Prevalence and Associated Factors of Gender Based Violence Among Baso High School Female Students, 2020.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-829508/v1

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Gender Based Violence Among Baso High School Female Students, 2020.

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-829508/v1

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published 01 Dec, 2021

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Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a common reproductive health problem especially in developing countries. It is still the first research priority area in Africa that is identified by World Health Organization. The main aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and determinants of Gender Based Violence among Baso high school female students in Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia.

Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. A total of 350 female students were selected by stratified sampling technique. Self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Each independent variable was fitted separately into bivariate logistic analysis and Variables with p-values less than 0.25 in bivariable model were fitted into multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the degree of association with gender-based violence. The significance level was obtained with 95% CI and p-value < 0.05.

Result: The prevalence of GBV during the lock down was 124 (36.2%; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.41), and the lifetime prevalence of GBV was 162(47.2%; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.53). The prevalence of life time sexual violence and physical violence were found to be 96 (27.99%; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.33), and 130 (37.99%; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.43), respectively. Sexual violence and physical violence during the lockdown were found to be 73 (21.28), and 61(17.78%), respectively. Respondents educational performance (AOR = 4.52; 95% CI: 1.82,11.3), monthly pocket money received from their parents (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.56,5.64), free discussion about reproductive issue(AOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.42,5.21), and experience of sexual intercourse(AOR = 13.22; 95% CI: 4.80, 36.37) were found to be determinants of gender based violence.

Conclusion and recommendation: Gender Based Violence is still a significant sexual and reproductive health issue in Ethiopia. Governmental and non-governmental organizations should give due attention for this problem. Moreover, further large-scale studies are needed to estimate the national figure of GBV and to identify route causes.

Obstetrics & Gynecology

Gender Based Violence

determinant

Female students

Debre Berhan

Ethiopia

Gender-based violence (GBV) has been defined as any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will. It is the first research priority in Africa. Every form of violence has devastating effects on the school system such as physical and psychological effects, educational damage and societal breakdown.

An institution based cross-sectional study was employed among Baso high school female students. There are four governmental high schools in Debre Berhan town and our study was conducted among Baso high school female students from November 2020-December 2020.

Single population proportion formula was used to calculate the required sample size and the final sample size was 350. First, stratified random sampling method was employed by considering each grade level as a stratum. Then, simple random sampling method was used to select the study participants. Study participates were asked about their socio demographic characteristics, family history, substance use, sexual experiences, physical violence status, sexual violence status and complications.

Out of 350 students, 343 were participated in the study with a response rate of 98%. The lifetime prevalence of GBV was 162(47.2%).Life time sexual violence and physical violence were found to be 96 (27.99%), and 130 (37.99%), respectively. Respondent’s educational performance, monthly pocket money received from their parents, free discussion about reproductive issue, and experience of sexual intercourse were found to be determinants of gender based violence.

Inconclussion; Gender Based Violence is still a significant sexual and reproductive health issue in Ethiopia. Significant amount of female students were victim of GBV in our study area.

Gender-based violence (GBV) has been defined as any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females (1). It is a pervasive social and public health issue that leads to major physical, psychological and social harm(2).

GBV has been increasingly recognized around the world as a grave challenge for public health and development and as a violation of human rights (3). GBV has also myriad adverse health effects but is vastly underreported(4) .

GBV is a common reproductive health problem especially in developing countries. It commonly occurs among women and young girls than men, and it has several sexual and reproductive health complications like STIs including HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and other complications(5, 6).

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa showed that highest prevalence of gender based violence (67.7%) in Ethiopia(7).Though violence at school is by no means a new phenomenon, there has been growing social and scientific concern about this issue in recent years (8).

Every form of violence has devastating effects on the school system such as physical and psychological effects, educational damage and societal breakdown(9). Adolescents who experience school violence more frequently showed a higher risk for feeling of sadness, depression and suicidal ideation (9, 10).

Receiving academic support from male peers, exercising agency in relationship decision-making, having a negative self-concept, belief in stereotypical gender expectations, and engaging in transactional sex and/or substance use were reported risk factors for GBV (11).

