Forced displacement: an emerging indirect impact of Covid-19 pandemic in America and the rest of the world. Prospects and Solutions

for induced-forced


Introduction
Globally the covid-19 pandemic continues to wreak havoc at all levels, from the individual level to the family and  (Calder, 2021). Nearly every intervention or public health measure to curb the menace presents hard choices for individuals, families, and communities (CDC, 2021 b, CDC, 2021 c,). From lockdown measures, quarantine, to isolations, to vaccine mandates and now disaster-induced forced displacement of people due to shutdown of communities in icted by high infectivity rates (CDC, 2021 b, CDC, 2021 c). The most recently affected community has been the Iraan community of the US state of Texas where due to over 42 percent positivity of its 1,200 residents and a record-high new case of 50 persons within 2 weeks has been forced to shut down (texas.gov). Another dimension to this been the expiration of the CDC, 2021 d.) temporary protection from eviction recommendation and government order post public health declaration of emergencies. The associated forced migration of persons constitutes a potentially serious public health problem of another catastrophic dimension.
According to the internally displaced monitoring center (iDMC), 2021 as of 31 December 2020 there were about 126,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 1714,000 newly displaced persons in America. The global total of IDPs at the same time was at 55M and 40.5M for new displacement in 2020 alone (iDMC, 2021). Furthermore, the UNHCR, (2021) added that forced displacement did surpass 80 million people as of the midyear of 2020 review with the COVID-19 pandemic presenting as a test to refugees' protection. These individuals ordinarily face an array of challenges ranging from environmental and health to socioeconomic, relatively more than a comparative nondisplaced person and now with the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of which include eviction from housing/ lack of shelter, food insecurity, safety, mental health crisis, sanitary conditions, diarrheal diseases, foodborne illness, epidemic outbreak etc. This is aside from the associated nancial cost and irreparable losses suffered from COVID-19. Thus, effort incorporating displaced persons humanitarian intervention measures in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic Global response can help mitigate these seemingly envisaged emerging humanitarian challenges and it is essential to minimizing or checkmating the untoward episodic surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work tries to identify the occurrence of COVID-19 induced forced displacement with an aim to bring to the limelight this ongoing but less attended complication of COVID-19 pandemic and recommends possible solutions for this pandemic humanitarian disaster and future disease outbreaks. Also, to inform policy and practice in complex emergencies, post-emergency recovery, and development contexts.

Methods
We carried out a narrative review on multiple electronic online websites and databases using keywords forced

Results
List of intergovernmental organizations on Force displacement and refugee Studies shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

Discussion
Tables 1, 2, 3 describe the lists of organizations and databases that are within the mandate and eld of forced displacement of persons or communities, globally. However, it was observed in this result nding that forced displacement of persons and communities one year on, the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic is yet to be speci cally monitored, tracked, or commissioned through intergovernmental organizations, databases, or nongovernmental organizations based on likely lack of the incorporation of COVID-19 induced forced displacement. However, most organizations tailored their mandates to re ect humanitarian assistance that is worsened by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which no doubt re ects in every facet of human existence. It is imperative that individuals or communities forcefully displaced or would be displaced (i.e. on the expiration of eviction moratorium order) be speci cally monitored, tracked, and offered humanitarian assistance in order to reduce the cumulative suffering, morbidity, and mortality resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, displacement of person either on an individual or family level as in the case of eviction moratorium or that of the community as in the case of shutdown of Iraan town in Texas USA (CDC, 2021d; texas.gov.).

COVID-19 Induced-Forced Displacement most impacted population
Forced displaced usually disproportionately impact on the most vulnerable population in the community. This includes persons with speci c needs especially people at extreme age in the community, and individuals with disabilities, immunosuppressed or chronic disease (Iraklis G. 2020; Columbia. Edu, 2021.b ; CDC, 2021 a; CDC, 2021 b). This is in a context that they face unique challenges in the face of a doubling of exacerbation of preexisting conditions and COVID-19 infection risks. WHO estimates that 15% of the world's population has a disability (WHO, 2020). Displaced persons living with disabilities, including mobility restrictions, frequently rely on public transport to access essential services, including health care and food distribution points which will be absent during displacement from their communities (WHO, 2020; Iraklis G. 2020; Columbia. Edu, 2021.b).
According to UNHCR, (2021), older refugees comprises of 8.5% of the overall population of the vulnerable groups.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on displaced population.
Prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic along with its complex and compounding effect persecution and con ict had caused forced displacement of over 80 million from their homes in 2020 (UNHCR, 2021). Displaced persons fall into the most vulnerable and marginalized members of the society and constitute higher group following limited access to clean water, sanitation and health care centers (UNHCR, 2021). COVID-19 Global pandemic response disproportionately impact forcibly displaced persons because they mostly have lost livelihood and are most part in poverty (UNHCR, 2021). In fact, over 80 percent of them resides in low to middle income countries or underserved in developed nations. Integrating this groups into pandemic response and keeping them safe present an advantage in controlling the spread and recurrence of disease outbreaks (UNHCR, 2021).

Pragmatic solutions
Pragmatic solutions will entail the below recommendations and should ideally cut across relevant stake holders of the community and this will include women, youths, religious groups, traditional institutions, civil society organizations, employers of labor, educational institutions, government (federal, state, local and tribal). 4.6 Recommendations 1. A long-term and sustainable delivery of essential health services and public pandemic response measures is vital to reducing additional deaths, illnesses, and or suffering due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2. The COVID-19 response must integrate the voices, needs, and priorities of displaced populations, with particular attention to the marginalized and at-risk populations-especially the poor, IDPs/refugees/migrants, women and children and persons with disability or chronic illnesses.
3. All interventions should be harmless, with speci c attention to contextual needs, challenges, and possible unintended consequences like homelessness due to community shutdown or individual/family housing eviction.
4. Extension of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "temporary protection of housing eviction (eviction moratorium)" through the public health emergencies and increase resources for housing and properties owners.
5. Consider all context and avoid a "one size ts all" approach. Lockdowns are often implemented with the assumption that everyone have access to social services, safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, communication, electricity, and su cient food and income. In humanitarian contexts, these requirements are usually so or not met. It is important to ensure that individuals and communities can continue to meet basic needs, through the provision of nancial assistance, food, and other support. .

Limitation of Study
This is a quick work to stir up humanitarian policy and practice on COVID-19 induced forced displacement in America and around the world, as such it may be limited in coverage, search strategy, scope, data acquisition, and analytics thus it is expected that further research should improve on these shortcomings. Also, any error in this work is unintentional, and however regrettable where any, thus constructive criticism and contribution are most welcome.

Conclusions
Early integration of forced displacement monitoring, tracking, and humanitarian intervention into the COVID-19 pandemic Global response by policy and practice are crucial to early prevention of further forced displacement of persons, episodic disease outbreak, and a resultant collapse of the health system from the raging COVID-19 pandemic. This present study brought to the limelight this ongoing but unattended complication of the COVID-19 pandemic and recommended possible solutions to inform further research, policy, and practice in complex emergencies pre, during, and post-pandemic.

Declarations
Compliance with Ethical Standards Disclosure of potential con icts of interest The ICRC is an international organization focused on aiding people affected by con ict and armed violence and ensuring the protection of victims by law.
https://www.icrc.org/en Source: Northwestern libraries, (2021) Table 2 List of intergovernmental organization databases on forced displacement and refugee Studies