Atoms in Gaseous and Solid States and their Energy and Force Relationships under Transitional Behaviors

By recalling the conventional insights of different atomic states, it is possible to discover new insights, which can cope the existing challenges. In fact, atoms consist of electrons and energy knot nets. In atoms of all elements, suitably intercrossed overt photons form or construct energy knots. In growing atoms of gaseous and solid states, schemes of intercrossing overt photons become different. To construct atomic lattice in any element, overt photons in suitable length and number intercross by keeping the centers of their lengths at a common point. A scheme of intercrossing overt photons frames energy knots simultaneously clamping to positioned electrons. Atoms are differentiated on the basis of their different numbers of energy knots and electrons. A number of unlled states in an atom represents a valency. Excluding hydrogen, atoms possess the same valence number as specied for them. However, two more electrons with two already prescribed ones for the rst shell form the zeroth ring of the atom. In the hydrogen atom, only two electrons are available for two energy knots; two overt photons of the least measured lengths intercross to form the shape like digit eight. In this way, four electrons are clamped by four energy knots to form helium atom. Thus, a helium atom is related to a zeroth ring in all higher order atoms. In order to validate these aforementioned statements, the concept of studying protons and neutrons is no longer signicant. As far as the atoms of gaseous state are concerned, electrons possess the minimum required potential energy. In this way, electrons of gaseous atoms remain above the middle of clamped energy knots in more than half the length, and they keep on experiencing the maximum required levitational force along the north pole. In atoms of solid state, electrons possess the maximum required potential energy. In this way, electrons of solid atoms remain below the middle of clamped energy knots in more than half the length, and they keep on experiencing the maximum required gravitational force along the south pole. Each transition state of the atom is under the established relation of energy and force. Under transitional energy of an atom, electrons undertake innitesimal displacements within the clamped energy knots, where orientational force keeps on engaging them to introduce the recovery, neutral, re-crystallization and liquid states. Electrons left to the center of atom orientate from north to east clockwise and electrons right to the centre of atom orientate from north to west anti-clockwise during the conversion of gaseous atom to liquid state. On the other hand, electrons left to the center of atom orientate from south to east anti-clockwise and electrons right to the center of atom orientate from south to west clockwise during the conversion of solid atom to liquid state. These fundamental revolutions shed new light on the development of sustainable science and engineering.


Introduction
Understanding the mechanism of atomic formation and, then, relating atoms with each other help to develop sustainable science behind the technologically important materials and their applications. The Periodic Table shows the position of atoms belonging to various elements in the form of rows and columns by referring to their characteristics based on atomic number, mass number, valence number, electronic con guration, atomic radius, electronegativity and shielding effect, etc. The Periodic Table also provides the information of lled and un lled states of electrons, where valency of the atom can be assigned. However, lled and un lled states in atoms of different elements are in different ways.
The lattice (energy knot net) of carbon atom is the same for different allotropes, but each allotrope has different position of lled and un lled states [1]. Solid atoms belonging to different class of elements elongate through experiencing the surface forces at an appropriate level of ground surface [2]. The developing mechanism of various tiny-sized particles has been explained, where gold atoms possess different behaviors of the electronic structure [3]. Transitional behavior atoms of gold element formed monolayer assembly on the solution surface, where triangle-shaped tiny particles developed under the supplied packets of nanoenergy [4]. Structural evolution of atoms executing con ned interstate electron dynamics involves conservative forces, which has been deliberated in a separate study [5]. The phenomena of heat and photon energy have been explored, where electron dynamics of the silicon atom converted heat energy into the photon energy [6]. These studies indicate that atoms belonging to different elements exhibit different electronic structures to the existing ones.
Regardless of that, mercury belongs to transition metals group, where it neither shows the solid state nor gaseous state, but it behaves like liquid (such as bromine). Metals such as cesium, gallium and rubidium remain in solid state at room temperature, and start melting above the room temperature. This displays an important role of lled and un lled states belonging to the outer ring of atoms. Further, inert gas atoms do not show any sort of a nity with atoms of other elements because of the inertness. In this way, they do not bind to evolve the structure; they split under the exceeded propagation of photons having characteristics of current [2]. Therefore, elongation or deformation of solid atoms and splitting of inert gas atoms indicate their different behaviors in terms of energy and force. In this study, a basic relation of energy and force in different-natured atoms when dealing with respective transition states is explored.
