Research of the Measurement of Patent-intensive Industry Technology Lock-in from the Perspective of TML

: As the core industry of technological innovation capabilities, patent-intensive industries, cultivating their rapid development is conducive to breaking the "technological lock-in" and realizing my country's independent innovation in the core technology field. Based on the INNOJOY patent database, the wireless communication network patent was selected as the research object, and the subjective and objective weighting method and the growth rate cycle index synthesis method were used to measure the technical lock-in from the perspective of TML. The study found ： (1) The technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea generally shows an upward trend, while the technology lock-in index of China has a trend of declining volatility, and the United States has the highest degree of lock-in in the field of wireless communication network technology, ranking first. Japan is in the second position, South Korea is in the third position, and China is in the fourth position; (2) The six core technologies identified belong to American companies. The public years are concentrated in 2017 and 2019, and the technical field is concentrated in H04W72/04 ( The same data transmission method and user equipment), H04W72/08 (signaling for proximity service and D2D discovery in LTE networks), and H04L1/00 (method to support channel allocation information for uplink and downlink channels) And these three core patents show that the current three core technologies are cutting-edge technologies in the field of wireless communication networks.

article believes that high-quality patents are the core technical elements that constitute technology lock-in. Therefore, the concept of patent-intensive industries should include patent density and patent quality; Second, the research on the measurement of the contribution of patent-intensive industries to economic growth. Taking the 2019 EU Intellectual Property Research Report as an example, its patent-intensive industries accounted for 16.1% of GDP, which greatly promoted its economic development. In 2018, China announced for the first time that the added value of patent-intensive industries accounted for 11.6% of GDP, and its contribution to GDP growth was 15.7%. This indicates that Chhinese patent-intensive industries play an important role in national economic development. Third, research on the strategic path and countermeasures for the development of a powerful country with patent-intensive industries. Based on the perspective of the patent protection system, comparing the differences between the patent systems of China and the United States and their economic growth, it is concluded that a sound patent protection system is a characteristic of a strong patent-intensive industry (Li, Chen, 2017). Du Chuanzhong and Wang Mengchen (2021) established an open economic model of skilled labor, intellectual property protection, and value chain division of labor, and concluded that technological advancement under the protection of intellectual property rights has multi-dimensional characteristics in the promotion of the manufacturing value chain (Du, Wang, 2021). An important standard for patent-intensive industries is to have typical high-quality patents and be able to commercialize them. Patent-intensive industries, as intellectual property-driven innovation-driven industries characterized by high growth, high technology and high added value, not only involve technological change and innovation, and the development of patent legal protection systems, but are also an important driving force for the development of industrial economy.
Through combing and summarizing the existing research, this article believes that patent-intensive industries have three characteristics: First, technical characteristics, that is, the citation relationship of the technology and the IPC distribution field, reflecting the industry's mastery of a certain technology and future technological development trends; second, market characteristics, emphasizing whether a certain technology can obtain excess returns for enterprises in a competitive market and whether it contributes to the economic growth of the country/region; third, legal characteristics, attention the main point is the legal protection period and geographical protection of patented technology, which protects the legitimate rights and interests of patented inventors to a certain extent. In summary, this article believes that patent-intensive industries are knowledge-intensive industries based on the protection of the patent system that form a high-density patent level and continue to obtain operational value by investing in innovative knowledge.

