999). In Brazil Grisi et al (2014) reported that economic losses due to cattle external and internal parasite total loss nearly 14.0 million of US$ annual. Lawrence and Ibarbura (2007) estimated the economic losses of internal parasites (gastrointestinal nematode) control in beef cattle and reported that there was a 34% decrease in the break-even price for cattle that did not treatment by deworming. Mavrogianni et al. (2012); Mavrogianni et al. (2014) reported that there is a correlation between indo-parasitic infections and increased frequency of clinical or subclinical mastitis during the first two weeks post-partum in ewes. FDA- was approved Ivermectin as broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent (Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008). Ivermectin is considered to be a wonder drug due to its anti-parasitic activity against to each both internal and external-parasitic and has multiple applications in veterinary and human medicine (Geary, 2005; Crump, 2017; Sharun et al., 2019). Sajid et al. (2006); Jameel et al. (2015) reported that Ivermectin have immune-potentiating activity in cows. Yates and Wolstenholme (2004); Chaccour et al. (2013); Suarez et al. (2013) showed that Ivermectin is effectively and widely used against a lot of external and internal parasite. Pregnancy rates were higher in cows after treatment with anti-parasitic drugs (Ivermectin and Eprinomectin) compared with non-treated cows (Loyacano et al., 2002; Kaley et al., 2019; Volk et al., 2019). Andresen et al. (2017) observed that marked improvement in reproductive performance of cow and heifers after administration of anti-parasites treatment compared to untreated controls group. Infected buffaloes with internal parasites (Fasciola) were need a long time from calving to conception (Seliem et al., 2010). Dairy cows which treated with anti-parasites need to less time to conception postpartum (Sanchez et al., 2002). Liver fluke infections (Fasciolosis) in cows were correlated by ovarian inactivity and other infertility problems (Ahmed, 2007). Recently ivermectin’s used as an antiviral because against effects towards a number of RNA viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) (Wagstaff et al. 2012; Caly et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). There is little information, available to effect of treatment with anti-parasites on postpartum reproductive performance in Egyptian Baladi cows. In the light previous the current investigation was planned to study the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows

Climatic conditions and farm location

The research performed in farm located in one of a village in Kom Ombou city (32̊, 31' 23" East and 22̊, 28' 09" North), Aswan governorate. Average of the ambient temperature was (Min.12.3-22.1^oC) and (Max. 24.2-38.0^oC), relative humidity (18–24) during the experimental period which extended from September to April.

Management and feeding of herd

Twenty-four of Baladi cows were used in the current research. Alfa- Alfa alongside the concentrate ration and hay wheat was offered to cows during the experimental period. Cows were used before two months pre-partum after drying. Table (1) shows the specifications of experiment animals. The cows were kept in traditional farm conditions under semi shade system. According the farm routine work all of cows were raise under the typical environmental and managerial conditions.

Design of the experiment

The cows were classified into two groups ((n = 12 cows for each group). The first group (n = 12 cows) was treated with two doses from IVOMEC® Plus (Ivermectin 1% w/v + clorsulon 10% w/v), while another group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The interval between the first treatments and the second was 15 days. The cows injected with IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously (under the skin) behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kgBW as recommended by the manufacturer, this volume equivalent 10 mg Ivermectin and 100 mg clorsulon. According to Mike Catangui (2016) IVOMEC® Plus drug used to as an anti endo or ecto-parasites (gastrointestinal roundworms, liver flukes, lungworms, cattle grubs, sucking ice, and mange mites). Table (2) clarify classification of (Ivermectin + clorsulon) combination according to US FDA (Food and Drug Administration, 2015).

Detection of Heat and pregnancy diagnosis

Daily visual observation for cows were performed for heat detection in the morning at 6:0 am. and 6:0 pm, for sexual behavior sings exhibited. Just appearance standing behavior in the cows was mated naturally. Rectal palpation was used (after 60 days post-service), to diagnose the established pregnancy.

Mastitis diagnosis

Cows have acute or sub-clinical mastitis were diagnosis by (California Mastitis Test) and the manufacturing steps followed up

Sub-clinical mastitis: Cows considered to be infected by sub-clinical mastitis when cows did not display any symptoms of mastitis, in each both milk and udder but mastitis is detected by a detector (California Mastitis Test) (Kathiriya et al., 2014).

Postpartum reproductive efficiency determination

Conception rate

estimated as the percentage of animals, that pregnant from the first service post-partum

Conception rate = Number of pregnant cows/Total number of served cows x 100

Days open

estimated as the time from parturition to conceived in cows

Postpartum ovarian dysfunction determination

Anestrous cases

Cows did not display any visible signs of estrus during = 60th day postpartum according to Kamal et al. (2012)

True anestrous case

Cows considered have true anestrous case when rectal check ovaries are smooth, small and inactive with the absence of corpus luteum and plasma progesterone concentration remain in the basal levels (1ng/ml) blood (Kamal et al., 2012).

Blood samples and biochemical assay

Blood samples (10 ml) were collected from cows in estrus, 7 and 21 days post estrus inter heparinized tubes from the jugular vein. For plasma harvesting the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes. The separated plasma was stored under − 18 ºC until the time of analysis. Progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E₂) hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay kit (Immunotech, France). Progesterone and estradiol-17β sensitivity values were stated to be 0.03 ng/ml and 4.0 pg/ml, respectively according to manufacturer labeled information. Intra assay variation coefficient was 6.2% and 12.2% for progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E₂), respectively.