At suitable concentration of gold precursor, a large number of tiny-sized particles developed having the triangular shape [7]. Morphological structure of gold particles was developed through different bipolar and unipolar pulses [8]. In tiny-metallic colloids, the incompatible packing developed the particles of distorted shapes and compatible packing developed the particles of geometrical shapes [9]. In the pulsebased process, the processing of gold solution developed particles of geometrical shapes and the processing of silver solution did not develop the particles of geometrical shapes [10]. Particles of unprecedented shapes were developed, thereby identifying the speci c role of energy and force in the process of developing [11]. The use of tiny-sized particles for nanomedicine can be either effective or defective because of the varying behavior of comprised atoms [12]. These studies deduce a different behavior of atoms to the existing one.
Atomic structure of different carbon allotropes along with their binding has been elaborated [1]. Different results of testing and analysis from different regions of a deposited carbon lm explain that how di cult it is to reach for an appropriate conclusion [13]. Morphology and structure of particles in depositing carbon lms altered under the variation of localized process conditions [14]. Carbon lms developed different morphologies and structures of grains and particles because of having different set chamber pressures [15].
The possibility of assembling colloidal matter into meaningful structure enables atoms and molecules to be candidates for future materials [16]. Understanding the individual dynamics of formation of tiny-sized particles is essential prior to their assembling into useful large-sized particles [17]. Hard coating is due to the varyingly switched energy and forced behaviors of gaseous and solid atoms, where non-conservative energy is engaged at the rst stage [18].
Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. The law of universal gravitation involves the mathematical description of gravity. Sir Albert Einstein developed the general theory of relativity along with mass and energy relationship and the principle of relativity was further explained by extending it to the gravitational eld, where the concept of anti-gravity (levity) was not incited; the general theory of relativity remained only a model to a large-scale spectrum structure. The different models such as Rutherford's atomic model and Bohr's atomic model are available in the literature de ning the atomic structure. In addition to these, Yukawa's theory explains the stability of nucleus (neutron to neutron binding) in an atom.
Solid atoms are eligible to evolve different structures when they treat below the suitable level of ground surface. Their ground points also initiate binding below the ground surface. Solid atoms under transitional behavior are eligible to develop different structures when the exerting forces to electrons are in surface format [3,4,[7][8][9][10][11]. Based on these observations, the structure evolution in solid atoms has been discussed, where interstate electron dynamics of atoms involved conservative forces [5]. This indicates again a different behavior of atoms instead of the existing ones describing shells, orbits, band gap, fermi levels, nucleus, etc.
The previous electronic structures describe the atoms with respect to orbital con gurations and shells. In the latter one, the nucleus of an atom also describes the protons and neutrons. More oftenly, the electronic structures describe the atoms with the quantized states in recent works. But the science of materials raises a fundamental question that how the atoms form. Why do atoms exist in gaseous and solid states? What kind of descriptive mechanism do they require in their formation? Orientation force exerting at the electron level should depend on the atomic state, i.e., gaseous, semisolid or solid. In this way, atoms of different elements should deal with the different levels of force. Accordingly, atoms of different elements should deal with the different levels of energy. So, a generalized relationship between energy and force is also presented when atoms are dealing with the transition states.

Results And Discussion
Depending on the attained dynamics and transition state, atoms develop different tiny-sized particles [3]. To develop a mono layer tiny-shaped particle, solid atoms rst arrange in the compact monolayer assembly [4]. A structure evolution in atoms of the suitable elements has been discussed, where con ned interstate electron dynamics involves the conservative forces [5]. At different chamber pressures, carbon lms were synthesized in discernable features of morphology and structure [15]. Incompatible working energy and forced behaviors of gaseous and solid atoms develop hard coating [18]. These studies show that atoms possess the different energy and force behaviors.
Atomic structure of the carbon atom in different allotropic forms was discussed [1]; a lattice or 'energy knot net' in each allotropic form of the carbon atom remained the same. A lattice of carbon atom constructed by the overt photons when having the suitable length and number was also discussed in the study. Overt photons are the subsets of the main stream photons [6]. Atoms do not ionize, they modify into the other forms [2]. This indicates that the centre of an atom belonging to any element does not involve mass of the electron. So, a centre of the atom should be at the point of intercrossed overt photons.
In the formation of lattice belonging to any atom, overt photons having the appropriate lengths and numbers intercrossed by keeping the centre of their lengths at a common point. The force and energy of intercrossed overt photons should remain the actual to construct energy knots of lled and un lled states of the atom.