Technology Lock-in Under the TML Model
Lock-in refers to a stable state in which the system presupposes the rejection of other alternative solutions. Arthur (1989) introduced it into the theory of technological innovation and proposed that technological lock-in is an equilibrium state of economic decision-making failure caused by technological dependence (core technological dependence and technological path dependence) (Arthur, 1989). Unless there are enough external stimulus factors, this equilibrium state will continue for a long time with the previous technological development path (the core technology/technological path has been locked in this state for a long time), and even the phenomenon of "Good products are eliminated, bad products survive" may appear (David, 1985). The existing research on technology lock-in is mainly divided into three categories: First, core technology lock-in. Such research mainly focuses on the definition and measurement of core technologies. The core technology is the technology that determines the quality of technical products and the control technology system in the technical system. Yang Wu (2021) believes that core technology has three characteristics: technology, economy, and law. As the basis for the development of the entire technology system, core technology is a key component of the technology system. The core technology is the technical foundation that constitutes the technical product and quality. The core technology must undergo property rights to form a monopoly, which is also the legal basis for technology lock-in; second, technology path lock-in. Take the lithography machine of the Dutch ASML company as an example. ASML and its main shareholders Intel, Samsung and TSMC (TSMC) have formed an industrial interest alliance. With these alliances, ASML has been monopolizing high-end products and technologies in different periods in the field of the most advanced EUV (extreme ultraviolet) lithography machine. Starting from the 1500nm technology of the first generation lithography machine process node in 1978, along with the fourteen generations of technology along 800m, 500nm, 350nm, 250nm, 180nm, 130nm, 90nm, 65nm, 45nm, 32nm, 22nm, 14nm, 7nm, ASML Alliance not only monopolizes the core technology at each stage (forming the core technology lock-in), but also monopolizes the core technology on the entire lithography machine process node technology path (forming the entire technology path lock-in); third, the technical standard lock-in . For example, in the field of communication technology, China has nothing in the 1G and 2G eras, and all core technologies are monopolized in the hands of the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea. While forming core technology locks and technology path locks to China. However, in the 3G era, China has entered the technology to follow, the 4G era basically runs side by side, and the 5G era begins to lead. At present, among the 45 5G standards approved, there are as many as 21 in China. In particular, China has also formed the 5G alliance composed of dozens of companies or institutions, and has built the "ecosystem" of China's 5G technical standards, which has completely broke all the foreign technology lock-in modes of China in the 5G field.
Based on the theory of technological innovation, this article believes that technological lock-in is the result of a combined effect of multiple factors, which involves the transformation and innovation of technology itself, but also includes the drive of the market economy, and is also restricted by the intellectual property protection system. Therefore, this article will study the decoupling of technology lock-in based on the theory model of technology-market-law integration (ie the TML model): First, at the technical level, it can be known from the equilibrium theory that before the market reaches the equilibrium point, a certain that the more patents a technology obtains, the easier it is to be accepted by various market entities, that is, the lock-in effect of the technology on the market will gradually increase. Although the self-reinforcing mechanism will enhance the lock-in effect on a certain technology, it will hinder the production and development of new technologies. From the law of "technology-system" change, we can see that both technological innovation and institutional change must abide by the time rule, but the two are not synchronized (that is, the speed of technological innovation is faster than the speed of institutional change). When a competitor in the market owns a certain leading technology (the technology is at the limit of technological progress obtained in the process of developing to a specific period), other participants will try to find alternative technologies in a higher technological limit by citing existing technologies. Based on this, this article measures the technical elements in technology lock-in from indicators such as the number of patent citations and the number of IPC parts; second, at the market level, The theory of increasing returns believes that when a certain patented technology forms a scale effect in the market, it will bring stable and increasing returns to its owners. The dependence on core technology (technical path) determines the future evolution direction of the economic system. Once a certain patented technology is locked in the market, the difficulty of technological transition is multiplied. In the multi-party technology market, through the implementation of its own technical standards, to strengthen its own monopoly position, technology chasers can easily fall into the trap of passive lock-in. Take the ASML high-end lithography machine as an example. The alliance has strictly controlled the sale of high-end lithography machines to China, and it has strongly promoted the sale of low-end lithography machines (mainly 22nm lithography machines) and chips, and maintained 1-2 the technological gap between the new generations has caused China to be "stuck" in core technology and fall into a vicious circle of "introduction-backward, reintroduction-backward again". Based on this, this article measures market factors from indicators such as the number of the same family and the remaining validity period; third, at the legal level, technology lock-in reflects the legal protection of intellectual property rights such as patents based on product competition, and its essence is competition for obtaining patents and other property rights granted by law. According to the space model of patent property rights, as shown in Figure 1, Technology lock-in from the legal perspective can be studied from two aspects: (1) The legal protection period. The "Patent Law" stipulates that the effective protection period of invention patents is 20 years. However, many of China patented technologies were abandoned in less than 10 years. The electronic field is a typical representative, and the average time is 1-2 years. One of the main reasons is that the patent level is low and the elimination rate is relatively fast; (2) Geographical protection. According to international intellectual property rules, the property rights of a certain patent are only protected in the country/region of the application, but not legally effective in other regions. The main reasons for this are the cost of patent maintenance, the state of technological competition in the area of property rights, and the market scope of the area of property rights. Daghfous and White (1994) summarized the information in the process of "technology-market" innovation as the third element, thinking that it is a comprehensive reflection of technology elements and market elements (Daghfous, White, 1994). Saito Yu (1990) found that technical elements (38.82%), market elements (38.25%) and legal elements (18.87%) are the core elements of technological innovation projects (Saito, 1990). However, the information itself does not have independent essential characteristics. It needs to be included in the field of intellectual property law to better study the logical relationship and dynamic evolution of technology locking, and use indicators such as patent legal status and PCT international applications to measure legal elements.

