MicroRNA-183-5p Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation Via Accelerating Pyroptosis By Targeting FoxO1

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer worldwide, causing 700,000 deaths annually. Despite decades of extensive research of HCC, the prognosis of HCC remains unsatisfactory, mainly due to lack of reliable sensitive biomarkers. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to identify novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC, as well as explore the underlying mechanisms of HCC progression. Pyroptosis, a highly inammatory form of lytic programmed cell death, is attracting more attention in HCC. microRNAs are involved in the regulation of pyroptosis. miR-183-5p, an oncogene, is up-regulated in HCC, but it is unclear the relationship between miR-183-5p and pyroptosis in HCC, which was investigated in vitro. Our data demonstrated that miR-183-5p promoted proliferation of HCC, accompanied with upregulating pyroptosis related molecules, as well as IL-1β/IL-18. miR-183-5p promotes pyroptosis via targeting FoxO1 in HCC HepG2 cells, consequently contributing to cell proliferation. Such nding may provide be a novel therapeutical specic target for treatment of HCC.


Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main primary liver cancer, is health problem worldwide with unacceptable high mortality and poor prognosis [1]. There is great progression in treatment of HCC over recent years, the prognosis of HCC patients is still very poor, mainly due to these patients were at the advanced stage when diagnosed [2]. Furthermore, there are serious side effects but limited e cacy in many drugs for the treatment of HCC, and/or development of primary or secondary drug resistance [3,4]. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to identify novel biomarkers with great sensitive and speci city for early diagnosis of HCC. In addition, it should also explore the precise underlying mechanisms of HCC progression for development of novel therapeutic drugs.
Pyroptosis is a form of lytic programmed cell death initiated by in ammasomes, detecting cytosolic contamination or perturbation [5]. Pyroptosis drives activation of caspase-1 or caspase11/4/5, which cleave gasdermin D, separating its N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD) from the C-terminal repressor domain (RD), accompanied by the release of in ammatory factors, such as IL-1β and IL-18 [6,7]. More recently, pyroptosis has attracted attention for its role in anti-cancer treatments, particularly among these cancer patients developed apoptosis-related drug resistance [8,9]. Therefore, exploring the inner link between pyroptosis and cancer is conducive to discovering new drugs for the treatment of cancer. It has been reported that pyroptosis is involved in development of HCC [10], perhaps involving microRNAs (miRNA), [11,12]. miRNA, which is often combined with 3'untranslated region (3' UTR) of messenger RNA, is a type of endogenous non-coding single-stranded small RNA with a length of 19-25 bases [13,14]. miRNA-183 family includes miR-183, miR-96 and miR-182 [15]. Abnormal expression of miR1835p is related to the pathogenesis of a number of malignancies [16][17][18]. miR-183 is signi cantly up-regulated in HCC via regulating transcription factors or the demethylation of the gene promoter region, compared with normal tissues [1,19] . Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) is a vital transcriptional factor involves oxidative stress via regulating anti-oxidases [20]. FoxO1 has been identi ed as a co-target of miR-183-5p, miR-96-5p and miR-182-5p in cancers [20]. More recently it has been demonstrated that FoxO1 is involved in pyroptosis [21,22].
Although microRNA involves in other diseases via regulating pyroptosis, the interaction between miR-183-5p and pyroptosis in HCC is unclear. Here we investigated whether miR-183-5p regulates the development of HCC via pyroptosis.

Materials And Methods
Cell Culture and source of miRNA Human HCC HepG2 cells used was purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences by Kilton Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HepG2 cells were cultured in a humidi ed incubator with 37℃ atmospheres supplemented with 5% CO 2 , using Dulbecco's modi ed eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin. miR-183-5p mimics, mimics negative control (NC), miR-183-5p inhibitor, inhibitor NC were purchased from Jima Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The sequence was listed in Table I.
Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) CCK-8 assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Brie y, HepG2 cells were plated in a 96-well plate with 1*10 4 /mL, miR-183-5p mimics, mimics NC or miR-183-5p inhibitor, or inhibitor NC were transfected into cells, then 10 µL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well of a 96-well plate and incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The optical density was measured at an absorption wavelength of 450 nm. Results were normalized to control levels.

IL-1β, IL-18 (ELISA)
Culture medium was collected according to manufacturer's protocols, IL-1β or IL-18 in the supernatant was measured, using commercial ELSIA Assay Kit. In brief, IL-1β, IL-18 substrate mix and assay buffer were added into cell culture supernatants in a 48 well plate. After the incubation at 37℃ for 15min without light, the absorbance was recorded at 450 nm on microplate reader.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from HCC cells, using TrizoL reagent according to the manufacturer's instruction. A total of 2 µg of RNA was used for cDNA synthesis with a Reverse Transcription Kit in 20 µL reaction volume. Equal amounts of cDNA were subjected to PCR with the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix Kit. The condition including an initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, 72°C for 30 s, and a terminal extension at 72°C for 5 min. Each sample was examined in triplicate and β-actin was used as the internal control. GraphPad Prism v8 was used to create the scatter plots. All primers were obtained from TaKaRa. The primers we used for qRT-PCR is listed in Table II.

Western blot analysis
Equal amount of proteins were extracted from cells and separated by sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) according to the manufacturer's instruction, and then transferred to a polyvinylidene di uoride membrane. After blocking the membrane with 5% non-fat milk, membranes were incubated overnight with the speci c primary antibodies at 4°C, and then incubated for 1h with the corresponding secondary antibody. The band intensities were analyzed and protein expression was quanti ed using Alpha EaseFC.