Schools are a best site for recruiting young person’s because a sizeable proportion of the Ethiopian adolescents are enrolled in schools. It also a well-respected local institutions, touching all families in a community regardless of socio economic status or income There were 3,466,972 secondary school attendants in2019/2020 academic year (12). Even if, GBV is still the first research priority area in Africa which is identified by WHO(13). There were limited studies about gender-based violence in secondary school students in Ethiopia, and no study was found particularly in our study area. More over; our study assesses the prevalence of gender-based violence during lockdown due to Covid-19 pandemic. The main aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and associated factor of Gender Based Violence among Baso high school female students in Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia.

Study setting and population

An institution based cross-sectional study was employed among Baso high school female students in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. Debre Berhan; which is the administrative centre of North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region and it is located 130 km far from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Based on the 2007 national census this town has a total population of 65,231, of whom 33,563 are women(14). There are four governmental high schools in Debre Berhan town and our study was conducted among Baso high school female students from November 2020-December 2020.

Sampling size and determination

Single population proportion formula was used to calculate the required sample size using the lifetime prevalence of sexual violence among high school female students as 68.2% reported in a previous study (15). Considering 95%CI and 5% margin of error, the final sample size was 350. First, stratified random sampling method was employed by considering each grade level as a stratum. List of female students in each grade level was obtained from the registrar office. Then, simple random sampling method was used to select the study participants (Fig. 1).

Data collection instrument and procedure

Self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The tool was adapted from similar studies conducted in Ethiopia (6, 15). This assessment tool was developed using English language and then translated to Amharic language and back to the English language to ensure convenient information was retrieved. The questionnaire includes socio demographic characteristics, family history, substance use, sexual experiences, physical violence status, sexual violence status and complications. Before the actual data collection, a pre-test study was done at Millennium high school students.

Data processing and analyses

Data were checked for completeness and entered into Epidata version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 25 for further data cleaning and analysis. Frequency distributions were obtained to check for data entry error (missing/unrecognized values and codes). Descriptive statistics was done and presented by tables and graphs. The presence of an association between the independent and outcome variable was checked by the Pearson chi-square test. Additionally, each independent variable was fitted separately into bivariate logistic analysis to evaluate for the degree of association with gender-based violence. Also, a further degree of association was assessed by multivariate logistic regression on variables with p-values less than 0.25. The significance level was obtained with 95% CI and p-value < 0.05 to evaluate the degree of association between factors and GBV.

Sociodemographic characteristics

Out of 350 students, 343 were participated in the study with a response rate of 98%. The mean age of study participants was 17.03 ± 1.49 years. Majority of the respondents 315(91.84%) were Orthodox Christian (Table 1).

Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of female Baso high school students in Debre Berhan town, North Shewa Ethiopia, 2020, (N=343).

Variables	Categories	Frequency(N)	Percentage (%)
Age	<18 years	230	67.06
Age	≥18 years	113	32.94
Religion	Orthodox	315	91.84
	protestant	19	5.54
	Other	9	2.62
Residence	Rural	154	44.9
Residence	Urban	189	55.1
Living with	Family	268	78.13
	Husband/boy friend	7	2.04
	Female friend	12	3.5
	Relatives	30	8.75
	Alone	26	7.58
Educational level	Grade 9	159	46.36
	Grade 10	91	26.53
	Grade11	68	19.82
	Grade12	25	7.29
Educational performance	Good and above	126	36.73
	Average	178	51.90
	Poor	39	11.37
Married/Have boy friend	Yes	29	8.45
Married/Have boy friend	No	314	91.55
N=29
Educational status of your husband/boy friend	No formal education	2	6.9
	Grade 1-8	4	13.79
	Grade 9-12	12	41.38
	Certificate and above	11	37.93
Does your husband/boyfriend have monthly income	Yes	16	55.17
Does your husband/boyfriend have monthly income	No	13	44.83

Family history

Among participants included in this study; 274(79.89) of parents were living together. Majority of students292 (85.13%) had close relation with their parents (Table2).

Table 2: Family history of female Baso high school students in Debre Berhan Town, North Shewa Ethiopia, 2020, (N=343).