Statistical analysis

The statistical design involved one factor (treatment effect) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in cows. Chi-Square test was used to verify the significance of percentage values. The statistical analysis was performed by Software (SAS, 2002). Following model was used:

Yij = µ + Ti + eij

Where:

Yij = the observation trait

µ = overall mean

Ti = effect of treatment (treated = 1 and untreated = 2)

eij = experimental error

Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncan, 1955) was used to check the significance of the differences between means.

Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on occurrence rate (%) of mastitis in Baladi cows

Figure (1) indicates the percentage of mastitis in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%).

Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on days open and conception rate (%) in Baladi cows

Table (3) illustrates that the time from calving to conceived in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days than untreated cows (control group) 123.3 ± 13.2 days. Figures (2) shows that the conception rate (%) in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (66.7%) compared with untreated cows (control group) (33.3%).

Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on ovarian dysfunction in Baladi cows

Figure (3) indicates that the proportion of anestrous cases (%) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (8.3%) in treated cows’ group than untreated cows (control group) (25%).

Concentrations of progesterone and estradiol − 17β at estrus, 7- and 21-day post-service in treated and untreated Baladi cows

Table (4) indicates that concentrations of progesterone and estradiol at the time of estrus were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pregnant cows than non-pregnant. A significant gradually increase in the concentration of progesterone was showed from estrus to the next day's post-estrus in blood samples in pregnant cows compared to non-pregnant cows. Concentrations of estradiol-17β were recorded high levels at day of estrus in pregnant cows compared to non-pregnant cows

The current results indicate the positive impact of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on occurrence rate of mastitis in Baladi cows. Mavrogianni et al. (2012); Mavrogianni et al. (2014) found that increased frequency of clinical or subclinical mastitis through the first two weeks post-partum in ewes that suffer from indo-parasitic infections. Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the major pathogenic agents of the udder that causes mainly subclinical infection (mastitis) (Tenhagen et al. 2001; Leitner et al., 2003; Olde Riekerink et al., 2008). Infections by endo-parasites lead to decreasing weight gain, reduced nitrogen balance, negative affect metabolism of protein metabolism and suppressing immune response in calves )Randall and Gibbs 1981; Wiggin and Gibbs, 1990). Ashraf et al. (2018) showed that cows which treatment with Ivermectin exhibited anti- Staphylococcus aureus activity than other cows. Uhlir (1991) observed that antibody activity is increased after treatment with Ivermectin in rabbits. Backes (2016) reported that white blood cells and lymphocytes were greater in cows treated with anti-parasitic than control cows’ group. Similar results reported by Sajid et al. (2006); Ghassan et al. (2011); Jameel et al. (2015) who stated that treatment the cows with Ivermectin lead to increase total number of white blood cells and lymphocyte cells in those cows and the reflection of this on the raising of the immunity in animals. Torres et al. (2016) observed that Ivermectin drug was effective against biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Recently, Heidary and Gharebaghi (2020) discovered many effects of Ivermectin drug to against some diseases and highly effective against many microorganisms it worked as (antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer) it called the wonder drug. Mastrangelo et al. (2012) reported that Ivermectin acts as an anti-viral agent versus to flavivirus by inhibiting its replication activity. Another recent studies by Lv et al. (2018); Yamasmith et al. (2018) underlined Ivermectin role effective potential as an antiviral able to reducing viral load in the host. Furthermore, Lim et al. (2013); Omansen et al. (2015) suggested that Ivermectin acts an anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium ulcerans. In the light previous studies lower percentage of mastitis in treated cows group than untreated in the present study may be attributed to the effect of Ivermectin as an anti- antimicrobial (anti- Staphylococcus aureus) activity in cows udders.

Treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) led to an improvement in the reproductive efficiency measurements in cows, through a decrease in the period from birth until conception, as well as a higher pregnancy rate from the first service. The present findings correspond with that reported by Walsh et al. (1995); Sanchez et al. (2002) who found that the interval from calving to conception was less in dairy cows which treated with anti-parasites (Ivermectin or Eprinomectin) compared to untreated cows. Orellana et al. (1999) stated that treatment of cows with anti-parasite led to reduce the interval from calving to conception. Seliem et al. (2010) showed that infected buffaloes with internal parasites liver worm (Fasciola) need a long time from calving to conception (156.75, day) compared to non-infected group (112.46, day). Mejía et al. (1999) stated that treatment the dairy heifers with anti-parasitic (Ivermectin) caused to increased growth rate and earlier onset of ovarian functions. Ballweber et al. (1997) suggested that used anti-parasites (Doramectin or Ivermectin) in cattle led to significant increase in weight in drug-treated groups relative to untreated groups, ranging from 0.132 to 0.272 kg average daily gain. Lacau-Mengidoet al. (2000) observed that Ivermectin treated dairy heifers recorded increased serum IGF-1, this cause to acceleration of sexual and somatic maturation. Buffaloes having poor body condition score had less number of small and large follicles in their ovaries hence low incidence of good quality oocytes (Ahmed et al., 1999). Observed in ewes having poor body condition lowering LH secretion or decline its pulse frequency. This effect is mediated through glucose level, or insulin growth factor-I(IGF-1) (Snyder et al., 1999). Deficiency of energy is conceder one of most agents detrimental to reproduction of livestock (Dunn and Moss, 1992). McClure (1994) reported that energy deficiency causing to inhibit ovarian function at pituitary synthesis/release of gonadotropin. Level of IGF-1 is very important to ovarian follicular development (Robinson, 1996). Backes (2016) who found that treatment with Long-Acting Eprinomectin (anti-parasites) lead to increasing conception rates compared to control group (89 vs. 50%). Higher pregnancy rate (94%) for the beef cows that treated with anti-parasitic drugs compared with untreated beef cows 82% (Stromberg et al., 1997). Larson et al. (1995) suggested that pregnancy rate was higher (56.4%) in beef heifers that treated with Ivermectin than control heifers (25.6%). Pregnancy rate was 72% and 87% in control cows’ group and Ivermectin treatments group, respectively in Ontario cow (Kaleyet al., 2019). Loyacano et al. (2002) stated that pregnancy rate was higher (78%) in beef heifers that treatment with Ivermectin than no treatment heifers (54%). Volk et al. (2019) suggested that beef heifers which treated with Eprinomectin (anti-parasites) recorded greater (84%) pregnancy rate compared with control group heifers (68%). Orellana et al. (1999) reported that treatment with anti-parasites was associated with increasing the conception rate. Seliem et al. (2010) showed that higher pregnancy rate in buffaloes that treated with anti-Fasciola drugs (67.7%) than control group buffaloes (16.7%). Hammam et al. (2011) found that the pregnancy rate in the healthy treated buffaloes was higher (55.6 %) than buffaloes’ infection with liver worm (Fasciola hepatica) (30.8 %). Hawkins (1993); Gross et al. (1999) stated that anthelmintic-treated beef cows recorded higher conception rate and calving rate compared to untreated controls. The present results indicate increase the conception rate in treated cows by anti-parasites compared to untreated cows may be due to improved weight gains and general body condition score of treated cows during postpartum period than untreated cows. Larson et al. (1995) reported that treatment beef heifers with Ivermectin improved weight gains and pregnancy rate during a 60-dbreeding season. Barakat et al. (1995) showed that acute infection with nematodes worms (internal parasites) was associated with low incidences of conception rate and ovarian activity in cows and buffaloes. Somchez et al. (2002) stated that removing external and internal parasites around calving improve the energy balance through the postpartum period and therefore improve the reproductive performance of cows. Maintaining of body weight and body condition score during postpartum period lead to increased energy balance and have also positive effect on reproductive performance of beef cows (Hess et al., 2005). Improving of body weight and body condition score of beef heifers which treated with extended-release Eprinomectin (anti-parasites) during breeding season may be the main cause to improved their reproductive performance (Volk et al., 2019). Marked improvement was showed in reproductive performance of cow and heifers after administration of anthelmintic treatment compared to untreated controls (Andresen et al., 2017). Rehbein et al. (2013) reported that treatment with deworming drugs led to reduce worm burdens and increase weight gains in cattle. Infections with trematode (internal parasite) it causing depressed appetite and feed intake in affected sheep hence decreased available energy (Taylor et al., 2007; Rojo-Vázquez et al., 2012). El-Khadrawy et al. (2008) reported that buffalo-cows with (internal parasites) (Fasciola) recorded lower concentrations of serum Zn, Cu, Fe and Se compared to healthy animals. Ahmed et al. (1998) stated that buffaloes which have lowering in Cu or Zn in blood are suffering to weak growth and infertility.

Cows treated with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) showed a decrease in ovarian dysfunction such as anestrous cases during the two months after parturition, which reflected on the decrease in the period from birth to conception in the treated cows. The current result is agreeing with that recorded by Barakat et al. (2001) who found that cows infected by internal parasites (liver worm) was associated with loss of body condition, decreased fertility and prolonged anoestrus period. Ahmed (2006); Ahmed et al. (2006) observed that infected buffaloes with internal parasites liver worm (Fasciola) recorded prolonged anestrous period compared with healthy animals. Stewart et al. (1992) stated that treatment of beef replacement heifers with Ivermectin led to improved weight gain, feed efficiency, and estrous activity. Barakat et al. (1995) showed that acute infection with nematodes worms (internal parasites) was associated with low occurring of ovarian activity in cows and buffaloes. Anthelmintic treated dairy cattle recorded less time to recovering estrous during postpartum period (Sanyal et al., 1992). Liver fluke infections (Fasciolosis) in bovine were associated with ovarian inactivity and other infertility problems (Ahmed, 2007). Simsek et al. (2007) reported that 58% of repeat breeder cows were suffering from liver worm (Fasciola. hepatica). Jeffcoate et al. (1988); Fernandez-Abella et al. (2006) found that reduction in ovulation rate and ovarian activity in infected ewes with internal parasites. El-Khadrawy et al. (2008) reported that lower concentrations of serum Zn, Cu, Fe and Se in buffalo which infected by liver worm (Fasciola)compared to healthy animals. Kommisrud (2005) suggested that there is a positive correlation between increased pre-partum blood selenium levels and decreased incidence of ovarian cysts and anestrus/silent estrus during the post-partum period in Norwegian dairy herds.