Quantitative Model
Through the research and analysis of technology lock-in, this article believes that technology lock-in has three principles, namely the basic principle, the systematic principle and the exclusive

Territorial protection
Protection period Patent property Figure 1 The spatial model of patent property rights principle. One is the basic principle. As the core element of technology lock-in, technical elements mainly select the number of citations, the number of citations by examiners, the number of cited patents and other indicators (Zhang, Li, Guo, 2019;Marco, Myriam, Salvatore, 2019;Yang, Sun, Xu, 2021). Technology lock-in has high R&D investment, long R&D cycle, and knowledge silence. These characteristics indicate that technology lock-in has a high level of scientific foundation and difficulty in innovative research and development, and it is difficult to be surpassed by subsequent technologies. "The core technology is based on the development of the industrial technology system" emphasizes the systematic and basic nature of technology lock-in, which is its first essence. This article summarizes it as the fundamental nature of technology lock-in; second, the systemic principle. The market element is the economic goal of technology lock-in. It mainly selects indicators such as the number of the same family, the number of countries in the layout, and whether it is tripartite patent (Abernathy, Utterback, 1975;Rosenbloom, Abernathy, 1982); The formation of technology lock-in and the generation of technology lock-in depend on the technology market system and market ecological environment. The development of technology lock-in extension into peripheral supporting application technologies and the formation of a technology market system around core technologies is a necessary condition for technology lock-in to play a role. Therefore, technology lock-in emphasizes the role of its technology market system, which is systematic; third, the principle of exclusivity. Legal elements are the fundamental guarantee for technology lock-in (He, Dong, 2020). According to the space model of patent property rights, we mainly select the number of rights, the number of unique rights, the survival period, whether PCT international applications and the current legal status are indicators (He, Dong, 2020; Danielle, Charlotta, Jan, 2015). In industrial technology competition, technology is the carrier, economic benefits are the goal, and the law is the means to protect benefits. The overall performance of technology lock-in is that it has a competitive advantage compared with general technology. The systematic and basic nature of technology lock-in is the prerequisite for its exclusivity. The key effect on product function and quality is its exclusive performance. Exclusive monopoly is the guarantee to maintain its competitive advantage. In summary, technology lock-in has the characteristics of system, basic and exclusivity. Based on the three principles of technology lock-in, the basic principle, the system principle and the principle of exclusivity, in terms of technical elements, indicators such as the number of citations and IPC subclass numbers are selected; in terms of market elements, indicators such as the number of the same family and tripartite patents are selected; In terms of legal elements, indicators such as the number of weights and the number of independent weights are selected to construct the technical locking measurement indicators under the TML model, as shown in Figure 2.

