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Research article
Adeladlew Kassie Netere
University of Gondar
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0519-509X
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Insulin is an effective drug for blood sugar controls. Nonetheless, it is very sensitive and destroyed with many external factors if not properly handled. Diabetic patients could be benefited if adhered and properly implemented insulin delivery recommendations. Lack of knowledge, skill, and irrational practices on appropriate insulin delivery techniques can result in therapeutic failure and increases costs of therapy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, skills and practices of insulin storage and injection technique of patients.
Methods: Interview based cross-sectional study was conducted in conveniently selected participants in Northwest Ethiopian primary hospitals from March 1, 2019 to May30, 2019. Knowledge levels were assessed with dichotomous outcomes and practice was measured by administering a 4-point Likert scale structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Finally, a five-point item observational (demonstration) techniques checklist assessed patients’ skills.
Results: Of the total 166 participants, 54.8% were males and the mean age was 38.46±13.8 years. The overall patients’ median knowledge and practice levels on insulin storage and handling techniques were moderately adequate (64.3%) and fair (55.4%) respectively. In patients’ skill assessments, 94.6% showed injection sites, 70% indicated injection site rotations, and 60.75% practiced injection sites rotations. Education X2(3) =18.89, p<0.001; years of insulin therapy X2(3) =11.71, p=0.008; and years of disease X2(3) =10.67, p=0.014 had a significant effect on patients’ knowledge level. Education X2(3) =25.86, p<0.001; occupation X2(4) =23.24, p<0.001; and years of disease X2(3) =15.85, p=0.001; years of disease X2(3) =8.55, p=0.036 and patients knowledge levels X2(2) =19.26, p<0.001 were found to have a significant effect on the patients’ practice level. A Mann-Whitney U test also disclosed that residency; ways to get insulin and mocked injection technique during first training had significant effects on patients’ knowledge levels.
Conclusion: The current study revealed that patients’ had a moderately adequate knowledge and fair practices levels on insulin storage and handling techniques. In addition, patients demonstrated poorly the administration skills, which were critical steps. The engagements of healthcare professionals and stakeholders in developments of instructions and guidelines are as important as educating and changing the poor knowledge and administration techniques of patients.
Keywords
Insulin, injection, knowledge, practice, storage, primary hospitals, Ethiopia
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
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On 30 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 28 Sep, 2020
No comments provided
Submission checks complete
On 16 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 15 Sep, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 29 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 20 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 19 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 19 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 29 Jun, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 21 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 19 Jun, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 18 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 18 Jun, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Jun, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Jun, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Jun, 2020
Version 3
Posted 07 May, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 May, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 10 May, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 28 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 27 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 22 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 22 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 21 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 21 Apr, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 10 Feb, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 05 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 03 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 22 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 19 Dec, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 18 Dec, 2019
Editor invited
On 18 Dec, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 09 Dec, 2019
Editor assigned
On 03 Dec, 2019
First submitted
On 02 Dec, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 02 Dec, 2019
Editor invited
On 02 Dec, 2019
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Subject Areas
Health Economics & Outcomes Research
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Public Health.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Adeladlew Kassie Netere
University of Gondar
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0519-509X
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 30 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 28 Sep, 2020
No comments provided
Submission checks complete
On 16 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 15 Sep, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 29 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 20 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 19 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 19 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 29 Jun, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 21 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 19 Jun, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 18 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 18 Jun, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Jun, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Jun, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Jun, 2020
Version 3
Posted 07 May, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 19 May, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 10 May, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 28 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 27 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 22 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 22 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 21 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 21 Apr, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 10 Feb, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 05 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 03 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 23 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 22 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 19 Dec, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 18 Dec, 2019
Editor invited
On 18 Dec, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 09 Dec, 2019
Editor assigned
On 03 Dec, 2019
First submitted
On 02 Dec, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 02 Dec, 2019
Editor invited
On 02 Dec, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Health Economics & Outcomes Research
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Public Health.
Background: Insulin is an effective drug for blood sugar controls. Nonetheless, it is very sensitive and destroyed with many external factors if not properly handled. Diabetic patients could be benefited if adhered and properly implemented insulin delivery recommendations. Lack of knowledge, skill, and irrational practices on appropriate insulin delivery techniques can result in therapeutic failure and increases costs of therapy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, skills and practices of insulin storage and injection technique of patients.
Methods: Interview based cross-sectional study was conducted in conveniently selected participants in Northwest Ethiopian primary hospitals from March 1, 2019 to May30, 2019. Knowledge levels were assessed with dichotomous outcomes and practice was measured by administering a 4-point Likert scale structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Finally, a five-point item observational (demonstration) techniques checklist assessed patients’ skills.
Results: Of the total 166 participants, 54.8% were males and the mean age was 38.46±13.8 years. The overall patients’ median knowledge and practice levels on insulin storage and handling techniques were moderately adequate (64.3%) and fair (55.4%) respectively. In patients’ skill assessments, 94.6% showed injection sites, 70% indicated injection site rotations, and 60.75% practiced injection sites rotations. Education X2(3) =18.89, p<0.001; years of insulin therapy X2(3) =11.71, p=0.008; and years of disease X2(3) =10.67, p=0.014 had a significant effect on patients’ knowledge level. Education X2(3) =25.86, p<0.001; occupation X2(4) =23.24, p<0.001; and years of disease X2(3) =15.85, p=0.001; years of disease X2(3) =8.55, p=0.036 and patients knowledge levels X2(2) =19.26, p<0.001 were found to have a significant effect on the patients’ practice level. A Mann-Whitney U test also disclosed that residency; ways to get insulin and mocked injection technique during first training had significant effects on patients’ knowledge levels.
Conclusion: The current study revealed that patients’ had a moderately adequate knowledge and fair practices levels on insulin storage and handling techniques. In addition, patients demonstrated poorly the administration skills, which were critical steps. The engagements of healthcare professionals and stakeholders in developments of instructions and guidelines are as important as educating and changing the poor knowledge and administration techniques of patients.
Figure 1
Figure 2
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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