Overt photons when in the suitable lengths, they design the lled and un lled states for different atoms. Overt photons construct lled and un lled states of energy knots as per the requirement of the atoms. In this way, atoms of different elements differentiate from each other. Intercrossing the overt photons to construct lattice of the atom (in any element) is in such manner that energy knots clamp positioned electrons. In the atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid elements, a scheme of intercrossing overt photons becomes different.
Addition of two more electrons in the central ring of any atom, excluding the hydrogen atom, is required to form the zeroth ring. Atoms are already known to have rst shell, which has occupancy of two electrons only excluding the hydrogen element. However, in the present case, the rst shell is a zeroth ring, which needs four electrons. Therefore, an atom requires two more electrons to form the zeroth ring. A zeroth ring can be termed as nucleus. In the case where no electron is available for empty energy knot, it is referred to as un lled state. In an atom, number of un lled state indicates a valence number for the element. When surface force is exerted to electrons of solid atom at the appropriate level of ground surface, energy knots clamped electrons are stretched along the both sides (poles) from the centre [2].
Atoms consist of electrons clamping by the sizeable energy knots along with un lled states, too. A least measured length overt photon is formed by the length of two 'unit photons', where each unit photon has a shape like 'Gaussian distribution of both ends turned'. When two least measured length overt photons intercross, they form the knot through the intercrossing. So, a shape of a tilted digit 'eight' is formed, which is related to the lattice of hydrogen atom. The intercrossing of two shapes of tilted digit 'eight' forms the molecular hydrogen, where number of electrons becomes equal to number of electrons in helium atom. However, a helium atom contains four electrons under the originally built-in lattice of energy knots instead of separately intercrossed two shapes of tilted digit 'eight'. In the lattice of helium atom, on intercrossing four overt photons having the least measured lengths, two shapes of digit 'eight' design.
Following the zeroth ring, atoms contain either rst ring, second ring and so on. In this way, arrangement of electrons in the available rings (of different atoms) other than the zeroth rings is in the same manner as previously studied. Nevertheless, two more electrons are added to shape the zeroth ring in atoms of all elements except hydrogen. The addition of two more lled states in the zeroth ring, a net of energy knots in atom of any element follows the same description of lled and un lled states as studied previously, except hydrogen element. In atoms of various elements other than hydrogen element, the central four lled state electrons form the zeroth ring.
Two overt photons of the least measured length form a tilted digit 'eight' is shown in Fig. 1 (a). The electronic con guration of hydrogen atom, hydrogen molecule and helium atom are displayed in Fig. 1 (b), (c) and (d), respectively. When two photons of the least measured lengths intercrossed, they form a shape of tilted digit 'eight', which is the lattice of hydrogen atom as shown in Fig. 1 (a). Electrons of the tiniest mass trapped in the empty spaces formed by the energy knots (black and green ones) are shown in Fig. 1 (b). Two hydrogen atoms overlap to form the molecular hydrogen as shown in Fig. 1 (c). The structure of helium atom is shown in Fig. 1 (d).
Atoms of some elements can keep empty spaces left at the outer ends of constituted chains. In an atom, terminated ends of chains are related to the outer ring. An empty space is exactly in the size of electron. For example, an argon atom might have eight empty spaces in the outer ring in addition to eight lled states as indicated by arrows in Fig. 2. Those eight empty spaces might not be related to un lled states.
Here, to build shorter chains of states for each case, intercrossed overt photons construct a chain of states having length which is short by a unit photon at both ends. The presented observation justi es the sketched model of argon atom displayed in Fig. 2.
A structure of lithium atom is shown in Fig. 3. The zeroth ring is related to nucleus. The outer ring is related to the rst ring, which is also displayed in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, lithium atom has a large volume to store energy as arrowed in the regions labelled by 1, 2, 3 and 4. Due to this capacity of storing energy, the structure of lithium is considered quite suitable for energy storage. A lithium atom contains two chains of states as labeled in Fig. 3.
An atom describing valence number involves both lled and un lled states in the outer ring. However, in order to execute interstate electron dynamics, either non-con ned [1] or con ned [5], an atom requires a suitable position of lled and un lled states in the outer ring. Inert gas atoms neither undertake con ned nor non-con ned electron dynamics. More work is required to understand the nature of atoms belonging to elements of inert behavior. A carbon atom remains in gaseous state, semisolid state or solid state depending on the position of electrons and un lled states in the outer ring. By changing the position of an electron in the nearby suitable un lled state, a carbon atom gets converted into another state [1]. The available un lled states or empty energy knots in the outer rings of different atoms are according to the prescribed numbers of electrons and valency. In hydrogen atom, one more electron is required to ll second state of electron. A hydrogen atom does not contain the zeroth ring due to the presence of two electrons in total. The zeroth ring of an atom in all elements except the hydrogen atom can be termed as nucleus. In this way, helium atom is only related to the zeroth ring having no further ring.