Delphi Method
The Delphi method uses five levels, with "high" representing 100 points, "higher" representing 75 points, "medium" representing 50 points, "low" representing 25 points, and "lower" representing 0 points. By issuing questionnaires to 5 experts and passing 4 rounds of scoring, the weights of secondary indicators are determined based on the results and expert scoring. The weight formula is as follows: (1) In the formula, Wj is the weight of the secondary index, where j=1,2,3, corresponding to technical elements, market elements and legal elements, respectively; N1 to N5 represent the scores of 5 experts in related fields.
The coefficient of variation method is used to assign weights to the three-level indicators, which effectively eliminates the differential influence of different dimensions. In formula (2), Xi is the original data of the i-th three-level index, µ is the average value of the i-th three-level index, and CVi in formula (3) is the coefficient of variation of the i-th three-level index. (2) (3) Calculate the weight ωi of the i-th evaluation index,

Growth Rate Cycle Index Synthesis
The growth rate cycle index synthesis method is to reflect the fluctuation of the index by the growth rate, and to further observe the growth rate of the index by calculating the ratio of the data of the same period of this year and the previous year (Yang, Sun, Xu, 2021). Because this article uses annual data between countries, and most of the data shows a growth trend. Therefore, in order to make a more comprehensive and comprehensive analysis of the relative fluctuations locked in technology, this article adopts the growth rate cycle index synthesis method to measure, the method is as follows: (1) Calculate the year-on-year growth percentage rij of a single indicator, the formula is as follows: (5) Where rij is the year-on-year growth percentage of the i-th third-level index of the j-th second-level index, and Yij(t) is the t-th original data of the i-th third-level index of the j-th second-level index, j=1 ,2,3,i=1,2,3,……,n.
(2) Calculate the weighted sub-item composite index Ij(t) Where ωi is the three-level index weight (3) Calculate the weighted total index I(t) In the formula, Wj is the weight of the secondary index, j=1,2,3, which are the weights of technical factors, market factors and legal factors respectively, and the sum of their weights is 1.
(4) Calculate the smoothed total index, I(t) takes I(2010) as the base period, set the initial value to 100, and calculate the total index for each year through three moving averages. I(t)" is the initial smoothed index, and I (2010)

Identification of Core Technology and Determination of the Degree of Lock-in
Regarding the identification of core patents, this article uses the method of Yang Wu, Sun Shiqiang, and Xu Hongdan (2021)to set the maximum value of the weighted total score (TS) of patents as the benchmark value (ie maxTS), where The range of core patents is greater than or equal to 70%maxTS, the range of key patents is greater than or equal to 30%maxTS and less than 70%maxTS, and the range of general patents is less than 30%maxTS. The specific classification Table 1: Based on the research of Gong Rizhao and Pan Fenping (2020), this paper adopts the law of uniform distribution function to construct the interval number ranking standard of the degree of technical lock-in, as shown in Table 2.

Empirical Analysis 3.1 Data Source and Scope
As the core technology for the development of the information and communication industry, wireless communication network is a key area of key research in countries all over the world. Based on the innojoy patent database, the search method using the combination of the keyword "wireless communication network" and the IPC classification number "H04W" is set to be published between January 01, 2010 and February 01, 2020 (Patent substantive examination takes 18 months), and the top four countries (China, the United States, Japan, and South Korea) for patent disclosures are selected. A total of 77,966 valid patent data are in line with the data requirements of this article.

Indicator Weighting Results
Based on the TML three-dimensional model, subjective and objective methods are used to weight the indicators, and the weight results are obtained, as shown in Table 3.

