The Mirror Reversal Mechanism on Black Hole Collapse and Singularity Eruption in Cosmic Continuum

: In the Big Bang Theory and the Black Hole Theory, the existing laws of physics all fail at the singularity, and the singularity has become a blind spot in the existing scientific theories. In Cosmic continuum, the cosmic system collapse into a Schwarzschild black hole under the action of a strong gravitational field, and the Planck spheres at the center of the black hole continues to collapse into dark mass bodies, forming dark celestial body and singularity. The Schwarzschild radius is the upper limit of a black hole, and the Planck sphere is the lower limit of a black hole. The singularity is the conversion point between the old and new cosmic systems. The singularity erupts the Planck spheres under the action of a strong gravitational field, and the Planck spheres expands outward to form a new cosmic system. The Planck sphere is both the end of the old cosmic system and the starting point of the new cosmic system. The black hole collapse and the singularity eruption are mirror images of each other. The Planck sphere is the front of the mirror, and the singularity is the back of the mirror.


Introduction
The Big Bang theory believes that the observable universe was created by a big bang that occurred at a dense and hot singularity about 13.8 billion years ago. With the continuous expansion after the Big Bang, the universe evolves in temperature from hot to cold and matter from dense to sparse [1].
In modern cosmology, black holes are formed by the collapse of celestial bodies or cosmic systems.
The Schwarzschild radius is the upper limit of the black hole. Where is the gravitational constant, is the speed of light, and is the mass of the celestial body. At the center of the black hole, it will collapse to form a singularity of infinite mass, density, temperature, and space-time curvature, and infinitely small volume.
Planck unit theory believes that the mass of the ground state particles cannot be greater than the However, both the Big Bang theory and the black hole theory face the same paradox: a singularity is a point that exists and does not exist, and all known laws of physics fail at the singularity.
Cosmic continuum is a mathematical continuum theoretical model of the universe [11]- [22]. It is deduced from the cosmic continuum theory that the universe was not created by an instantaneous explosion, but by the continuous eruption of singularities.

Derivation
This article uses the basic concepts and axiom systems in [17]. The following lemmas are all quoted from [18].
Cosmic Continuum Theory believes that the universe is a continuum consisting of an existence continuum and an existing dimension continuum. The existence continuum is composed of mass bodies, energy bodies and dark mass bodies. The existing dimension continuum is composed of space, time and dark space. Space, time, and dark space are the existence dimensions of mass bodies, energy bodies, and dark mass bodies, respectively. The mass body, the energy body, and the dark mass body are respectively composed of particles, quantum and dark particles.
In Cosmic continuum, in addition to known celestial bodies such as planets, stars, and black holes, there is also a dark celestial body in the universe. Its existence quantity is dark mass and its existence dimension is dark space.

Concept 1:
Planck sphere refers to a space spheres whose diameter is the Planck length .

Concept 2:
Black hole refers to a celestial body with the Schwarzschild radius as the upper limit and the Planck sphere as the lower limit.

Concept 3:
Dark celestial bodies refer to celestial bodies composed of dark mass bodies.

Lemma 1:
When the mass of particles reaches Planck mass , the particles are converted into quantum and the mass is converted into energy (proof see [18]).

Lemma 2:
When quantum energy reaches Planck energy , quantum is transformed into dark particles and energy is converted into dark mass (proof see [18]).

Lemma 4:
Planck time is equivalent to Planck length : (proof see [18] Corresponding to the Planck unit of the existing quantity, the Planck dimension metric can also be defined as the dimension metric of the Planck particle, the Planck dark space metric is the dark space degree of the Planck particle, and .

Corollary 2:
The limit density of Planck sphere is , where .
Proof: According to Corollary 1, the limit mass-energy of the Planck sphere is .
According to Concept 6, . According to Concept 1, the Planck sphere refers to a sphere . Therefore, the collapse of a Planck sphere is equivalent to the collapse of a Planck time.
According to Corollary 1, when the Planck sphere reaches limit existence quantity , the Planck sphere collapses into a dark particle. According to Concept 4, Planck particle is a Planck sphere that collapses into a dark particle, and its existence quantity is . According to Concept 5, . According to Concept 6, Planck existence quantity . Once the Planck sphere at the center of the black hole begins to collapse toward the dark mass, it will continue to collapse until it no longer collapses. Therefore, during the collapse of the black hole, every Planck time collapses a Planck sphere, and the velocity of the existence quantity collapse is , and the negative sign " " means collapse. Q.E.D.

Corollary 4:
In the process of a black hole collapse, the space collapses in a spherical shape with the Planck sphere as the center, and the collapse radius is , and the negative sign " " means collapse.
Proof: Because the Planck sphere is spherical, when the Planck sphere collapses, the space also collapses in a spherical shape with the Planck sphere as the center. That is, in a Planck time , the collapsed space around the sphere is the Planck length , so the space collapse radius is .
According to Corollary 3, during the collapse of the black hole, every Planck time collapses a Planck sphere, so the space collapse radius is , where represents the th Planck time, represents the collapse time, and the negative sign " " means collapse. Q.E.D.

Concept 7:
Singularity refers to a dark celestial body formed by the collapse of a black hole. Concept 7 shows that the singularity is a special kind of dark celestial body.

Corollary 5:
In the process of a singularity eruption, every Planck time erupts a Planck sphere, and the eruption velocity of the existence quantity is .
Proof: Same as Corollary 3, just replace the black hole collapse process with the singularity eruption process. Q.E.D.

Corollary 6:
In the process of a singularity eruption, the space expands in a spherical shape with the Planck sphere as the center, and the expansion radius is , where represents the th Planck time and represents the expansion time.
Proof: Same as Corollary 4, just replace collapse with expansion. Q.E.D.

