Surface Coal Mining Impacts On Land Use Change And Ecological Service Value: A Case Study In The Shengli Coalfield, Inner Mongolia


 Coal plays a crucial role in global economic development, which is still the most common and widely distributed fossil fuel in the world. As the world's largest developing country, China's mining and utilization of coal resources make great contributions to the rapid growth of China's economy. Inner Mongolia lies in the arid and semi-arid areas of China, its ecological environment is very fragile. The exploitation of opencast mining seriously hinders the sustainable use of regional land and the promotion of residents' well-being. This paper uses 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 remote sensing imageries, Based on ENVI, using a random forest algorithm to divide the land utilization type into construction land, vegetation, cultivated land, bare land and water area，and analyses the evolution characteristics of land use and ecosystem service value during the past 20 years. The results showed that: (1) Between 2000 and 2020, the construction land, vegetation and water of mining area were reduced, the bare land and cultivated land showed an increasing trend. The largest ratio changed is bare land, the smallest changed rate is water area. (2) The total ecosystem service value of the mining area reduced from10.939 billion yuan to 9.527 billion yuan. Among them, vegetation ecosystem service value is the highest, followed by cultivated land and water, and bare land ecosystem service value is the lowest. (3) From the spatial scale, the total ecosystem service value of the Shengli mining area decreases year by year, which shows that the land-use change in the mining area does have an impact on the ecosystem service value.


