Nakhzari-Moghaddam, et al (40). 2019 English | N=2001 children Dead children included 351 boys and 316 girls Zabol, Sistan & Baluchistan 2011 – 2016 Descriptive cross sectional Chi-squared, t test, logistic regression | Under 5 | Father's addiction (P=0.01, OR=2.6) Mother’s literacy (P< 0.001, OR=2.2) Socioeconomic status (P< 0.001, OR=7.8) Family size (P< 0.001,OR=2.6) | Mother’s addiction (P= 0.09, OR=2.9) Father’s smoking (P= 0.1, OR=1.8) Mother’s smoking (P= 0.9, OR=1.0) Father’s literacy (P= 0.2, OR=1.2) | 18 |
Alimohamadi, et al (55). 2019 English | N= None declared (data extracted from the gap minder site) Certain West Asian Countries 1980 –2010 Ecological study Spearman correlation | Under 5 | Human development index (HDI) (P= 0.001, r=-0.97) Maternal mortality rate (MMR) (P< 0.001, r=0.97) | | 18 |
Dadipoor, et al (26). 2018 English | N= 342 children Dead children included 190 boys and 152 girls Bandar Abbas 2015, 2016 Retrospective and cross sectional descriptive-analytic Chi-squared | <1 year | Birth weight (P< 0.001) Delivery type (P= 0.04) Type of nutrition (P< 0.001) Type of birth (P= 0.002) Pregnancy interval (P< 0.05) Parents’ literacy (P< 0.05) | Child gender (P> 0.05) Socioeconomic status (P> 0.05) Previous maternal disease (P> 0.05) Father’s smoking (P> 0.05) Mother’s smoking (P> 0.05) | 16 |
Anafcheh, et al (44). 2018 English | N=320 families with at least one under-five mortality, (1973 children) Dead children included boys and girls Khuzestan 2011–2015 Cross-sectional Chi-squared, ANOVA, logistic regression | Under 5 | Mother’s age (P< 0.05, OR=3.5) Marriage duration (P< 0.05, OR=1.8) Spouse age gap (P< 0.05, OR=2.3) Pregnancy interval (P< 0.05, OR=2.8) Delivery type (P< 0.05, OR=3.8) Ethnicity (P< 0.05, OR=2.6) Mother’s field activity (P< 0.05, OR=3.9) | Father’s literacy (P= 0.6, OR=1.1) Mother’s literacy (P= 0.5, OR=1.2) Father’s job (P= 0.3, OR=1.5) Socioeconomic status (P=0.1, OR=1.6) Maternal care (P= 0.3, OR=1.6) Abortion (P= 0.5, OR=1.2) Place of residence (P= 0.9, OR=1.0) | 18 |
Tourani, et al (57). 2017 English | N= 159387 delivery (357 infant mortality/ 750 under one mortality/ 4526 under 5 mortality) Dead children included boys and girls 30 provinces of Iran 2014, 2015 Descriptive-analytical study Linear regression test | <28 days | Number of nursing and midwifery personnel in delivery wards (P= 0.023) Total number of Ob/Gyn specialists (P=0.007) | Total delivery beds (P= 0.331) | 17 |
<1 year | | Number of nursing and midwifery personnel in delivery wards (P= 0.402) Total number of Ob/Gyn specialists(P=0.692) Total delivery beds (P= 0.653) |
Under 5 | | Number of nursing and midwifery personnel in delivery wards (P= 0.380) Total number of Ob/Gyn specialists(P=0.750) Total delivery beds (P= 0.601) |
Amini Rarani, et al (47). 2018 English | N= 113957 households in 2000 and 30870 households in 2010 (to measure inequality, 45646 live births from DHS 2000 and 10604 live births from MIDHS 2010 were analyzed) 28 provinces of Iran 2000, 2010 Secondary study Normalized concentration index Oaxaca-type decomposition technique | Under 5 | Socioeconomic status (P< 0.05) | | 16 |
Panahi, et al (48). 2015 Farsi | N= None declared (data extracted from Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Iran 1969-2010 Analytical descriptive study Johansen-Juselius method | <1 year | Socioeconomic status (P< 0.05) Place of residence (P< 0.05) GDP per capita (P< 0.05) | | 16 |
