1. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC. Genetic Alterations During Colorectal-Tumor Development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(9). doi:10.1097/00043764-198910000-00001
2. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A Genetic Model for Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990;61:759-767.
3. Sagaert X, Vanstapel A, Verbeek S. Tumor Heterogeneity in Colorectal Cancer: What Do We Know So Far? Pathobiology. 2018;85(1-2):72-84. doi:10.1159/000486721
4. Molinari C, Marisi G, Passardi A, Matteucci L, De Maio G, Ulivi P. Heterogeneity in colorectal cancer: A challenge for personalized medicine? Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(12). doi:10.3390/ijms19123733
5. Hiley CT, Swanton C. Spatial and temporal cancer evolution: causes and consequences of tumour diversity. Clin Med. 2014;14(6):s33-s37. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-s33
6. Del Vecchio F, Mastroiaco V, Di Marco A, et al. Next-generation sequencing: Recent applications to the analysis of colorectal cancer. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):1-19. doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1353-y
7. Nguyen HT, Duong HQ. The molecular characteristics of colorectal cancer: Implications for diagnosis and therapy (review). Oncol Lett. 2018;16(1):9-18. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.8679
8. Tariq K, Ghias K. Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis: a review of mechanisms. Cancer Biol Med. 2016;13(1):120-135. doi:10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0103
9. Kang S, Na Y, Joung SY, Lee S Il, Oh SC, Min BW. The significance of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer after controlling for clinicopathological factors. Med (United States). 2018;97(9):1-6. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010019
10. Harada S, Morlote D. Molecular Pathology of Colorectal Cancer. Adv Anat Pathol. 2020;27(1):20-26. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000247
11. Nagahashi M, Wakai T, Shimada Y, et al. Genomic landscape of colorectal cancer in Japan: Clinical implications of comprehensive genomic sequencing for precision medicine. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):1-13. doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0387-8
12. Agha R, Abdall-Razak A, Crossley E, Dowlut N, Iosifidis C, Mathew G. STROCSS 2019 Guideline: Strengthening the reporting of cohort studies in surgery. Int J Surg. 2019;72(October):156-165. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.11.002
13. Venugopal A, Stoffel EM. Colorectal cancer in young adults. In: Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. Vol 17. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology; 2019:89-98. doi:10.1007/s11938-019-00219-4
14. Bunz F. Principles of Cancer Genetics.; 2008. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6784-6
15. Janssen KP, Alberici P, Fsihi H, et al. APC and Oncogenic KRAS Are Synergistic in Enhancing Wnt Signaling in Intestinal Tumor Formation and Progression. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(4):1096-1109. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.011
16. Jasperson KW, Patel SG, Ahnen DJ. APC -Associated Polyposis Conditions Summary Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Suggestive Findings. 2019:1-38.
17. Fearnhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF. The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10(7):721-733. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.7.721
18. Conlin A, Smith G, Carey FA, Wolf CR, Steele RJC. The prognostic significance of K-ras, p53, and APC mutations in colorectal carcinoma. Gut. 2005;54(9):1283-1286. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.066514
19. Win AK, Jenkins MA, Dowty JG, et al. Prevalence and penetrance of major genes and polygenes for colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(3):404-412. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0693
20. Miyoshi Y, Nagase H, Ando H, et al. Somatic mutations of the APC gene in colorectal tumors: Mutation cluster region in the APC gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1992;1(4):229-233. doi:10.1093/hmg/1.4.229
21. Smith G, Carey FA, Beattie J, et al. Mutations in APC, Kirsten-ras, and p53—alternative genetic pathways to colorectal cancer. Mutat Res - Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen. 2002;99(14):9433-9438. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.06.011
22. He K, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Pan X, Si L, Lu J. Kras codon 12 mutation is associated with more aggressive invasiveness in synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer (Mcrc): Retrospective research. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:12601-12613. doi:10.2147/OTT.S279312
23. Tian X, Liu Z, Niu B, et al. E-Cadherin/β-catenin complex and the epithelial barrier. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011. doi:10.1155/2011/567305
24. Harington KJ, Syrigos KN. The role of E-cadherin-catenin complex: More than an intercellular glue? Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7(10):783-788. doi:10.1007/s10434-000-0783-5
25. Ilyas M, Tomlinson IPM. The interactions of APC, E-cadherin and β-catenin in tumour development and progression. J Pathol. 1997;182(2):128-137. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199706)182:2<128::AID-PATH839>3.0.CO;2-Q
26. Zhan T, Rindtorff N, Boutros M. Wnt signaling in cancer. Oncogene. 2017;36(11):1461-1473. doi:10.1038/onc.2016.304
27. Timar J, Kashofer K. Molecular epidemiology and diagnostics of KRAS mutations in human cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2020;39(4):1029-1038. doi:10.1007/s10555-020-09915-5
28. Grossman RL, Heath AP, Ferretti V, et al. Toward a Shared Vision for Cancer Genomic Data. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(12):1109-1112. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1607591.Toward
29. Jauhri M, Bhatnagar A, Gupta S, et al. Prevalence and coexistence of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, NRAS, TP53, and APC mutations in Indian colorectal cancer patients: Next-generation sequencing–based cohort study. Tumor Biol. 2017;39(2). doi:10.1177/1010428317692265
30. Pino MS, Chung DC. THE CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY PATHWAY IN COLON. Gastroenterol 138(6) 2059–2072. 2010;138(6):2059-2072. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.065.THE
31. Jin J, Shi Y, Zhang S, Yang S. PIK3CA mutation and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2020;59(1):66-74. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2019.1664764
32. Jang S, Hong M, Shin MK, et al. KRAS and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal adenocarcinomas correlate with aggressive histological features and behavior. Hum Pathol. 2017;65:21-30. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.01.010
33. Wang SM, Jiang B, Deng Y, Huang SL, Fang MZ, Wang Y. Clinical significance of MLH1/MSH2 for stage II/III sporadic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019;11(11):1065-1080. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v11.i11.1065