Introduction
Coal plays a crucial role in global economic development, which is still the most common and widely used fossil fuel in the world. As the world's largest developing country, China's mining and utilization of coal resources have been making great contributions to the rapid growth of the economy. China's economy will still be highly dependents on coal mining and production at present and in the future (Bi et al., 2019; Wang., 2014; Lin et al., 2014). Coal mines cause high-intensity disturbance to land-use changes and ecosystems inevitably while promoting economic development (Xiao and Zhang et al., 2020).
Opencast mining destroyed the ecological environment of the mine (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2016) by removing vegetation and soil, changing terrain, disturbing surface and ground hydrological systems. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and study the impact of mining exploitation on ecosystem services, especially in the Shengli eld such an ecologically fragile area. The successful mining of the Shengli coal eld has caused a certain degree of damage to the regional ecosystem, resulting in a series of ecological and environmental issues, and has caused a wide range of society.
Ecosystem services refer to various bene ts that humans directly or indirectly from ecosystems (Costanza et al., 1997). In the past 20 years, the development of ecosystem services has developed rapidly. Ecosystem services meet the needs of human important impact on the well-being of human society (Smith et al., 2013), which is the basis of human survival and development (Li et al., 2013;Peng et al., 2021). Ma (2005) divides the ecosystem into supply services, support services, regulation services, and cultural services (Liu et al., 2014). The supply service is mainly to provide the production of raw materials, fuel, food, etc., such as wood, fuel, etc. to produce food, collect food through farming, shing, collecting food; adjustment service mainly refers to climate adjustment, ood regulation, disease regulation, water quality puri cation, etc such as adjusting the temperature, precipitation, and other climate processes, regulating water ow, storing and keeping water; support services mainly refer to nutrient cycle, soil formation, primary production, such as nutrient storage and internal circulation; cultural services mainly refer to entertainment, aesthetics, culture, tourism, etc., such as the aesthetics, art, education, spiritual and scienti c value of ecosystems; ecotourism and other activities.
Some scholars believe that support services are process products, are the basis of supply, adjustment, and cultural services, not the nal product. Therefore, in the MA evaluation process and many scholars' ecosystem service accounting, not alone account value, but Divide the ecosystem service types into supplies services, regulation services, and cultural services in the accounting service, adjustment services, and cultural services (Zhou et al., 2014). Constanza et al and Daily assess the global ecosystem service value and provide methods and cases for ecosystem service value calculations. In 2003, he has organized the "China's land ecosystem area ecological service value ecosystem" following the status quo of China's land-use status, according to China Land Use Status. It laid a foundation for scienti cally quantifying ecosystem service values in different regions. (Xie et al., 2003). The ecosystem service assessment method is mainly divided into three categories: energy value analysis, material assessment method and value quantity assessment method (Zhao et al., 2000). At present, domestic scholars' related research is mostly based on the ecosystem service value equivalent factor table which was revised and supplemented by Xie, and combined with the economic value of the study area ecosystem services to estimate the regional ecosystem service value Xie et al. 2020).
With the increase of population growth and technology level, human society has increased the demand for ecosystem services, and human activities have also become one of the main factors affecting ecosystem services (Maltitz et al., 2016). Land use change is the most direct form of human activity on the effects of Earth's surface system, playing an important role in the global environmental changes . Studying the ecosystem service value of speci c regions based on the various characteristics of land use has great signi cance for revealing the impact of human activities on the ecosystem and the relationship between coordinators and nature (Ren et al., 2019). Through the analysis of land-use changes on the value of ecosystem services, many scholars reveal the negative impact of urbanization, etc., which is the negative impact of ecosystem service value, and preliminarily explores the cause of the impact, and puts forward the future land use needs more consideration. Its impact on the ecological environment (Zhang et al., 2013;Xiao and Lv et al., 2020). Related research showed that the change in land use modi cation and ecosystem service value has strong relevance, agricultural development and urbanization, and the change of land use modes, which often lead to a decline in regional ecosystem service, indicating that humans should consider ecological environmental effect in land use practice (Wang et al., 2020). Different scholars' research on land use changes on ecosystem services, and analyze the effects of different land use patterns, different land use patterns, and different land use intensities on ecosystem services (Fu et al., 2014). Evaluation application is the most extensive for the evaluation of ecosystem services based on land use types (Wang et al., 2020).
Mineral resources exploit a large amount of land, China 95% of energy, 70% agricultural production materials and more than 80% of industrial raw materials from mining industry (KexinRen et al., 2000), and most of the open-air coal mine is located in drought, semi-arid ecological fragile area (Bradshaw et al., 2000). Currently, there are more research-based on local utilization types of ecosystem services to be subject to certain administrative regions or natural ecosystems ( working, the open-air coal mine mining is more disturbance of regional land use, landscape pattern and biological habitats, which leads to major changes in mining area ecosystem service function, seriously hindering regional economic and social sustainable development and residents' well-being. . Therefore, there is an urgent need to research land use and ecosystem service value change in the open-air coal mine of ecological fragile dissensions. Since the reform and development, the Inner Mongolia region has made important contributions to energy development and economic development. At the same time, as an important ecological function area in the north, an important ecological safety barrier that should be played has been affected and restricted. This study selected the Shengli coal eld in eastern Inner Mongolia Highlands, and the disturbance surface experienced the peeling of soil rock formation, coal seam mining, solid back lling, surface soil back ll and reclamation. The paper analyzes the change of land use and ecosystem service value, reveals the impact of land use evolution in minerals on the value of the ecosystem, is providing a reference for rational development and protection of mining regions, which is important for regional economic and social development. Beginning in 2005, affected by the policy of returning farmland to forest and grassland, cultivated land has decreased. Since then, some scholars use three levels of ecological evaluation index system by selecting diversity, representative air pollution concentration, heavy metal pollution, soil erosion, groundwater pollution, etc., and the results showed that the ecological quality of Shengli coal eld is very good, meets the requirements of sustainable development (Ma et al., 2006),and results in reaction mining area ecosystem service value reduced year by year, shows that the mining area ecological environment quality is reduced. In 2020, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region drafted the "Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of Coal Industries" and sought advice. It put forward strict new coal mine access. It shows that the government has enhanced control of the coal industry. This paper is intended to: (1) Based on GEE to touch the land use coverage of the region, clarifying the structure and change of mainland use; (2) Based on the land use condition and equivalent factor method for the regional ecosystem service based on the region. Evaluation, judging the variation of the value of the local service value of the mining area; (3) Based on land use change and ecosystem service value changes, exploiting the impact of land use changes on the value of ecosystem services, and this is the sustainable use of local land resources and Environmental protection provides decision support.