Naderimagham, et al (49). 2017 English | N= None declared 25 provinces of Iran 1995-2011 time-series analysis regression models | <28 days | Implementing the rural family physician program (β = − 0.341. p − value = 0.003) Socioeconomic status (β = − 0.889. p − value = 0.001) | | 19 |
<1 year | Implementing the rural family physician program (β = − 0.016. p − value = 0.009) Socioeconomic status (β = − 0.052. p − value < 0.001) | |
Under 5 | Socioeconomic status (β = − 0.055. p − value < 0.001) | Implementing the rural family physician (β = − 0.003. p − value = 0.542). |
Ghotbi, et al (27). 2017 English | N= 198 neonates died (181 cases were case and 17 neonates were excluded and the control group had twice the size of the case group) Kurdistan province 2013 population-based case-control study Chi-square, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression | <28 days | Place of residence (P =0.027) Mother’s literacy (P =0.04) Mother’s smoking (P=0.002, OR = 2.1) Pregnancy interval (P = 0.004, OR = 2.5) Birth weight (P = 0.004, OR = 1.709) Placental abruption (P <0.001, OR = 13.9) Mother’s age (P = 0.04, OR = 1.79) Birth rank (P=0.005, OR = 4.6) Multiple pregnancies (P=0.000, OR = 8.1) History of child mortality (P= 0.005, OR = 3.4) Stillbirths (P =0.002, OR = 5.8) Abortion (P =0.05, OR = 1.6) History of hospitalization (P =0.02, OR = 1.7) Delivery type (P = 0.004, OR = 1.709) Type of nutrition (breast or formula milk) (P < 0.001, OR = 7.9) | Mother’s job (P = 0.7) Father’s literacy (P = 0.1) Father’s job (P = 0.7) | 18 |
Behnampoor, et al (54). 2017 English | N= 1252 dead children (683 boys and 571 girls) Zahedan villages 2012-2015 cross-sectional study Chi-square Test | <28 days | | Child gender (P>0.005) | 20 |
Under 5 | | Child gender (P>0.005) |
Izadi, et al (53). 2016 Farsi | N= 435 Kermanshah province 2011-2014 cross-sectional study descriptive statistics and chi- square test | Under 5 | | Child gender (P>0.05) Place of residence (P>0.05) | 18 |
Ghorat, et al (50). 2016 English | N= 282 Sabzevar 2011-2012 descriptive, cross-sectional study independent sample t-test, and Chi T square/Fisher’s exact test | <28 days | Gestational age (P<0.001) | | 17 |
Kose Gharavi, et al (58). 2016 Farsi | N=52 neonates (death or live in 28th day after birth) as case group and 201 neonates as control group Maraveh Tapeh County in Golestan 2011-2013 case-control study chi square and logistic regression | <28 days | Birth weight (P< 0.05) Child gender (P< 0.05) Immaturity (P< 0.05) | Birth place (P = 0.965) Delivery type (P=0.118) Mother’s age (P=0.567) Mother’s job (P=0.13) Place of residence (P=0.820) Gravid number (P=0.629) Mother’s BMI (P=0.23) | 16 |
Evazpoor, et al (45). 2016 English | N=186 2011,2012 Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province descriptive-analytical and cross sectional study Student’s t and chi-squared tests, respectively. Multivariate logistic | Under 5 | Consanguinity of parents (P < 0.001, OR =3.92) Domestic violence to the mother during pregnancy (P < 0.01, OR = 3.13) | Child gender (P= 1.00) Birth rank (P=0.09) Pregnancy interval (P=0.18) Family size (P=52) Mother’s age (P=0.12) Marriage duration (years) (P= 0.24) Mother’s literacy (P=0.22) Mother’s smoking (P= 1.00) | 18 |
Ghasemi, et al (39). 2015 Farsi | N= 390 2012 Yazd province descriptive cross sectional study Regression | <28 days | Gravid number (P=0.00) | Birth weight (P= 0.95) Gestational age (P=0.93) Pregnancy interval (P=0.39) Mother’s Age (P=0.06) | 16 |
Seperdoust, et al (56). 2015 Farsi | N= None declared Iran 1981-2011 Descriptive analytical study chi square and logistic regression | Under 5 | Human development index (HDI) | | 16 |