Cows treated with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) showed an increase in the levels of progesterone and estradiol at estrus, which had a positive impact on the high pregnancy rate from the first service. The present result is agreeing with that reported by Waldman et al. (2001) who reported that a strong inverse association between the probability of non-return to estrus and progesterone concentration at the time of estrus in cows. Busch et al. (2008) showed that pregnant cows have higher progesterone concentration at day 10 post- service compared with non-pregnant cow. The current result in agreement with that stated by Lemley et al. (2010) found that increase of progesterone post- service was associated with elevated pregnancy maintenance and improvement development of embryonic. Rivera et al. (2011) decrease progesterone concentrations during follicle growth in dairy cows lead to low cow embryo quality production. Higher pre- and post- service progesterone concentrations were associated with improvement of the fertility. Progesterone modifies ovarian and uterine function through direct effects or indirect effects on fertilization and early stages from development of embryo (Cerri et al., 2011). El-Khadrawy et al. (2008) suggested that buffaloes have (internal parasites) (Fasciola) recorded lower concentrations of blood Zn, Cu, Fe and Se compared to healthy animals. Kamada, (2017); Kassab et al. (2020) reported that supplementation of selenium to diet in dairy and beef cows led to increasing in progesterone and estradiol concentrations during estrous cycle. Sadek and Shaheen (2015) showed that there is increasing in serum progesterone in Baladi cows during postpartum after treatment with Ivermectin (anti-parasites) for up to 3 months. Opposite trend showed for estradiol in blood serum and returned to the increasing during three months after treatment. Seliem et al. (2010) observed that increasing in progesterone and decreasing in estradiol in blood serum of buffaloes that treated with (Anti-Fasciola-hepatica). Hammam et al. (2011) showed that infected buffaloes with liver worm (Fasciola) had a decrease in estradiol concentrations (28.42 + 8.64 pg/ml) than the healthy group (39.61 + 18.23 pg/ml). Lopez-Diaz et al. (1998) found that Friesian heifers infected with liver flukes (liver worm) recorded decline levels of progesterone than healthy animals. They suggested that liver flukes may be able to alter normal metabolism and/or balance of sex hormones. In conclusion, the current study indicated there is an association between treated cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) two months prepartum and incidence rate of mastitis beside an improvement in the reproductive performance in treated cows compared to untreated cows, therefore the present study recommends the herdsmen's treat their cows during prepartum period by anti-parasites (Ivermectin) for less mastitis and improved reproductive performance.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Ethical approval

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no competing interests.