Statistical analysis
Statistically signi cant differences were assessed by Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance tests followed by Bonferroni's method or Fisher's Least Signi cant Difference for multiple comparisons when necessary. The data were expressed as the mean ± SD. Coe cients of correlation (r) were determined by the Pearson correlation method. The criterion for statistical signi cance was set at P < 0.05.
Using CCK kit, the proliferation rate of miR-183-5p mimics group was markedly higher than mimics NC group, following 24 h, 48 h or 72 h transfection; and miR-183-5p inhibitor group was visibly lower than inhibitor NC group. the results suggested that miR-183-5p can promote HCC proliferation (Fig. 1B).
Bioinformatics demonstrated that MiR-183-5p targets FoxO1. Thus qRT-PCR and Western Blot were used to determine the expression of FoxO1 after these different transfections for 24 h of HepG2 cells, as stated above (Fig. 2). The expression of FoxO1 in miR-183-5p mimics group was signi cantly higher than that in mimics NC group; Compared with inhibitor NC, the expression of FoxO1 in the miR-183-5p inhibitor group was signi cantly lower.

miR-183-5p promote hepatocellular carcinoma pyroptosis
It was investigated that the interaction between miR-183-5p and pyroptosis in HCC, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of pyroptosis related moleculars, NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 following the different transfections for 24 h. Our results demonstrated that the expression of pyroptosis related mRNA NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 of miR-183-5p mimics group are signi cantly increased compared with the mimics NC group (Fig. 3). Conversely, compared with the inhibitor NC group, the expression of pyroptosis related mRNA of miR-183-5p inhibitor group are evidently reduced. Western blotting also con rmed similar changes at protein level.
Using ELISA, IL-1β and IL-18 were clearly higher in the supernatants from miR-183-5p mimics group, compared with mimics NC group (Fig. 4). IL-1β and IL-18 release from the miR-183-5p inhibitor group was signi cantly reduced, compared with inhibitor NC.

Discussion
In the current study, we have demonstrated that miRNA-183 contributes to the pyroptosis of HCC in vitro at mRNA and protein level, consequently contributing to cell proliferation.
A class of small non-coding RNAs with the ability to negatively regulate gene expression, called miRNAs, have been found to have a great effect on the progression of tumors [23,24]. miRNAs involve in cancer cell differentiation and homeostasis, playing an indispensable role in many pathophysiological processes, including HCC [22]. It has been demonstrated that miR-183-5p, as an oncogene, is up-regulated in HCC [25,26]. In our current study, it was explored whether miR-183-5p target FoxO1 based on bioinformatic prediction. [12,20,27]. Our study con rmed this prediciton, showing a linkage beteen miR-183-5p and FoxO1 HCC cells in vitro, suggesting that miR-183-5p promotes FoxO1 expression in HCC HepG2.
Studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell pyroptosis [28][29][30][31]. The importance of our nding is that pyroptosis is being focused in anti-cancer treatment, because emerging evidence suggests that cancer can evade apoptosis-induced death via resisting apoptotic signals [32,33]. Therefore, it is critically important to develop new anti-cancer drugs based on non-apoptotic cell death. Increasing evidences have demonstrated that pyroptosis plays a dual role during tumor progression, including antitumor and tumor-promoting [34]. In addition, pyroptosis eliminates damaged cells, causing an in ammatory response to defend against intracellular infection [35]. On the other hand, the in ammatory micro-environment activated during the process of pyroptosis is auspicious to the occurrence and progress of cancers, which may stimulate autocrine or paracrine processes that favor carcinogenic in ammation, metastasis, angiogenesis and tumor growth [36,37]. In the present research, we nd that miR-183-5p can promote the expression of pyroptosis related molecular NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18, and the release of in ammatory factor IL-1β and IL-18 in HCC HepG2 cells. Therefore, miR-183-5p can promote pyroptosis by targeting FoxO1.
Cell proliferation is an important feature of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is regulated by a variety of signaling pathways. A better understanding of its mechanism will help improve cancer treatment [38,39]. We demonstrated that miR-183-5p promoted the proliferation of HCC HepG2 cells, as well as pyroptosisrelated genes. This is in contrast with the nding by Fan et al. [40] showing that luteoloside ( avonoid), inhibits the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of HCC cells through inhibition of NLRP3 in ammasome mediated pyroptosis.Wan et al. [41] suggested miR-223 inhibited HCC cell proliferation by directly targeting NLRP3. Our explanation is that there are differential role of different miRNAs to malignant cells. However, there are opposite consequences about the effect of pyroptosis on the development of HCC. Zhang et al. revealed that AIF could suppress cell proliferation and metastasis by inducing pyroptosis-mediated activation of the NLRP3 in ammasome [42]. Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, is reported to activate caspase-1 and has strong inhibitory effects on proliferation, and migration of HCCs in vitro experimental studies [43]. The tumor microenvironment is extremely intricate. The environment factors and gene signals experienced by the tumor microenvironment are very different, therefore it is not surprising that the response to the carcinogenic signal in these changing environments is also different. The molecular mechanism of the potential effect of pyroptosis on the proliferation of HCC needs further research in the future.
In conclusion, miR-183-5p is conducive to promoting pyroptosis by targeting FoxO1 in HCC HepG2 cells, thereby contributing to cell proliferation. This work provides a new idea for clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, establishing a certain of foundation for molecular targeted therapy. However, the present study has some limitations. Only one cell line, HepG2, was used in the experiments.    Immunoblottings bands for FoxO1 after transfection. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.