Measurement Results
It can be seen from Figure  In 2013, the implementation of the "Broadband China" strategy clearly defined the important position of the broadband development path at the national level, which has been promoted to promote the development of the broadband industry chain. In December 2013, the 4G operation license (based on the TD-LTE standard) and the issuance of the first batch of virtual operator licenses represented that China has officially entered In the 4G era, this move has greatly promoted the vigorous development of China's wireless communication network. However, the 2014 statistical annual report released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology pointed out that the revenue growth rate of the wireless communication industry is consistent with the user growth rate, which indicates that this field has entered the relatively saturated new normal (that is, the status of the wireless communications industry in the national economy will continue to shrink), coupled with the patent war between foreign economies and China (take Huawei as an example) and the blockade of core technologies, this has further led to greater difficulties for my country to make independent technological breakthroughs in the wireless communications industry. In 2013, the United States developed the "environmental scattering communication" technology in the data communication professional group of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACMSIGCOMM), which can send and receive information in an environment without power. The emergence of technology has greatly promoted the development of the US radio communication industry. In 2015, the US government vigorously promoted cloud computing, IPV6 and virtualization technology and other fields, and applied new technologies (sensor information technology, predictive analysis, and machine learning, etc.) to improve the efficiency of the use of information technology resources. The technological elements of Japan and South Korea have shown a trend of rising volatility. Among them, in 2012, South Korea upgraded the Internet infrastructure to increase the broadband connection speed to 100Mbps (the speed in the United States was 5Mbps at the time), which has greatly promoted the development of the wireless communication industry in South Korea. In 2015, the emergence of new technologies such as cloud computing and IPV6 greatly promoted the development of wireless communication technologies in Japan and South Korea, and each reached a relative peak. 2018 Three major changes have taken place in the wireless communications industry in 2004: First, the integration of wireless networks and wired networks to achieve the centralized release of optical fiber technology and the strategic deployment of cloud RAN (C-RAN) architecture; Second, the opening of the 3.5GHz frequency band has prompted LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks to converge in licensed spectrum and unlicensed spectrum; the third is the widespread application of 5G in logistics, manufacturing, and medical and other new-generation Internet of Things (loT). The above three changes have prompted the United States , Japan, South Korea reached a peak in 2018, while China only reached a relative peak in 2019. It can be seen from Figure 4 that China's market factor index was in a relatively stable state of development from 2010 to 2017, declined in 2018, and then gradually recovered to the original stable state, showing an upward trend. In 2018, the intensification of the Sino-US trade war had a greater impact on China's wireless communications industry. At the same time, the wireless communications industries in the United States, Japan, and South Korea were also affected to varying degrees. In 2020, the "Global Wireless Communication Network Technology Invention Patent Ranking" jointly released by IPRdaily and incoPat Innovation Index Research Center shows that Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. has 8,607 patents, ranking first, while Qualcomm (US) has 5,807 patents. It can be seen that China's influence in the international market of the wireless communication industry is getting stronger and stronger. There were two troughs in the US market factor index, in 2011 and 2018. In 2011, the US "Super Committee" failed to reduce the deficit, and Congress was almost paralyzed, resulting in a slow economic recovery. At the same time, the European debt crisis has increased the uncertainty of the U.S. economic outlook and further led to an economic downturn in the wireless communications industry. In 2018, the trade war also During the entire observation period, Japan's market factor index fluctuates slightly and is basically in a stable state, which is a stable development. Compared with Japan's relatively stable market factor index, South Korea's market factors have a greater degree of volatility. In general, they show a "W"-shaped development state. There was a relative trough point in 2015 and 2018, and a relative peak in 2016. point. In 2015, the scale of South Korea's ICT industry increased by 1.3%, but its revenue declined compared to 2014, mainly because mobile phones replaced fixed-line phone services. However, in 2016, with the deregulation of the communications industry, the scale of ICT increased by 1.6% year-on-year, which greatly improved the economic development level of the wireless communications industry.  