Ahmed, W.A., Shalaby, S.I. and Zaabal, M.M., 1998. Effect of mineral supplementation on some blood biochemical and immunogenetic parameters inbuffalo-cows suffering from inactive ovaries. Beni- Suef Veterinary Medicine Research, 8, 149–165.
Ahmed, W.A., Nabil, G.M., El-khadrawy, H.H., Hanafi, E.M. and Adel-Moez, S.I., 2006. Monitoring progesterone level and markers of oxidative stress in blood of buffalo cows with impaired fertility. Egypt. J. Biophys. Biomed. Engineering, 7, 71–83.
Ahmed, W.M., 2006. Adverse conditions affecting ovarian activity in large farm animals. Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference of Vet. Res. Div., NRC., Cairo, Egypt, 251–253.
Ahmed, W.M., 2007. Overview on some factors negatively affecting ovarian activity in large farm animals. Global Vet., 1, 53–66.
Ahmed, W.M., Abdoon, A.S., Shalaby S.I. and Kandil, O.M., 1999. Effect of reproductive status and body condition on ovarian follicles and oocytes quality in buffalo-cows. Buffalo Journal, 15, 333–334.
Andresen, C.E., Loy D.L., Brick T.A. and Gunn, P.J., 2017. Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on cow/calf performance and reproductive success in a fall-calving beefherd. The Professional Animal Scientist 34, 223–229.
Ashraf, S., Chaudhry, U., Raza, A. Ghosh, D. and Zhao, X., 2018. In vitro activity of ivermectin against Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 7, 27.
Backes, E.A., 2016. "Evaluation of Long-Acting Eprinomectin Compared to Conventional Anthelmintics in Cow/Calf Production”.Theses and Dissertations. 1677. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.S
Ballweber, L.R., Smith L., Stuedemann, J.A., Yazwinski T. and Skogerboe, T.L., 1997. The effectiveness of a single treatment with doramectin or ivermectin in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing yearling stocker cattle. Vet Parasitol, 72,53–68.
Barakat, A.M., Hanafi, E.M., Sabra, H.A., Zaabal, M.M. and Ahmed, W.M., 2001. Effect of parasitic infection on ovarian activity in native Egyptian cows and ewes with special reference to changes in blood constituents and immunogenetic markers. Zagazig. Vet. J., 29, 121–136.
Barakat, I.M. and Selim, A.M., 1995.The relation between gastrointestinal nematodes infestation and postpartum ovarian inactivity in buffalo-cows. Zagzig Veterinary Journal, 23, 35–38.
Busch, D. C, Atkins, J. A., Bader, J. F., Schafer, D. J., Patterson D. J., Geary, T. W. and Smith, M. F., 2008. Effect of ovulatory follicle size and expression of estrus on progesterone secretion in beef cows J Anim Sci., 86, 553–563.
Caly, L., Druce, J.D., Catton, M.G., Jans, D.A. and Wagstaff, K.M., 2020. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res. 178, 104787.
Cerri, R. L. A., Chebel, R. C., Rivera F., Narciso, C. D., Oliveira R. A., Thatcher, W.W. and Santos, J. E. P., 2011. Concentration of progesterone during the development of the ovulatory follicle: I. Ovarian and embryonic responses. Journal of Dairy Sci., 94, 3342–3351.
Chaccour, C. J., Kobylinski, K. C., Bassat, Q., Bousema, T. and Drakeley, C., 2013. Ivermectin to reduce malaria transmission: A research agenda for a promising new tool for elimination. Malaria J., 12, 153–161.
Crump, A., 2017. Ivermectin: enigmatic multifaceted 'wonder' drug continues to surprise and exceed expectations. J Antibiot.,70 (5), 495–505.Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple ranges and multiple F. Test. Biometrics, 11:1–24.
Dunn, T.G. and Moss, G.E. 1992. Effect of nutrition deficiencies and excess on reproductive efficiency of livestock. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 1580–1593.
El-Khadrawy, H.H., El Moghazy, F.M., Abd El Aziz M.M. and Ahmed, W.M., 2008. Field investigation on the correlation between ovarian activity and fascioliosis in buffalo-cows. American-Eurasian J. Agri. Environ. Sci., 3(4), 539–546.
Fernandez-Abella, D., Hernandez, Z., Villegas, N., 2006. Effect of gastrointestinal nematodes on ovulation rate of merino Boorola heterozygote ewes (Fec B Fec +) Anim. Res., 55,545-550.
Geary, T.G., 2005. Ivermectin 20 years on: maturation of a wonder drug. Trends Parasitol., 21(11), 530–532.
Ghassan, H J., Jawad, S. J., Ebraheem T. A. and Majeed, W. A., 2011. Study of Ivermectin effect on the bovine warts. Diyala J Pur Sci., l (7), 2, 117–126.
González Canga, A., Sahagún Prieto, A. M., José Diez Liébana, M., Fernández Martínez N., Sierra Vega, M., and García Vieitez, J. J., 2008.The pharmacokinetics and interactions of ivermectin in humans–a mini-review. AAPS J., 10 (1), 42–46
Grisi, L., Leite,R. C., Martins,J. R. S., Barros,A. T. M., Andreotti, R., Cançado, P. H. D., León,A. A. P., Pereira, J. B. and Villela, H. S., 2014.Reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in Brazil. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., 23(2), 150–156.
Gross, S.J., Ryan, W.G. and Ploeger, H.W., 1999. Anthelmintic treatment of dairy cows and its effect on milk production. Vet. Rec., 144, 581–587.
Hammam, A.M., R. M. El Khateeb, H. A. Amer, S. K.A. Abou-El-Dobal, K. H. El Shahat and Scott. W., 2011.Response of Fasciola free and infected buffaloes to CIDR OvSynch treatment during summer season with emphasis on sex hormone and biochemical changes. Journal of American Sci., (9), 810–820.
Hawkins, J.A., 1993. Economic-benefits of parasite control in cattle. Vet. Parasitol., 46, 159–173.
Heidary, F. and Gharebaghi, R., 2020. Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen. The Journal of Antibiotics, 73,593–602.
Hess, B. W., Lake, S. L., Scholljegerdes, E. J., Weston, T. R., Nayigihugu, V., Molle J. D. C., and Moss, G. E., 2005. Nutritional controls of beef cow reproduction. J. Anim. Sci., 83 (E. Suppl.), E90-E106.
Jameel, G. H., Ahmed, A. A., Jalil, O. K., Dawood, W. S., 2015. Ivermectin activityin treatment of cattle dermatophytosis.Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 (1), 30–40.
Jeffcoate, I.A., Holmes, P.H., Fishwick, G., Bairden, K., Armour, J., 1988. Effects of trichostrongyle larval challenge on the reproductive performance of immune ewes, Res. Vet. Sci., 45, 234–239.
Kaley, G. M., Menzies, P.I., Bateman, K. G and Gordon, J. L., 2019. Efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin in treating gastrointestinal nematode infections in an Ontario cow-calf herd. Can Vet J, 60:1213–1219.