Variables	Category	Frequency(N)	Percentage (%)
Family condition	Living together	274	79.89
	Divorced /separated	34	9.91
	One of them are not alive	27	7.87
	Both are not alive	8	2.33
Educational status of mother	No formal education	122	35.57
	Grade 1-8	133	38.77
	Grade 9-12	44	12.83
	Certificate and above	44	12.83
Educational status of father	No formal education	112	32.65
	Grade 1-8	120	34.99
	Grade 9-12	44	12.83
	Certificate and above	67	19.53
Closeness to family	Yes	226	65.9
Closeness to family	No	117	34.1
Pocket money	Yes	236	68.8
Pocket money	No	107	31.2
Perceived Family income	Good and above	194	56.56
	Average	118	34.4
	Poor	31	9.04
Family control	Tight	223	65
	Average	103	30
	Loose/free	17	5
Witnessing violence on mother	Yes	34	10
Witnessing violence on mother	No	309	90

Substance abuse and sexual experience

Among our study participants; 86(25.07%) of them, and 129(41.98%) of their friends were use Alcohol (Table 3). Among our respondents; 220(41.14%) had experience of free discussion about reproductive issues with their parents. One hundred-six (30.9%) had sexual experience. From those who had sexual experience; 70(66.02%) of them were willing at first intercourse (Table4).

Table 3: History of substance use among female Baso high school students in Debre Berhan Town, North Shewa Ethiopia, 2020, (N=343).

Variables	Category	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)
Chew chat (khat)	Yes	10	2.92
Chew chat (khat)	No	333	97.08
Cigarette smoking	Yes	4	1.17
Cigarette smoking	No	339	98.83
Alcohol drinking	Yes	86	25.07
Alcohol drinking	No	257	74.93
Friends chew chat(khat)	Yes	14	4.08
Friends chew chat(khat)	No	329	95.92
Friends’ cigarette smoking	Yes	10	2.92
Friends’ cigarette smoking	No	333	97.08
Friends drink Alcohol	Yes	114	33.2
Friends drink Alcohol	No	229	66.8

Table4: Sexual experience among female Baso high school students included in this study in Debre Berhan Town, North Shewa Ethiopia, 2020,(N=343).

Variables	Category	Frequency(N)	Percentage (%)
Free discussion about reproductive issues	Yes	220	64.14
Free discussion about reproductive issues	No	123	35.86
Sexual intercourse	Yes	106	30.9
Sexual intercourse	No	237	69.1
N=106
Age at first intercourse	<18	43	40.57
Age at first intercourse	≥18	63	59.43
Willingness at intercourse	Yes	70	66.02
Willingness at intercourse	No	36	33.98
Number of sexual partner	One	66	62.26
Number of sexual partner	Two or more	40	37.74

Magnitude of Gender Based Violence

The lifetime prevalence of GBV, and GBV during the lock down was 162(47.2%; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.53) and 124 (36.2%; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.41) respectively. Life time sexual violence and physical violence were found to be 96 (27.99%; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.33), and 130 (37.99%; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.43), respectively. Sexual violence and physical violence during the lockdown were found to be 73 (21.28), and 61(17.78%), respectively.

Physical violence

Of all respondents, 130(37.9%) reported physical violence once in their lifetime. Among respondents 69(20.12%) reported that violence happened before joining the school, 98(28.57%) after joining the school and 46 (13.14%) sustained during this academic year (Fig. 2).

Sexual violence and Perpetrators

The lifetime prevalence of sexual violence among female students was found to be 27.99%, while sexual violence before joining the school, after joining the school and in the current academic year was reported as 45 (13.12%), 65(18.95%) and 28(8.16%) respectively. According to our study, the offenders of physical violence were family members, students, teachers and husbands/boyfriends (Table 5).

Table5: Sexual violence among female Baso high school students included in this study inDebre Berhan Town, North Shewa Ethiopia, 2020, (N=343).

