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Research article
John Robert Calvert
Simon Fraser University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9534-9456
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Major transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have identified Nigeria, the seventh most populous country in the world, as a market with a significant revenue potential, given its high youth population and growing gross domestic product (GDP). This research analyses tobacco industry-related strategies and activities targeting youth (aged 15 to 24 years) in Nigeria involving existing, but most importantly, future tobacco users. Nigeria is the focus of this study because the tobacco industry has viewed it as a major emerging market since the 1990s. Successful marketing in Nigeria could provide the industry with a template for similar initiatives in other emerging markets in low- and middle-income countries.
Methods: The research began with a systematic review of secondary literature to determine how the tobacco industry has targeted youth globally and factors contributing to youth smoking initiation. It then used the theory of triadic influence as a heuristic framework to categorize the various factors influencing youth smoking initiation and industry strategies related to increasing tobacco use among youths. Quotations from internal tobacco industry documents were organized into the three streams of the theory of triadic influence: biology/personality, social and cultural/environmental streams. A total of 12 interviews were conducted with 6 policymakers and governmental officials, 2 civil society organization representatives, a high school principal, a journalist and 2 researchers to investigate how the tobacco industry had targeted youth in Nigeria.
Results: The findings indicate that TTCs have actively targeted youth in Nigeria since the 1990s, focusing on changing behaviour through the biology/personality, social and environmental/ cultural streams.
Conclusion: The study suggests that Nigeria implement and vigorously enforce its 2015 National Tobacco Control Bill as well as a package of other measures to prevent tobacco companies targeting youth.
Keywords
Nigeria, tobacco control, theory of triadic influence, youth
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
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Posted 02 Mar, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 03 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 01 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 29 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 29 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 14 Feb, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 11 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 04 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 20 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 16 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 16 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 14 Jan, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 13 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 13 Jan, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 20 Dec, 2019
Review #3 received
Received 18 Dec, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 17 Dec, 2019
Review #2 received
Received 17 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 02 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 02 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 02 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 01 Dec, 2019
Editor assigned
On 29 Nov, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 22 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 22 Nov, 2019
First submitted
On 29 Oct, 2019
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Public Health.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
John Robert Calvert
Simon Fraser University
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9534-9456
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
Version 3
Posted 02 Mar, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 03 Mar, 2020
Editor assigned
On 01 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 29 Feb, 2020
Editor invited
On 29 Feb, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 14 Feb, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 11 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 04 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 20 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 16 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 16 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 14 Jan, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 13 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 13 Jan, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 20 Dec, 2019
Review #3 received
Received 18 Dec, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 17 Dec, 2019
Review #2 received
Received 17 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 02 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 02 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 02 Dec, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 01 Dec, 2019
Editor assigned
On 29 Nov, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Nov, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 22 Nov, 2019
Editor invited
On 22 Nov, 2019
First submitted
On 29 Oct, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
Background: Major transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have identified Nigeria, the seventh most populous country in the world, as a market with a significant revenue potential, given its high youth population and growing gross domestic product (GDP). This research analyses tobacco industry-related strategies and activities targeting youth (aged 15 to 24 years) in Nigeria involving existing, but most importantly, future tobacco users. Nigeria is the focus of this study because the tobacco industry has viewed it as a major emerging market since the 1990s. Successful marketing in Nigeria could provide the industry with a template for similar initiatives in other emerging markets in low- and middle-income countries.
Methods: The research began with a systematic review of secondary literature to determine how the tobacco industry has targeted youth globally and factors contributing to youth smoking initiation. It then used the theory of triadic influence as a heuristic framework to categorize the various factors influencing youth smoking initiation and industry strategies related to increasing tobacco use among youths. Quotations from internal tobacco industry documents were organized into the three streams of the theory of triadic influence: biology/personality, social and cultural/environmental streams. A total of 12 interviews were conducted with 6 policymakers and governmental officials, 2 civil society organization representatives, a high school principal, a journalist and 2 researchers to investigate how the tobacco industry had targeted youth in Nigeria.
Results: The findings indicate that TTCs have actively targeted youth in Nigeria since the 1990s, focusing on changing behaviour through the biology/personality, social and environmental/ cultural streams.
Conclusion: The study suggests that Nigeria implement and vigorously enforce its 2015 National Tobacco Control Bill as well as a package of other measures to prevent tobacco companies targeting youth.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
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