Rezaei, et al (41). 2015 English | N= None declared Iran 1967 - 2012 Time series study Econometrics model | <1 year | Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (P< 0.05) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (P< 0.05) Number of physician per 1000 populations (P< 0.05) Female labor force participation rate (P< 0.05) Place of residence (P< 0.05) Parents literacy (P< 0.05) | | 17 |
Naghibi, et al (29). 2015 Farsi | N= 184 Mazandaran province 2011 cross-sectional study Chi-square test | Under 5 | Birth weight (p<0.001) Birth rank (p<0.001) Delivery type (p<0.001) Parents literacy (p<0.001) Socioeconomic status (p<0.001) | Housing ownership (P> 0.05) | 17 |
Deihim, et al (30). 2015 Farsi | N=297 Dezful in Khuzestan province 2009-2014 Descriptive cross-sectional study Fisher & Chi-square test | <1 year | Birth weight (P=0.001) Gestational age (P=0.001) | Delivery type (P= 0.07) | 17 |
Boskabadi, et al (31). 2015 Farsi | N=162 Mashhad 2009-2014 Descriptive analytical study Chi-square test | <28 days | Delivery type (P=0.001) Gestational age (P=0.001) Birth weight (P=0.001) | Child age (P= 0.673) | 16 |
Nodoushan, et al (52). 2015 English | N=116 Yazd province 2011 - 2013 Descriptive-analytical Study Statistical tests | <1 year | Gravid number (P=0.017) | Father’s age (P=0.448) Mother’s age (P=881) Gestational age (P=0.589) Marriage duration (P=0.746) Spouse age gap (P=0.381) Pregnancy interval (P=0.946) | 17 |
Ahmadi, et al (46). 2015 Farsi | N= None declared Fars province 2001-2011 Secondary quantitative study Logistic regression | <1 year | Mother's age (p<0.001) Stillbirth (p<0.001) Abortion (p<0.001) Number of children (p<0.001) | Parents literacy (P>0.05) Marriage duration (P>0.05) Health index settlement (P>0.05) Socioeconomic status (P>0.05) | 17 |
Safari, et al (32). 2014 Farsi | N= 65 cases (included 35 dead girls and 30 dead boys) and 130 control (included 60 girls and 70 boys) Semnan villages 2002-2012 A nested case-control study odds ratio, conditional logistic regression | 28 day-5 year | Type of nutrition (P<0.001, OR=4.14) Birth weight (P=0.02, OR=2.83) Adverse growth (P<0.001, OR=7.04) Immaturity (P=0.02, OR=5.08) | Child gender (P= 0.3) Delivery type (P= 0.09) Birth place (P= 0.4) Pregnancy interval (P= 0.7) Birth rank (P= 0.2) Number of children (P= 0.1) Father’s literacy (P= 0.4) Mother’s literacy (P= 0.2) Mother’s age (P= 0.06) Father’s job (P= 0.9) Mother’s job (P= 0.4) Maternal care (P= 0.4) Child care(P= 0.4) | 16 |
Damghanian, et al (33). 2014 English | N= 3297 (72 dead Childs included 26 girls and 46 boys and 3225 alive included 1565 girls and 1660 boys) Shahroud in Semnan province 2010-2011 cross-sectional study Blinder- Oaxaca decomposition method | <1 year | Birth weight (P< 0.001, OR=21.6) Type of nutrition (P< 0.03, OR=2.27) Mother’s literacy (P= 0.04, OR=0.92) Consanguinity of parents (P <0.002, OR=2.37) Socioeconomic status (P= 0.02), OR=1.91) | Child gender (P= 0.2, OR=1.33) Mother's age (P= 0.82, OR=0.99) Father's age (P= 0.1, OR=0.96) Father’s literacy (P= 0.11, OR=0.95) Mother's job (P= 0.27) Place of residence (P= 0.6, OR=1.12) Pregnancy interval (P= 0.87, OR=1.00) Gravid number (P= 0.82, OR=1.01) Maternal care (P= 0.74, OR=0.91) High risk pregnancy (P= 0.16, OR=1.48) Delivery type (P= 0.85, OR=0.95) | 16 |