A centre of the atom is located at the center of length of each intercrossed overt photon. Therefore, when the electrons have more than half of the mass (length) to the upward sides (along the north pole) from the mid of the clamped energy knots, atoms behave in the gaseous state. In the gaseous atom, energy knots clamped electrons undertake contraction as per potential energy of electrons. However, when the electrons have more than half of the mass (length) to the downward sides (along the south pole) from the mid of the clamped energy knots, atoms behave in the solid state. In the solid atom, energy knots clamped electrons undertake stretching as per potential energy of electrons.
In Hence, in the solid atoms when dealing with the liquid states, there is a direct relationship between 'E T ' and 'F G ' as sketched in Fig. 4 (b).
In the conversion of a solid atom from original state to liquid state, 'E T ' absorbed by the atom is directly proportional to engaging 'F G ' exerting at the electron level as indicated in Eq. (2). In gaseous and solid atoms, a zone related to the exerting impartial force at the electron level is discussed elsewhere [5].
In an atom, a state of electron is related to un lled state and a state of valence number is related to un lled state. States of electrons ( lled states) and valence number (un lled states) are referred to in the same way in atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid states. However, nets of energy knots formed by the intercrossing of overt photons in atoms of gaseous states clamp electrons from the downward sides. In the atoms of solid states, nets of energy knots formed by the intercrossing of overt photons clamp electrons from the upward sides. Hence, in the atoms of semisolid states, nets of energy knots formed by the intercrossing of overt photons clamp electrons of laterally-orientated position from the centers (mid). Therefore, the formation of schemes of lattices in atoms of gaseous, semisolid and solid states is different, but atoms keep the conserved amounts of force and energy in the original format of ground points -gaseous atoms in the space format, semisolid atoms in the surface format and solid atoms in the grounded format.
In the transition state, either in gaseous atom or in solid atom, electrons undertake in nitesimal displacements by remaining within clamped energy knots. For this reason, the relation of energy and force in atoms of gaseous and solid states has been discussed above. A gaseous or solid atom undergoes liquid state by varying the potential energy of comprised electrons, where electrons remain clamped by the respective energy knots. For gaseous atoms, when are in liquid state, electrons undergo in nitesimal displacement to downward sides, where the lengths (of electrons) become nearly halfway to mid of the clamped energy knots. The electrons of solid atoms in liquid state undergo in nitesimal displacement to upward sides, where the lengths (of electrons) also become nearly halfway to mid of the clamped energy knots.
As per natural phenomenon, the formation (growth) of atoms of different elements is in the zones allocated for them. Here, an electron is not discussed in the context of negative charge, but it is discussed as a particle. A particle of the smallest entity of mass which an atom keeps to shape the electronic structure. An electron of any atom is the smallest unit of concrete mass. It forms the basis of an atom in terms of exerting forces (gravitation, levitation and surface) and varying potential energy.
In the formation (growth) of certain natured atoms, some of the energy knots neither work for lled states nor for un lled states, which remain folded by neighboring chains of energy knots. Folded energy knots in different chains are shown in the atomic structure of titanium [18]. The trapping and capturing of pieces of electron are particularly in the regions of zeroth rings belonging to atoms of suitable elements. Many overt photons intercrossed (by keeping centers at a common point) under a particular scheme to construct a required number of chains (of states) in an atom. However, only four electrons (of complete shape and size) in an atom (except hydrogen atom) are eligible to settle in the zeroth (central) ring.
Particles of the fractional sizes of an electron may be trapped or captured by the folded energy knots not working for lled states and un lled states in certain behavior atoms. This kind of work can be studied in different branches of physics. The broken pieces of matter though smaller in size to electron can further diversify particle physics and neutrino physics.
Electrons of suitable atoms when undertake (non-stop) in nitesimal displacements within the clamped energy knots (where atoms do not deal with the elongation or deformation), they can generate radiations of different types (rather than photons). (When the required amount of heat energy was available, a unit photon generated by the forward direction cycle or reverse direction cycle of con ned interstate electron dynamics of silicon atom [6].) Solid atoms when deal with the transition states and electrons are jammed within the clamped energy knots under the availability of tits and bits of heat energy, they do not deal with the elastically driven electronic states. So, under plastically driven electronic states, solid atoms keep the elongation or deformation. It means that atoms have been solidi ed. This is also the case in arrays of solid atoms as they convert into the structures of smooth elements [4].