Result
Mirror reversal theorem: The black hole collapse and the singularity eruption are mirror reversals of each other. Mirror reversal theorem shows that the mechanism of the collapse and the expansion of the universe system is: the old universe system collapses into a black hole, and the Planck sphere at the center of the black hole continues to collapse to form a singularity; the singularity erupts the Planck It should be pointed out that the mirror inversion theorem is only a mechanism for the collapse and expansion of the universe system, and any universe system is only a component of the entire universe.

Discussion
In December 2011, more than 80 high school students in the United States and their teachers simply multiplied the Planck length by 2 again and again, to 202 times to reach the size of the observable universe.
Bruce Camber immediately devoted himself to promoting the exploration of this "big board-small universe" project, and made a chart of the universe using the geometric progression method with a common ratio of 2，in order to present the expansion process from the Planck scale to the observable universe. Camber's perfect thrust coincides with the singularity eruption mechanism of the Cosmic continuum.
According to the chart of the universe of the "big board-small universe" project, the first 3 data of step 202 are as follows [23]: The first data represents the age of the observable universe up to step 202, which can be converted to billion years.
The second data represents the size of the observable universe up to step 202, which can be converted to light-years, I.e. 10.98 billion light-year. According to Corollary 6, the formula for calculating the radius of the observable universe is , so should be the radius of the observable universe. Therefore, in step 202, the observable universe has a radius of light-years and a diameter of light-years.
The third data represents the mass of the observable universe up to step 202. According to Corollary 5, during the eruption of the singularity, the eruption velocity of the existence quantity is , so in step 202, the existence quantity of the observable universe is kilograms. It should be reminded that this existence quantity does not include the existence quantity of the singularity in the center of the observable universe that has not yet erupted.
The calculation method of the above three data is consistent with the Cosmic continuity, and is It is not difficult to find that the observable universe age in step 202 has not reached the age of the universe calculated according to the standard model at about 13.8 billion years, indicating that the expansion of the universe has not stopped at step 202. And to step 203, the above 3 data all need to be multiplied by 2, and they are: At this time, the age of the observable universe is billion years, the diameter is light-years, and the existence quantity is about kilograms.
There are two other data in the chart of the universe, charge and temperature, which are not used here because they are inconsistent with the Cosmic continuum.
In fact, not only the cosmological diagram, but also the existing basic theories of cosmology still have many unresolved problems: First, where does the increasing mass of the observable universe come from? Second, why is there a Planck sphere every Planck time? Third, is the singularity dense and hot or cold and dark? Fourth, was the observable universe created by the Big Bang or was it quietly expanding? Fifth, how do the four interactions occur? Sixth, where are the dark matter and dark energy in the universe? [24]- [42] Below, let us use the universe continuum and its mirror reversal theory to answer these puzzles one by one.
First, the ever-increasing existence quantity of the observable universe comes from the eruption of singularities. The singularity is formed by the collapse of the old cosmic system. After the old cosmic system collapsed into a black hole, the Planck sphere at the center of the black hole continued to collapse to form a singularity. The existence quantity of singularity is determined by the existence quantity of singularity that the old cosmic system collapses to. Third, the singularity is a kind of dark celestial body, and its existential dimension is dark space.
Therefore, the singularity does not occupy space, let alone the concepts of density and temperature.
The reason why a singularity is considered to be a point that both exists and does not exist, and all known laws of physics fail at the singularity because the singularity is beyond the cognitive scope of the existing theories of physics foundation.
Fourth, the density of the Planck sphere erupted by the singularity is the limit density, which is the maximum density in the observable universe. The temperature of the Planck sphere erupted by the singularity should also be the limit temperature, that is, the Planck temperature. Therefore, the Fifth, after the collapse of the old cosmic system into a singularity, the singularity only has gravitational interaction with the outside world. After the singularity erupts the Planck sphere, during the expansion process, due to the background radiation, quantum fluctuations and other factors in the entire universe, the new cosmic system generates Symmetry Breaking to form positive and negative charges and particles of matter, resulting in electromagnetic interaction, strong and weak interactions，and evolve into large-scale cosmic structures.
Sixth, the universe is full of existences in the form of dark mass. Celestial bodies composed of dark masses are dark celestial bodies. Dark objects generally exist in the center of the black hole system.
The singularity of the observable universe is also a dark celestial body. Dark energy is the gravitational field energy that fills the universe, and it is the source of all energy in the universe. In addition to gravitational force, a gravitational field energy also produce an expansion force. Because the singularity of the universe continues to erupt outwards, the gravitational field energy radiate outward with the singularity as the center, thereby generating the expansion force.

Conclusion
The discussion in this article shows that the collapse of the black hole and the eruption of the singularity are mirror images of each other. The Planck sphere is the front of the mirror, and the singularity is the back of the mirror. Celestial bodies or cosmic systems collapse to form black holes, and the Planck sphere at the center of the black hole continuously collapses into dark masses, forming dark celestial bodies and singularities. The singularity erupts the Planck sphere, and the Planck sphere expands with the singularity as the center to form a new cosmic system.
The singularity is the conversion point between the old and new cosmic systems. The singularity is not a point with infinite mass, infinite density, infinite temperature, infinite curvature of space-time, and infinitely small volume. A singularity is a kind of dark celestial body, its existence quantity is dark mass, and its existence dimension is dark space. Since the singularity does not occupy space, there is no concept of density, temperature, and curvature of space-time. The dark mass of a singularity is the sum of the existence quantity of black hole collapsed.
The universe is a continuum composed of an infinite number of cosmic systems including the observable universe. The mass and energy of the observable universe are not produced from the void, but transformed from the dark mass of the singularity; time and space are not born out of nothing, but are transformed from the dark space of the singularity. As long as the singularity is still erupting, the observable universe will not stop expanding.
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.