Study Area
Shengli coal eld (43°54'15″-44°13' 52″N,115°24'26″-116°26'30″ E) is located in the northwest of Xilinhart, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Northwest Susu and Illlamise. The overall appearance of the North East -South West strip-shaped display, the towing is 45 km long, the tendency width is 7.6 km, and the coal-containing area is 342 km 2 (Fig. 1). There are two coal segments in the coal mine: the chalk is a coal section in the chalk, and there are 7 coal sections. There are 7 coal mining groups, with an average depth of 200-500 m, with an average thickness of 8-60 m, and 1989 proven reserves of 15.932 billion tons, the reserved reserves are 15.931 billion tons. Mining area elevation of 970 ~ 1212m, the terrain for the slow waves of ups and downs piedmont plain, temperate continental climate, is a typical temperate semi-humid half dry with extremely maximum temperature 38.3 ℃ and extreme minimum temperature − 42.4 ℃, The average temperature is 1.7 ℃, the annual maximum precipitation is 481.0mm, the annual minimum precipitation is 146.7 mm, the average annual precipitation is 294.74mm; the annual evaporation is 1794.64mm; spring vents, wind speed 2.1-8.4 m/s, soil organic matter content, soil fertility is poor. The area is an important source of China's green livestock products. There is highquality natural grassland in the whole district 13786 km 2 , and vegetation coverage is usually kept at around 40%. The mainland use types near the study area are grassland, mining land and unused land (Xiao and Deng et al., 2020).

Data and Classi cation of LUCC
We download Shengli coal eld research zone 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 Landsat images through geospatial data cloud, based on ENVI, using the same time interval, the same time phase remote sensing data, this can reduce the season Error information caused by differences. Based on the pretreatment of the band combination of remote sensing images, geometric correction, projection conversion, image mosaic and regional crop, the research area is divided into ve types of construction land, vegetation, cultivated land, bare land and water body. Assisted the relevant social statistics related to the training area of the Shengli coal eld, coal mine distribution map, topographic map, and statistical year data, and data reserves for later analysis. 2020, respectively. Using ArcGIS software, attribute query and statistical analysis of these data can be concluded that Shengli Coal eld around the area, scale, and distribution. Thus, it can be seen that during the study period, the main land use types of Shengli coal eld are construction land, vegetation, cultivated land, bare land and water. Under the same spatial coordinate system, the spatial attribute data of different geographic characteristics of the same area are superimposed to generate multiple characteristics of the spatial region or establish a spatial correspondence between the geographic objects. Based on this and the land coverage of different phases in the same area, using the land utilization data of different years. can draw a two-dimensional matrix, which is the land utilization transfer matrix. Through land utilization transfer matrix, it is possible to re ect the case of mutual conversion between two different land utilization types, and can describe the structural characteristics of the raised land use, and be able to highlight an area during the initial and nal classes differently during change direction, at the same time can show better land use types of the space-time evolution process. Using ArcGIS software, the land utilization of land use transfer matrix can be obtained from 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2015, 2010-2020, and the land utilization map can be obtained from land utilization transfer matrices to study the land use type of Shengli coal eld. Thus, the transformation between the land use type of the Shengli coal eld can be analyzed, and the in ow and out ow direction of each land type can be analyzed. Its mathematical expression is: 1 Among them, is the land use area; , is the type of land utilization at the beginning of the study period is the number of land use.   Among them, ESV is used to characterize the ecosystem service value (yuan); A is the area of a kind of land utilization type of the research area (km 2 ); VC is the coe cient of ecosystem services (yuan / km 2 ); is the type of land use. coverage in the mining area has been in good condition for many years (Fig.3); From 2000 to 2020, the vegetation decreased year by year, the bare land increased year by year, the change proportion of construction land and water area was the smallest, and the cultivated land was basically stable since 2005 (Fig.4), the largest change in area proportion is vegetation, and the smallest is water (Table2).  according to the correction coe cient, one unit ecosystem service value of the Shengli coal eld is calculated,its value is about 310 yuan.And then analysis the value coe cient of ecological system type corresponding to the type of land use. The highest value coe cient is water area, which has great ecological value and function of water conservation and wastes treatment. Secondly, vegetation and cultivated land have similar ecological value coe cients, and both have great ecological value and function in soil formation and protection & waste treatment. The difference between them is that the ecological value coe cient of biodiversity protection of vegetation is higher, and the ecological value coe cient of food production of cultivated land is higher. The ecological value coe cient of bare land is the lowest, which is mainly re ected in biodiversity protection. Generally speaking, the ecological value coe cient corresponding to each land use type in the mining area basically corresponds to its ecological value function. According to the ecological value coe cients and land utilization area, the ecosystem service value (Table 6) (Table 6, Table 7