Kamada, H., 2017. Effects of selenium-rich yeast supplementation on the plasma progesterone levels of postpartum dairy cows. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci., 30(3), 347–354.
Kamal, M. M., Rahman, M.M., Momont, H.W. and Shamsuddin, M., 2012. Underlying disorders of postpartum anoestrus and effectiveness of their treatments in crossbred dairy cows. Asian Journal of Animal Sci., 6 (3), 132–139.
Kassab, A. Y., Hamdon, H., Senosy W., Daghash, H. and Soliman, A., 2020. Impact of antioxidants supplementation on metabolic status and reproductive performance of Aberdeen Angus cows during seasonal thermal stress in arid subtropical regions. Egyptian J. Anim. Prod., 57(1),1–11.
Kathiriya, J. B., Kabaria, B. B., Saradava, D.A. and Sanepara, D.P., (2014). Pervalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in Rajkot district of Gujarat. International journal of science and nature. 5 (3), 433–436.
Kommisrud, E., Osteras, O. and Vatan, T., 2005. Blood selenium associated with health and fertility inNorwegian dairy herds. ActaVeterinaria Scandinavia, 46, 229–234.
Kumar, B. S., Jeyaraman, M., Jain, R. and Anudeep, T.C., 2020 A Wonder Drug in the Arsenal against COVID – 19: Medication Evidence from Ivermectin. J. Adv. Med. Med. Res., 32, 30–37.
Lacau-Mengido, I.M., Mejía, M.E., Díaz-Torga, G.S., Gonzalez, I.A., Formía, N., Libertun, C. and Becú-Villalobos, D., 2000. Endocrine studies in ivermectin-treated heifers from birth to puberty. J. Anim. Sci., 78, 817–824
Larson, R. L., Corah, L.R., Spire, M.F. and Cochran, R.C., 1995. Effect of treatment with ivermectin on reproductive performance of yearling beef heifers. Theriogenology, 44:189-l 97.
Lawrence, J. D., and M. A. Ibarburu. 2007. “Economic Analysis of Pharmaceutical Technologies in Modern Beef Production.” Proceedings of the NCCC-134 Conference on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management. Chicago, IL.
Leitner, G., Yadlin, N., Lubashevsy, E., Ezra, E., Glickman, A., Chaffer, M., Winkler, M., Saran, A. and Trainin, Z., 2003. Development of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows. II. Field trial. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 93, 153–158.
Lemely, C.O., Vonnahme, K. A., Tager, L. R., Krause, K. M. and Wilson, M. E., 2010. Diet-induced alterations in hepatic progesterone (P₄) catabolic enzyme activity and P₄ clearance rate in lactating dairy cows. J Endocrinol., 205, 233–241.
Leah, E. L., Vilchèze, C., Ng, C., William, R., Jr J.,S. Ramón- García and Thompson, C. J. 2013.. Anthelmintic avermectins kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant clinical strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 57(2), 1040–1046.
Lopez-Diaz, M., Carro, C. and Cadorniga, C., 1998. Puberty and serum concentrations of ovarian steroids during prepuberal period in Friesian heifers artificially infected with Fasciola hepatica. Theriogenology, 50, 587–593.
Loyacano, A. F., Williams, J.C., Gurie, J. and DeRosa, A.A., 2002. Effect of gastrointestinal nematode and liver fluke infections on weight gain and reproductive performance of beef heifers. Veterinary Parasitology, 107, 227–234
Lv, C., Liu, W., Wang, B., Dang, R., Qiu, L., Ren, J., Yan, C., Yang, Z. and Wang, X., 2018. Ivermectin inhibits DNA polymerase UL42 of pseudorabies virus entrance into the nucleus and proliferation of the virus in vitro and vivo. Antiviral Res. 159, 55–62.
Mastrangelo, E., Pezzullo, M., De Burghgraeve, T., Kaptein, S., Pastorino, B., Dallmeier, K., de Lamballerie, X., Neyts, J., Hanson, A.M., Frick, D.N., Bolognesi, M. and Milani, M., 2012. Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug. J Antimicrob Chemother,12,67(8),1884–1894.
Mavrogianni, V.S., Papadopoulos, E., Gougoulis, D.A., Gallidis, E., Fragkou, I.A., Orfanou, D.C., Ptochos, S. and Fthenakis, G.C., 2012. Pre-existing gastrointestinal trichostrongylosis predisposes ewes to clinical mastitis after experimental mammary infection. In: Proceedings of the 12th Greek Veterinary Congress, Athens, Greece.
Mavrogianni, V.S., Papadopoulos, E., Spanos, S.A., Mitsoura, A., Ptochos, S.,Gougoulis, D.A., Barbagianni, M.S., Kyriazakis, I. and Fthenakis, G.C., 2014. Trematode infections in pregnant ewes can predispose to mastitis during the subsequent lactation period. Res., Vet. Sci., 96, 171–176.
McClure, T.J., 1994. Nutrition and Metabolic Infertility m the Cow. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
Mejía, M.E., Libertun, C., Díaz-Torga, G.S., Villafane, P., Formía, N., Becú-Villalobos, D. and Lacau-Mengido, I.M., 1999. Continuous ivermectin treatment from birth to puberty on growth and reproduction in dairy heifers. J. Anim. Sci., 77, 1329–1334.
Mendes, E.A., Lima, W.S. and de Melo, A.L., 2008. Development of F. hepatica in Lymnaeacolumella infected with miracidia derived from cattle and marmoset infections. J. Helminth., 82, 81–84.
Mike Catangui, PhD, 2016. Dewormers for Beef and Dairy Cattle. Entomologist and Parasitologist, MWI Animal Health Technical Services.
OldeRiekerink, R.G., Barkema, H.W., Kelton, D.F. and Scholl, D.T., 2008. Incidence rate of clinical mastitis on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci.,91(4),1366–1377.
Omansen, T.F., Porter, J.L., Johnson, P.D.R., Van der Werf, T.S., Stienstra Y. and Stinear, T.P., 2015. In-vitro activity of Avermectins against Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLOS Neg Trop Dis., 9 (3), e0003549.
Orellana, P., Recabarren, S., Lobos, A., Islas, A., Briones, M. and Rubilar, L., 1999. Effects of winter supplementation and anti-parasite treatment on the productive performance of milk herd in the central-south region of Chile. Preven. Vet. Med., 38, 207–215.
Randall, R.W. and Gibbs, H.C., 1981. Studies on the effects of two levels of gastrointestinal helminthiasis on digestion and energy metabolism in calves. Am J Vet Res.,42,1730–1734.
Rehbein, S., Baggot, D. G., Johnson, E. G., Kunkle, B. N., Yazwinski, T. A., Yoon, S., Cramer, L. G. and Soll, M. D., 2013. Nematodeburdens of pastured cattle treated once at turnout with eprinomectin extended-release injection. Vet. Parasitol., 192,321–331.