It can be seen from Figure 5 that China's legal factor index has generally shown a downward trend in volatility, and there have been three relative peaks during the decline, respectively in 2013, 2016 and 2019. There are two main reasons for the decline in the volatility of legal elements in China: First, the difference between the growth of patent scale and its value level. Since China promulgated the "Patent Law" in 1984, the country has invested a lot of financial and material resources in patents, which has led to an explosive increase in the number of patent applications. However, many invention patents have been directly abandoned without meeting the 20-year protection period. It shows that the level of patent value is low, which directly caused a large number of low-value patents; second, the degree of patent protection. Patent authorization is limited to the country/region where the patent is filed. In other countries/regions, it is difficult to form corresponding legal effects due to high maintenance costs, fierce technical competition, and complex market environment. This further increases the difficulty for my country's patents to be protected in the international market. From 2011 to 2018, the legal elements of the United States were relatively stable. Since 2018, the curve of U.S. legal elements has shown an upward trend.   It can be seen from Figure 6 that China's technology lock-in index has generally shown a downward trend in volatility, and the rate of decline has accelerated after 2017, indicating that China's certain core technology areas of wireless communication are more vulnerable to technology lock-in by foreign economies. From a technical perspective, the dependence of technological development and the traction of technological tracks are the technological factors that form the lock-in effect. Although China implemented the "Broadband China" strategy and issued 4G licenses in 2013, certain breakthroughs have been made in the field of information and communications. However, foreign economies control the core technologies in the field of wireless communications and maintain a 1-2 generation technological gap with China (Take EUV extreme ultraviolet lithography machine as an example), making it difficult for my country to make independent technological breakthroughs in the wireless communications industry. Compared with China, the technology lock-in of the United States, Japan, and South Korea has generally shown an upward trend of volatility. Among them, the United States began to accelerate South Korea in 2018, followed by Japan and South Korea. The rising side of the technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea also reflects their greater control over core technologies in the field of wireless communication technology. From an economic perspective, various alliance models and economic behaviors in industrial organizations are the economic factors that form the lock-in effect. For example, the Dutch ASML company has monopolized the high-end products and core technologies of lithography machines at various stages by formulating strategic alliance contracts, establishing technical cooperation, exchanges and other industrial alliances. In 2019, under pressure from the United States, it seized two China's the 7nm lithography machine has locked the core technology of China's chip field. According to the viewpoint of law and economics, the optimal validity period of a patented technology is when the social cost and social benefits of the patented technology reach a balance. However, most of China's patents were abandoned by the property owners before the expiry date, which caused China to invest a large amount of research and development funds in the field of wireless communications, but produced a large number of low-value patents. From a legal perspective, the relationship between property rights and behavior constraints are the legal factors that form the lock-in effect. After clarifying the innovation property rights, all parties in the market seek lower-cost property rights institutional arrangements in the market through property rights contracts, so as to encourage technological innovators to obtain a rate of return close to the social rate of return from the innovation property rights. Economists believe that institutional factors (non-technical factors) are decisive factors for economic growth. The entire process of technological innovation is based on institutional innovation, and the key to institutional innovation lies in the innovation of the property right system. The effective period of patented technology property rights in the field of information and communication in China is generally 3 to 5 years (only 17% of the patent rights for innovative technologies terminated in the United States after 3 years), and the elimination rate is relatively fast, resulting in the low efficiency of technical innovation property rights in the field of wireless communications in China. Patented technologies in the international market require higher maintenance costs to restrict other counterfeit technologies to increase their degree of protection, but because of their low value level, It is difficult for patent owners to pay higher maintenance costs, which weakens the behavioral constraints of patented technologies in the international market.