Variables	Category	Frequency (N)	Percentage (%)
Lifetime sexual violence	Yes	96	27.99
Lifetime sexual violence	No	247	72.1
Sexual violence before joining school	Yes	45	13.12
Sexual violence before joining school	No	298	86.88
Sexual violence since joining school	Yes	65	18.95
Sexual violence since joining school	No	278	81.05
Sexual violence in academic year	Yes	28	8.16
Sexual violence in academic year	No	315	91.84
Sexual violence during lock down	Yes	73	21.28
Sexual violence during lock down	No	270	78.72
N=96
Perpetrator of sexual violence	Boyfriend/Husband	13	13.54
	Family member	18	18.75
	Teacher	24	25.00
	Student	41	42.71
Place of sexual violence happened	Home	60	62.5
	Hotel	31	32.29
	Another place	5	5.21
Share incident to family	Yes	18	18.75
Share incident to family	No	78	81.25
Reporting to legal body	Yes	9	9.37
Reporting to legal body	No	87	90.63
N=87
Reason for not reported	Didn’t know what to do	13	14.94
	Fear of perpetrator	19	21.84
	Feeling of shame	55	63.22

Consequences of sexual violence

There were lots of reported physical, psychological and other complications associated with sexual violence. Complications like: rejection from family, rejection from friends/peers, poor academic achievement/ failure to continue the school, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, infection and trauma to genital area (Figure 3).

Factors associated with gender-based violence

Initially, bivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables found to be associated with GBV. Next, multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with GBV. The multivariate analysis results show that; respondents’ poor educational performance (AOR = 4.52; 95% CI: 1.82,11.3), monthly pocket money received from their parents (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.56,5.64), don’t having experience of free discussion about reproductive issues (AOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.42,5.21), and experience of sexual intercourse (AOR = 13.22; 95% CI: 4.80, 36.37) were found to be determinants of gender-based violence. (Table 6).

Table6: Factors associated with gender-based violence among Basso high school female students, 2020.

Variables	Category	Frequency	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Educational performance	Good and above	126	Ref.	Ref.
	Average	178	10.08(5.74,17.71)	1.64(0.48,5.61)	0.235
	Poor	39	6.67(2.94,14.22)	4.52(1.82,11.3)	0.001
Closeness to family	yes	226	Ref.	Ref.
Closeness to family	No	117	13.06((7.38,23.09)	2.72(0.67,10.98)	0.163
Pocket money	Yes	236	4.24(2.54,7.07)	2.97(1.56,5.64)	0.001
Pocket money	No	107	Ref.	Ref.
Family control	Tight	223	Ref.	Ref.
	Average	103	0.75(0.47,1.20)	0.83(0.21,3.28)	0.785
	Loose/free	17	3.52(1.11,11.14)	0.64(0.14,2.88)	0.564
Alcohol drinking	Yes	86	4.06(2.38,6.92)	1.15(0.46,2.83)	0.768
Alcohol drinking	No	257	Ref.	Ref.
Friends who drink alcohol	Yes	114	3.14(1.96,5.02)	1.67(0.78-4.61)	0.671
Friends who drink alcohol	No	229	Ref.	Ref.
Free discussion about reproductive issues	Yes	220	Ref	Ref.
Free discussion about reproductive issues	No	123	8.65(5.30,14.10)	2.72(1.42,5.21)	0.003
Sexual intercourse	Yes	106	33.11(15.25,71.92)	13.22(4.80,36.37)	0.00001
Sexual intercourse	No	237	Ref.	Ref.

Key: Ref. =Reference, COR=Crude Odd Ratio, AOR= Adjusted Odd Ratio, CI=Confidence Interval

Gender Based Violence is a practice of intentional harm to people usually considering gender and using traditional gender inequalities and it is the worldwide problem it is against human right of peoples and has many consequences including health related complications as well as life-threatening outcomes it has so many forms like physical, sexual and psychological violence particularly against women.

Magnitude of Gender Based violence

In our study, the life time prevalence of gender-based violence was 47.2% and the gender-based violence particularly during the period of lockdown was 36.2%. The prevalence of sexual violence was 27.9% and physical violence was 37.9%. At the time of lock down the prevalence of sexual violence and physical violence was found to be 21.28% and 17.78% respectively. This finding is consistent with a study conducted in Debre Markos city particularly the life time gender-based violence were reported to be 47.0% which exactly a similar result but in terms of sexual violence our study result showed a higher prevalence compared with a study done in Debre Markos city, which was 23.3% and regarding physical violence our result was slightly lower that the results of Debre Markos city which was 39.5% (16). The similarities in life time gender-based violence might be due to the nature of similarities of culture, and social living status of the participants because both of the study areas are from Amhara region and mainly Amhara ethnicity the differences might be due to sample size.