Rivera, F.A., Mendonça, L.G. D., Jr, G. L., Santos, J. E. P., Perez, R. V, Amstalden M., Correa-Calderón, A. and Chebe, R. C., 2011. Reduced progesterone concentration during growth of the first follicular wave affects embryo quality but has no effect on embryo survival post transfer in lactating dairy cows. Reproduction, 141, 333–342.
Robinson, J.J., 1996. Nutrition and reproduction. Anim. Reprod, Sci., 42, 25–34.
Rojo-Vázquez, F.A., Meana, A., Valcárcel, F., Martínez-Valladares, M., 2012. Update on trematode infections in sheep. Vet. Parasitol., 189, 15–38.
Sadek, K. M. and Shaheen, H. M., 2015. The biochemical effects of ivermectin on reproductive hormones and mineral homeostasis in Baladi cows post parturition. Vet. Arhiv, 85, 95–103.
Sajid, M. S., Iqbal, Z., Muhammad, G. and Iqbal, M. U., 2006. Immunomodulatory effect of various anti-parasitic: a review. Parasitology, 132, 301–313.
Sanchez, J., Nødtvedt, A., Dohoo, I. and DesCoteaux, L., 2002. The effect of eprinomectin treatment at calving on reproduction parameters in adult dairy cows in Canada. Prev. Vet. Med., 56, 165–177.
Sanyal, P.K., Singh, D.K. and Knox, M.R., 1992.The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India. Veterinary Research Communication, 16, 445–451.
SAS, 2002. User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.0 Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Seliem, M. M. E., Derbala, A.A., Hammam, A.M., Morsy, G.H., Shalaby, H.A., Ibrahim, M.H. and Aboelsoued D. M., 2010. The effect of fasciolosis and anti-Fasciola drugs on reproductive performance of buffalo-cows. Proc. 5th Inter Conf. Vet. Res. Div., NRC, Cairo, Egypt, 123–130.
Sharun, K., Shyamkumar, T.S., Aneesha, V.A., Dhama, K.,Pawde, A.M. and Pal, A., 2019. Current therapeutic applications and pharmacokinetic modulations of ivermectin. Veterinary World, 12(8), 1204–1211.
Simsek, S., Risvanli, A., Utuk, A.E., Yuksel, M., Saat, N. and Koroglu, E., 2007. Evaluation of relationship between repeat breeding and Fasciola hepatica and hydatid cyst infections in cows in Elazig district of eastern Turkey. Res. Vet. Sci., 83, 102–104.
Snyder, J.L., Clapper, J.A., Roberts, A.J., Sanson P.W., Hamernik, D.L. and Moss, G.E., 1999. Insulin-like growth factor-I, Insulin-like growth factor-I-binding proteins and gonadotropins in the hypothalamic pituitary axis and serum of nutrient-restricted ewes. Biology of Reproduction, 61, 219–224.
Somchez, J., Nodtvedt, A., Dohco, I., DesCoteaux, L., 2002. The effect of epriomectin treatment at calving on reproduction parameters in adult dairy cows in Canada. Preventive veterinary Medicine 56, 165–177.
Spithill, T.W., Smooker, P.M. and Coperman, D., 1999. Fasciola gigantica: epidemiology, control, immunology and molecular biology. In: Dalton JP (ed) Fasiolosis. Oxworth, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International, Mussoorie, 465–525.
Stewart, W. B., Piche C. A. and Newcomb, K. M., 1992. Effect of anti-parasitic treatment in beef replacement heifers. Can Vet J, 33, 394–396.
Stromberg, B. E., Vatthauer, R. J., Schlotthauer, J. C., Myers, G. H., Haggard D. L., King, V. L.and Hanke, H., 1997. Production responses following strategic parasite control in a beefcow/calf herd. Vet. Parsitol., 68,315–322.
Suarez, G., Alvarez, L., Castells, D., Correa, O., Fagiolno, P., 2013. Relative bioavailability and comparative clinical efficacy of different ivermectin oral formulations in lambs. BMC Vet. Res., 9, 27–36.
Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. and Wall, R.L., 2007. Veterinary Parasitology. Oxford, Ames, Iowa, Blackwell Pub,3rd ed., 874.
Tenhagen, B. A., Edinger, D., Baumgartner, B., Kalbe, P., Klunder, G., Heuwieser, W., 2001. Efficacy of a herd-specific vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus to prevent post-partum mastitis in dairy heifers. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A., 48, 601–607.
Torres, N.S., Abercrombie, J.J., Srinivasan, A., Lopez-Ribot, J.L., Ramasubramanian, A.K., Leung, K.P., 2016. Screening a commercial library of pharmacologically active small molecules against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 60(10),5663–5672.
Uhlir, J. 1991. Effect of ivermectin on the development of serum antibody activity in rabbits infested with Psoroptes cuniculi (Acari: Psoroptidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha), 38, 79–82.
US FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 2015. Multicriteria-based ranking model for risk management of animal drug residues in milk and milk products. Accessed October 8, 2015.
Volk, M. J., Kordas, J. M., Stokes, R. S., Ireland, F. A. and Shike, D. W., 2019. Effects of spring administration of extended-release eprinomectin on fescue toxicosis, performance, and reproduction of fall-born beef heifers. Transl. Anim. Sci., 3,20–28.
Wagstaff, K. M., Sivakumaran, H., Heaton, S., Harrich, D.J. and Jans, D.A., 2012. Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. Biochem. J., 443, 851–856.
Waldman, A., Reksen, O., Landsverk, K. and Ropstad. E., 2001. Progesterone concentrations in milk fat at first insemination- effects on non- return and repeat- breeding. J Anim. Reprod., Sci., 65, 33–41.
Walsh, T. A., Younis, P.J. and Morton, J.M., 1995. The effect of ivermectin treatment of late pregnant dairy cows in south-west Victoria on subsequent milk production and reproductive performance. Austmlian Veterinary Journal, 72 (6), 201–207.
Wiggin, C.J. and Gibbs, H.C. 1990. Adverse immune reactions and the pathogenesis of Ostertagiaostertagi infections in calves. Am J Vet Res.,51, 825–832.
Yamasmith, E., Saleh-arong, F. A., Avirutnan, P., Angkasekwinai, N., Mairiang, D., Wongsawat, E., Tanrumluk, S., Fongsri, U., Suputtamongko, Y., 2018. Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin against Dengue Infection: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial, The 34th Annual Meeting The Royal College of Physicians of Thailand 'Internal Medicine and One Health' 26th – 28th April 2018, PEACH Royal Cliff Beach Resort, Pattaya, Chonburi, Thailand.
Yates, D.M. and Wolstenholme, A.J., 2004. An Ivermectin - sensitive glutamate gated chloride channel subunit from Dicrofilaria immitis. Int. J. parasitol., 43(9),1075–1081.

