There were no statistical differences between intervention groups in all bio-demographic variables (Table 1) and all measured parameters at base-line (Table 2(. All experimental parameters measured between groups after 12 weeks of intervention are presented on Table 3. All experimental parameters measured between groups after six weeks of intervention are presented on Table 4.
Primary outcomes measures:
The differences in Tinetti balance scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=10.03, p<0.001), the API group (M=1.385, SD=0.76), the OLPI group (M=0.357, SD=1) and the NPI group (M=-0.133, SD=0.91). Tukey Post Hoc tests showed that both OLPI group and NPI groups improved significantly less than the API group (Figure 2.a).
The differences in Tinetti balance scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=6.00, p< 0.05), the API group (M=0.846, SD=0.80), the OLPI group (M=0.071 , SD=1), and the NPI group (M=0.66, SD=0.74). Tukey Post hoc tests showed that both OLPI and NPI groups scored significantly lower than the API group (Figure 3.a).
The differences in Tinetti gait scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were not significant (F(2,39)=0.52, n.s) (Figure 2.b). The differences in Tinetti gait scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were not significant (F(2,39)=1.61, n.s) (Figure 3.b).
The differences in fall risk scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=5.62, p0>.05), the API group (M=1.69, SD=1.03), the OLPI group (M=0.50, SD=1.45), and the NPI group (M=0.06, SD =1.38). Tukey Post hoc tests showed that the NPI group scored significantly lower than the API group. The OLPI and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 2.c).
The differences in Fall risk scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=4.06, p<0.05), the API group M=1.07, SD=1.25), the OLPI group (M=0.26, SD=1.09), and the NPI group (M=-0.07, SD=0.82). Tukey Post hoc tests showed that the NPI group scored significantly lower than the API group, and the OLPI group did not score significantly lower than the API group. However, the OLPI and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 3.c).
The differences in DSF scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=8.85, p<0.001), the API group (M=0.214, SD=0.80), the OLPI group (M=1.84, SD=1.06), and the NPI group (M=0.26, SD=1.34). Tukey Post hoc tests showed that both OLPI group and NPI groups scored significantly lower than the API group. However, the OLPI and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 2.d).
The differences in DSF scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)= 6.20, p<0.05), the API group (M=1.23, SD=0.92), the OLPI group (M=0.07, SD=0.99), and the NPI group (M=-0.33, SD=1.54). Tukey Post hoc tests showed that the OLPI and NPI groups scored significantly lower than the API group. However, the OLPI group and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 3.d).
The differences in DSB scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were not significant (F(2,39)=1.437, n.s), the API group (M=0.92, SD=1.11), the OLPI group (M=-0.07 , SD=1.2), and the NPI group (M=0.33, SD=2.02) (Figure 2.e).
The differences in DSB scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were not significant (F(2,39)=1.882, n.s), the API group (M=0.769, SD=1.16), the OLPI group (M=0.21, SD=1.05), and the NPI group (M=0.00, SD=1.00) (Figure 3.e).
The differences in CBTF scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=3.54, p<0.05), the API group (M=1.07, SD=1.03) , the OLPI group (M=0.000, SD=1.17), and the NPI group (M=0.66, SD=1.27). Tukey post hoc tests showed that both the OLPI and NPI groups scored significantly lower than the API group. However, the OLPI and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 2.f).
The differences in CBTF scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were not significant (Figure 3.f).
The differences in CBTB scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were significant (F(2,39)=6.50, p<0.05), the API group (M=0.923, SD=0.862), the OLPI group (M=0.142, SD=1.09), and the NPI group (M=-0.467, SD=1.06). Tukey Post Hoc tests showed that the API group scored significantly higher than the NPI group but not from the OLPI. However, the OLPI and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 2.g).
The differences in CBTB scores between the baseline measurement and after six weeks of intervention between the groups were marginally significant (F(2,39)=31.9, p=0.052), the API group (M=0.461, SD=0.77), the OLPI group (M=-0.57, SD=1.45), and the NPI group (M=-0.53, SD=1.24) . Tukey post hoc tests showed that both the OLPI and NPI groups scored marginally significantly lower than the API group. However, the OLPI and NPI groups did not differ significantly (Figure 3.g).
Secondary outcomes measures:
The differences in HPTP scores between the baseline measurement and after 12 weeks of intervention between the groups were marginally significant (F(2,39)=3.13, p=0.055), the API group (M=0.39, SD=0.50), the OLPI group (M=0.19, SD=0.59), and the NPI group (M=-0.32, SD=1.11). Tukey post hoc tests showed that the difference between the API group (M=0.39, SD=0.50) and the NPI group (M=-0.32, SD =1.11) are marginally significant. The other contrasts did not show significant differences between groups (Figure 4).