Our study finding was lower than a study conducted in the southern part of Ethiopia (wolaita Sodo and Aleta wondo), and a study conducted in Maputo. A cross sectional study which was published recently indicated that the prevalence of life time gender based-violence (GBV), sexual and physical violence were 63.2%, 37.2%, and 56.3%, respectively in Wolaita Sodo town and another study in Aleta wondo reported that life time prevalence of gender based violence were 68.2 % as well as sexual and physical violence were 26.3% and 56.14% respectively the study conducted in Maputo reported that the life time prevalence of gender based violence among school adolescent girls were 55.7 % the difference for this might be due to the difference in socio cultural and norms among the study populations besides the difference also might be due to study settings (6, 15, 17)

Associated factors of Gender based-violence

From the findings of this research educational performance, pocket money, the free discussion about reproductive health issues, and experience of sexual intercourse showed significant associations with the outcome variable which is gender-based violence.

Poor educational performance among high school students were associated with gender-based violence in our study those who have poor educational status has 4.5 times more at risk of having gender based violence or experienced gender-based violence than their counterparts these finding shows similarities with the study conducted at Bahirdar city high school female students according to the study those students who had poor educational performance were three times the odds of gender-based violence than those who have good school performance(18). Another study conducted in Menkorer High school, North west Ethiopia indicated that Respondents with current educational status of good and above were less likely to be a victim of gender based violence by nine Percent when compared with students who have poor educational status (5). Another study conducted in Mombasa, Kenya showed that literacy decreased gender based violence’s(19).

Regarding the student’s economic status or their pocket money which they get from their families are related to their gender-based violence situation; in our study we found that those students who have pocket money were more likely to expose for gender-based violence than their counterparts. This finding is contradicted from other research findings like a study conducted in, Dilla, south Ethiopia and a study conducted in Gondar, northern Ethiopia. Their finding indicates that having pocket money reduces the risk of gender based violence (20, 21) .This may be due to the positive association between the amount of money young people received and higher rates of drug use (22, 23) that results increase in risk of gender based violence.

Those students who do not have the free discussion about reproductive health issues had 2.7 times odds of gender-based violence than their counterparts this finding is supported by the study conducted in other areas of the country a study conducted at Bahirdar city in Amhara region reported that Lack of experience of discussion about sexual and reproductive health issues with their family and or friends has increased almost four times the odds of GBV as compared to their counterparts(18). Another study conducted at Gondar showed that significant association between the outcome variable gender based violence and the independent variable of free discussion about reproductive health issues (21). The fact that discussion of sexual and reproductive health issues between parents and adolescents is one of the best ways that enable adolescents to delay sexual activity and create awareness to prevent violence.

Another significant variable that shows association with the outcome variable in our study is sexual intercourse so, according to our finding those students who have a history of sexual intercourse has 13.2 times the odds of getting gender-based violence than their counterparts. This finding was supported by study conducted in Dilla which revealed that those students who have sexual experience were 5.7 times more likely getting gender based violence than their counterparts(20). There were also other studies reported the association of sexual activity with gender based violence among high school students (6, 24) .

The prevalence of overall gender-based violence, sexual, physical, and emotional violence was high. This study also found that respondent’s educational performance, monthly pocket money received from their parents, free discussion about reproductive issue, and experience of sexual intercourse was strongly associated with gender-based violence. A comprehensive educational institution-based prevention strategy and effective interventions should be developed to mitigate gender-based violence. Government policy makers, non-governmental organizations, program designers and other stakeholders should be developed effective intervention and prevention strategies to reduce gender-based violence in educational institutions.

AIDS=Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AOR=Adjusted Odd Ratio

CI= Confidence Interval

COR=Crude Odd Ratio

GBV=Gender Based Violence

HIV=Human Immune Deficiency Virus

IRB= Institutional Review Board

STI= Sexual Transmitted Infection

WHO= World Health Organization

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge all staff members of Baso high school, all data collectors, and all study participants for their cooperation during data collection.

Consent for publication: Not applicable

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for this work and the research was funded by the authors.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical clearance was obtained from IRB of Debre Berhan University. Oral consent was obtained from study participants

Author’s contribution

ABM: designed methods, Conduct data entry, conduct data analysis, andwrote the paper

TMD: wrote discussion, edit the paper

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Gender Based Violence Among Baso High School Female Students, 2020.

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