Table 1: Specifications (Mean ± SE) of Baladi cow starting of treatment and at calving

Status of cow	Untreated cows	Treated cows
No. of cows	12	12
Body weight (kg) at starting of treatment	305.5± 6.5^a	315.7± 9.4^a
Body weight (kg) at calving	310.3±5.4^a	370.6± 15.6^b
Age (year)	8.5± 1.2	7.4± 1.1
Parity	3-5	3-5
BCS at calving	˂3	≥3

a, b: values within the same row having different superscripts are significantly different at (P <0.05)

Table (2). Specifications of IVOMEC^® Plus drug (Ivermectin + clorsulon) adapted to US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 2015

Indications	Dosage Form	Drug Type	Drug
control of internal/external parasites in cows	Subcutaneous	Anti-parasitic	Ivermectin + clorsulon

Table 3. Effect of treatment with anti-parasites on the time from calving to conceived (DO) days in Baladi cows

Items

Treated cows

Untreated cows

Total no. of cows

The time from calving to conceived (DO) days:

X±SE

86.5± 11.4^a

123.3± 13.2^b

a, b: values within the same row having different superscripts are significantly different at (P <0.05)

Table 4. Concentrations of progesterone and Estradiol-17β at estrus, 7- and 21-day post-service in treated and untreated Baladi cows

Hormones	Treated cows		Untreated cows
Hormones	Pregnant	Non-pregnant	Pregnant	Non-pregnant
Progesterone (ng/ml):
At estrus	0.37±0.09^a	0.24±0.04^b	0.25±0.02^a	0.17±0.04^b
7-day post- service	3.30±0.03^a	2.10±0.01^b	2.80±0.02^a	1.90±0.03^b
21-day post- service	7.21±0.12^a	0.30±0.01^b	5.13±0.12^a	0.26±0.01^b
Estradiol-17β (pg/ml):
At estrus	37.30±0.32^a	13.60±0.22^b	22.10±0.11^a	12.30±0.31^b

^{a, b}: values within the same row having different superscripts are different at (P <0.05).

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Impact of treatment with anti-parasitic (Ivermectin) during prepartum period on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Climatic conditions and farm location

Management and feeding of herd

Design of the experiment

Detection of Heat and pregnancy diagnosis

Mastitis diagnosis

Postpartum reproductive efficiency determination

Postpartum ovarian dysfunction determination

Blood samples and biochemical assay

Statistical analysis

Yij = µ + Ti + eij

Results

Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on occurrence rate (%) of mastitis in Baladi cows

Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on ovarian dysfunction in Baladi cows

Discussion

Declarations

References

Tables

Status:

Version 1