Core technology identification
Through the core patent identification of wireless communication network patents, it can be seen that only 6 patents have scores between [70%, 100%], 129 patents in [30%, 70%), and the number of [0%, 30%) has 77,831 patents. It can be seen that the higher the core technology evaluation index score, the fewer the number of patents, and the core technology evaluation index score presents a normal distribution trend on the right side, and the long tail effect is obvious. It can be seen from Table 6 that the 6 core patents selected are all US corporate patents and are mainly concentrated from 2015 to 2019. It can be seen that enterprises play an important role in the field of wireless communication networks. Among them, the number one patent is US10278167B2, which describes receiving control messages for the WTRU in the radio resource space. From the perspective of the main classification number, the core patents are mainly concentrated in the three core patents of H04W72/04, H04W72/08 and H04L1/00, of which H04W72/04 is the same data transmission method and user equipment; H04W72/08 is in the LTE network Signaling for proximity service and D2D discovery; H04L1/00 is a method and device for providing channel allocation information for supporting uplink and downlink channels.

Conclusion and inspiration
Through in-depth analysis of patent-intensive industries, an integrated theoretical analysis model of "technology-market-law" (TML analysis model) was constructed, and the patented technologies of wireless communication networks in China, the United States, Japan, and South Korea were used as research objects to clarify the formation mechanism of technology lock-in, Decouple and measure technology lock-in, provide a theoretical basis and analysis method for cracking my country's "technical lock-in", and then achieves the goal of a "patent-powered nation". The conclusions are as follows: Research conclusions: (1) The technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea generally shows an upward trend, while the technology lock-in index of China has a trend of decreasing volatility, and the United States has the highest degree of lock-in in the field of wireless communication network technology, in the first place, Japan and South Korea are in the second and third positions, respectively, and China is in the fourth. This shows that although my country has established a patent pool in the field of wireless communications, some core technologies in this field are still subject to foreign developed countries. In addition, the rise in the technology lock-in index of the United States, Japan, and South Korea also reflects their greater control over core technologies in the field of wireless communication technology. The main reason is that in the early development process (1G and 2G era) in the field of wireless communication networks in China, China was over-reliant on foreign core technologies. As a result, China was led by foreign technology tracks when establishing independent core technologies. It is root cause of the lock-in effect. Industrial alliances under economic behavior are the direct cause of technology lock-in. When the social costs and benefits of the patented technology reach an equilibrium point, the multi-party entities will form an alliance of interests during the optimal validity period of the patent to build technical barriers, causing the lock-up and lock-in competition between the technology owner and the subsequent technology user. The entire process of technological innovation is based on institutional innovation, and the key to institutional innovation lies in the innovation of the property right system. The definition of patent property rights is the institutional reason for the formation of technology lock-in. Only the patented technology after the property right has legal effect. Therefore, market entities through clarification of property rights contracts and institutional arrangements for the property rights of core technologies constitute core technology lock-in and obtain monopolistic social profits; (2) The six core technologies identified belong to US companies, and the public year is concentrated in 2017 and In 2019, the technical field is concentrated on the three core patents of H04W72/04, H04W72/08 and H04L1/00, of which H04W72/04 is the same data transmission method and user equipment; H04W72/08 is the LTE network for proximity services and the signaling of D2D discovery; H04L1/00 is a method and device for providing channel allocation information for supporting uplink and downlink channels, indicating that the current three core technologies are cutting-edge technologies in the field of wireless communication networks.
Policy enlightenment: (1) In the technological dimension, it is mainly based on the dependence of technological development and the traction of technological track, and in response to technological development trends such as break innovation and technology leap appearing in the industry, the R&D structure of core technologies should be further optimized, promote the establishment of a sustainable core technology R&D investment mechanism led by public financial resources. The core technology represents the frontier direction of this technology field and is the fundamental factor in promoting the upgrading of patent-intensive industries. The sustainable core technology R&D mechanism is the key to promoting patent-intensive industries to solve the foreign technology lock-in dilemma. Patent-intensive industries should use current core technologies as technological breakthroughs, public financial resources as technical guarantees, and improve the incentive mechanism between all parties, so as to drive social funds led by financial funds to form an all-round, multi-subject, patent-intensive industry upgrade and transformation pattern, and solve the foreign "technology lock-in" dilemma, to crack foreign technology lock-in; (2) From the market dimension, grasp the characteristics of patent-intensive industries at each stage of technological evolution, and clarify the government, industry, universities and scientific research institutions, to build a diversified technology collaboration ecosystem. The systemic issues in patent-intensive industry technology lock-in have strengthened the necessity for government, industry, university, research and research to jointly participate in solving the technology lock-in dilemma. In the process of cracking the technology lock-in, although the government has a lot of financial resources, its function is limited. It is necessary to accurately grasp the characteristics of patent-intensive industries in the technological evolution stage, focus on breaking technology locks, strengthen investment in science and technology, and further promote core technology research and original innovation. Patent-intensive industries should improve the efficiency of resource allocation in the R&D process of core technologies, give full play to their own economic advantages, and stimulate the enthusiasm of new technology research and development. As the promoters of cracking technology lock-in, universities and scientific research institutions should closely integrate with patent-intensive industries, jointly participate in the research and development of new technologies, and create an inclusive technological atmosphere. In the process of cracking the technology lock-in, all parties have an irreplaceable camera role. According to the differences in the development of technology at various stages, a diversified technology collaboration ecosystem should be established and improved; (3) In the legal dimension, improving the intellectual property legal system and stabilize the expected return on core technologies in patent-intensive industries. The process of breaking the technology lock-in itself has the characteristics of high investment, high risk and low return. Based on patent property rights and behavioral constraints, the focus is on the cooperation and competition between the core technology owner and the subsequent technology owner formed by different property rights relationships of technology lock-in and anti-technology lock-in. By improving the intellectual property legal system, clarifying the conditions and paths for the