Chaman, et al (34). 2014 English | N= 97 cases (included 43girls and 54boys) and 97 controls included 52girls and 45boys) rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province nested case-control study and the study cohort univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression | <28 days | Immaturity (P<0.05, OR= 5.57) Birth weight (P=0.01, OR= 7.68) Gestational age (P=0.03, OR=5.57) Delivery type (P=0.03, OR= 7.27) birth rank (P=0.003, OR= 6.95) Pregnancy interval (P=0.002, OR= 4.65) | Child’s gender (P= 0.21, OR=1.43) Mother's age (P= 0.37, OR=1.5) | 19 |
Motlagh, et al (42). 2013 English | N=5712 dead Childs (included 2734 girls and 2978 boys) 40 medical universities (in 30 provinces) Iranian. National survey 2008-2010 Chi-square test Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Student t-tests | 28 day-5 year | Socioeconomic status (p<0.001) Place of residence (p<0.001) Mother’s literacy (p<0.001) History of child mortality (p<0.001) | | 18 |
Hadavi, et al (51). 2011 English | N=321cases (included 181 boys and 140 girls) and 321 control Rafsanjan, Kerman. Case control prospective study 2006-2007 χ2 test and independent sample t test | <28 days | Multiple pregnancies (P= 0.001) Mother’s age (P= 0.04) Previous maternal disease (P= 0.003) Pregnancy weight gain (P< 0.001) Place of residence (P< 0.001) Gestational age (P< 0.001) | Child gender (P= 0.13) | 18 |
Hosseinpoor, et al (43). 2006 English | N= 108875 (live births) (3908 infant death) Iranian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2000. National survey 1990-1999 principal component analysis, concentration index | <1 year | Child gender (P< 0.001, OR=1.16) Mother’s age (P< 0.001) Stillbirth (P< 0.001, OR=1.75) Abortion (P= 0.02, OR=1.14) Pregnancy interval (P< 0.001, OR=2.22) Socioeconomic status (Quintile 3,4,5) P< 0.05) Mother’s literacy (P< 0.001) Place of residence (P< 0.005, OR=1.17) | Socioeconomic status (Quintile 2) (P= 0.51, OR=1.05) | 17 |
Oshvandi, et al (35). 2014 Farsi | N=333) included 150 girls and 183 boys) Hamedan province Analytical-descriptive study 2011 χ2 and Fisher test | <28 days | Gestational age (P< 0.001) Mother's age (P< 0.001) Birth weight (P< 0.002) Immaturity (P< 0.001) | Child’s gender (P= 0.06) Place of residence (P= 0.44) Maternal care (P= 0.06) Delivery type (P= 0.32) | 17 |
Namakin, et al (36). 2012 Farsi | N= 118 case (include 50 boys and 68 girls) and 236 control (include 130 boys and 106 girls) Birjand city Prospective case control study 2005 Logistic regression analysis | <1 year | Child gender (P=0.02, OR=1.67) Father’s literacy (P=0.002, OR=0.25) Pregnancy interval (under 18 months) (P< 0.001, OR=28.8) Stillbirth (P= 0.03, OR=2.1) Birth place (house) (P< 0.001, OR=0.51) Delivery type (P< 0.001, OR=2.86) Immaturity (P= 0.002, OR=2.03) Birth weight (P< 0.001, OR=29.9) Multiple pregnancy (P= 0.007, OR=3.5) | Mother’s literacy (P> 0.05) Birth rank (P> 0.05) Mother’s age (P> 0.05) | 16 |
Bahman Bijari, et al (37). 2011 Farsi | N=535 (included 228 girls and 307 boys) Kerman province Cross sectional study 2008 | <28 days | Gestational age (P< 0.05) Birth weight (P< 0.05) Father’s literacy (P< 0.05) Mother’s literacy (P< 0.05) | Mother’s age (P= 0.7) Gravid number (P= 0.42) Mother’s smoking (P= 0.36) | 17 |
Navidian, et al (38). 2001 Farsi | N= 100 case (included 59 boys and 41 girls) and 100 control (included 45boys and 55girls) Zabol Case control study 1998,1999 T test and chi square | <1 year | Birth weight (P= 0.002) Immaturity (P= 0.005) Type of Nutrition (P= 0.000) Child care (P= 0.001) Mother’s literacy (P= 0.02) | Child gender (P= 0.07) Birth rank (P= 0.34) Mother’s age (P= 0.1) Gravid number (P= 0.9) Prenatal care (P= 0.8) Delivery type (P= 0.43) Pregnancy interval (P= 0.41) | 16 |