In uence of LUCC on Ecosystem Service Value in coal eld
Through the analysis of the relationship between land use change and ecosystem service value change, we can more intuitively clarify the impact of land use on ecosystem service value. The change of area of different land use types can lead to a large or small change of ecosystem service value. The change of land use area is positively correlated with the change of ecosystem service value. In general, the change range of ecosystem service value is obvious compared with the corresponding land use area. It can be seen that land use change has a signi cant impact on the change of ecosystem service value. The change rate of cultivated land has decreased year by year since 2005, and the change rate of vegetation has gradually decreased in the same period, and the change range is greater than that of cultivated land.
The reason is that in the function of ecosystem service value coe cient, the food production value coe cient of cultivated land is greater than that of vegetation, but the ecological bene t value in the composition of vegetation value coe cient is higher, which is more obvious in the long-term change. It also provides an important reference for the preparation of ecological conservation and restoration planning, long-term follow-up monitoring and effectiveness evaluation in the future.

Discussion
The less cost and response plans can be formulated in advance, various negative impacts of coal mining on the ecological environment will be greatly reduced. With the increasingly mature 3S technology, it is possible to build a multi-scale mining area ecological monitoring system to control the ecological environment damage caused by coal mining and natural disasters from time to time (Wu Zhenhua, 2020). In the future coal mining in the mining area, based on adhering to the concept of sustainable development and the principles of mining while reclamation, we should build a mining area ecological monitoring system with different precision and multi-dimensional scale. Through monitoring, the mining disturbance law in the mining area is found and the risk is warned. Combined with hyperspectral data, UAV photogrammetry, portable ground object spectrometer and other means to monitor at the same time, compare historical data such as mining and reclamation in the mining area, deeply study the impact of open-pit mining in Shengli mining area and even the whole arid and semi-arid area on ecosystem services, and promote the local government to put forward feasible ecological protection and restoration measures.
(6)Establish a long-term mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products The mining areas usually have fragile ecological environments. Protecting, maintaining and stably improving the ecosystem service function and value is an important means to improve the well-being of the people and maintain the ecological environment in the mining area. With the publishing of the guidance document on the value realization mechanism of ecological products and the establishment and improvement of relevant mechanisms, people's demand for a better ecological environment is increasing day by day. In recent years, natural resources departments and ecological environment departments have issued typical cases to advocate increasing the supply capacity of ecological products in areas damaged by natural ecosystems through ecological restoration, system governance and comprehensive development, and realizing the value promotion and value spillover of ecological products after ecological restoration by combining with land spatial layout, land use adjustment and industrial policies. To establish a long-term mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products in mining areas with fragile ecological backgrounds, it is necessary to protect the fragile ecological environment of mining areas through uni ed planning and design, starting from the whole life cycle of mining, and "integrated planning, integrated implementation and integrated effect" of mineral resource mining, ecological protection and restoration, industrial development and improvement and Realization of the value of ecological products.

Conclusion
Through the analysis of the relationship between land use change and ecosystem service value, we can more intuitively clarify the impact of land use on ecosystem service value. The results show that: (1) among the different land use types in the Shengli mining area, vegetation is the main land-use type, followed by bare land and cultivated land.   Maps of ESV classi cation from 2000 to 2020 using natural segment method.