To clamp the tiniest masses called electrons by the net of energy knots, it is required to form lled and un lled states of an atom as discussed above. Formation (growth) of the highly puri ed form of matter in the smallest shape is an unprecedented phenomenon of nature. Formation of the tiniest matter and nets of energy knots to shape atoms requires a suitable environment. So, the formation (growth) of atoms locates a suitable environment to reveal the features. The characteristics of atoms for each element are different, which can be categorized in already named classes, such as gaseous atoms, semisolid atoms and solid atoms. Hence, the growth of atoms in any class of element is in its respective environment. Naturally, this is according to the conditions that are required to grow atoms of a distinct nature.
Formations of energy knots and electrons are related to one of the most extra-ordinary processes. So atoms of different elements grow at suitable places of the exerting forces.
Atoms of gaseous states grow in their respective environment, which can be in different zones of space, so astronomers, environmentalists, chemists, space scientists and those working in the allied areas can look into the nature of growing atoms. Atoms of semisolid states grow at ground level, so electrical engineers, earth scientists, physicists, environmentalists and those working in the allied areas can look into the nature of growing atoms. Atoms of solid behaviors grow below the ground surface, so metallurgists, geologists, chemical engineers, chemists, paleontologists and those working in the allied areas can look into the nature of growing atoms.
Different behaviors of atoms discussed here en ame new insights. Atoms start functioning for the possible transition states while dealing with the varying energy and force. The presented scheme of atoms allows one to develop atoms with different lattices and electrons, so it works for the new diversity of matter. As this study deals with the general discussions, where incremental changes depend on the schemes of intercrossing photons, lled and un lled states, orientation force, potential energy of electrons and distribution of the electrons in atom. So, there can be a room for further discussions and such investigations lead to attest sustainable utilization of resources.

Conclusion
The formation mechanisms of atoms disclose in different states. So, atomic structure in different elements is elucidated. In transitional behavior gaseous atoms and solid atoms, relationships between energy and force are also explained.
Electrons of the tiniest mass are clamped by the energy knots. Energy knots are formed or constructed by the intercrossing of overt photons when they keep the centers of lengths at a common point. Energy knots of lled and un lled states (or only lled states) of different atoms get formed by the intercrossing of overt photons under a particular scheme. The schemes of intercrossing overt photons construct states of electrons and un lled state(s) in a different manner for atoms of gaseous and solid states. It is also the case in semisolid atoms. In the scheme of gaseous atoms or solid atoms, atoms specify the different number of lled and un lled states. The number of intercrossing overt photons having particular lengths are according to the number of electrons and valence number that an atom keeps for the element.
In the original state of an atom, energy knots clamped electrons keep them in the states. In the intercrossing of overt photons to design a lattice of any atom, the element of force remains dressed up by the energy. In addition to the prescribed number of electrons of different atoms, the addition of two more electrons in the central rings form their zeroth rings. Except hydrogen, atoms of all elements possess two additional electrons along with the already designated two electrons. So, in the new scheme of an atom, altogether four electrons form the zeroth ring. Hence, an atom does not require protons and neutrons to de ne the nucleus. At place of rst shell, a rst ring is studied. Instead of orbits, shells or quanta, atoms form the zeroth ring and number of rings (/outer ring) to keep lled and un lled states.
The shape of the zeroth ring is like a 'cross', where two shapes of 'eight' digit intercross to keep four electrons. An atomic structure of helium is identical to the zeroth ring, which exists at place of nucleus in the atoms of all elements except hydrogen atom. A zeroth ring in an atom is related to the central ring. In hydrogen atom, one more electron is required along with the one previously designated. However, it does not form a zeroth ring. A structure of hydrogen atom is half to the structure of zeroth ring or helium atom. A shape of digit 'eight' indicates the lattice of hydrogen atom. By lling two electrons in hollow spaces of digit 'eight', a hydrogen atom is formed. The overlying two hydrogen atoms form a hydrogen molecule, but not the way helium atom forms a structure. A helium atom itself is related to a zeroth ring.
In gaseous atoms, electrons keep more than half of their length above the mid of clamped energy knots along the north poles. Atoms in gaseous state possess the minimum required potential energy, so energy knots clamped electrons deal with the maximum required contraction. In solid atoms, electrons keep more than half of their length below the mid of clamped energy knots along the south poles. Solid atoms possess the maximum required potential energy, so energy knots clamped electrons deal with the maximum required stretch.